AP Biology 2012-2013- Molecular Genetics and Embryonic Development Day / Date Class Activities Homework Due

1 1/7 A,B,C,D 1/8 E 2 1/8 A,B,C 1/9 D,E 3 1/9 A,B 1/10 C,D,E 4 1/10 A 1/11 B,C,D,E 5 1/14 A,B,C,D 1/15 E 6 1/15 A,B,C 1/16 D,E 7 1/16 A,B 1/17 C,D,E 8 1/17 A 1/18 B,C,D,E 9 1/22 A,B,C,E 1/23 D 10 1/23 A,B,E 1/24 C,D 11 1/24 A,E 1/25 B,C,D 12 1/28 A,B,C,D 1/29 E 13 1/29 A,B,C 1/30 D,E

Do HW#1 in Class! DNA Deja Vu DNA replication Replicate Me! Activity Introduce Central Dogma Transcription Transcribe Me! Activity Review Transcription Protein synthesis Review protein synthesis Finish Transcribe Me! activity Video: Protein Primer Mutations BLAST lab - Day 1 BLAST lab - Day 2 HW #3 Blast pre-lab HW #1

HW #2

Review Worksheet: From Gene to Protein Gene Control HW #4

Intro: Fertilization and Embryo Development Bring HW #5 WS to class!!! Fertilization G.O.D Patterns of Development Video: How Babies Get Made E Period Extra day Fri. 1/25 Essay Writing Practice

BLAST lab

HW #5

HW #6

Unit exam

HW packet Games Video notes

Molecular Genetics Unit Homework HW #1: DNA replication . a. Do the worksheet in Class!!!!. b. Play some of the Chapter 16 computer games during class: DNA Replication, an overview and DNA Replication, a closer look, Correct model of DNA Replication. Print out all HW worksheets and bring them to class.

c.

HW #2: Transcription and Translation Complete the Worksheet NOTE: This homework is a long assignment, so plan accordingly.

HW #3: Mutations Complete the Worksheet.

HW #4: Control of Gene Expression Complete the Worksheet. NOTE: This HW is a long assignment, so plan accordingly

HW #5 - Fertilization and embryo development This HW worksheet is a combined tutorial and set of activities. Read each section on the worksheet and the suggested reading in your textbook. Then, complete the assigned activities

HW #6 -Organogenesis and Body plan development. Read Chapter 47, pages 1030-1045 A. Define: amniote, blastodisc, primitive streak, extraembryonic membranes, pattern formation, positional information; morphogenesis, totipotency, stem cells, cytoplasmic determinants, homeotic genes, homeobox, hox genes B. Finish the HW #6 chart. You will have completed some of this as part of the lectures.

Exam Review 1. This exam covers material in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 32, 46 and 47 - a lot of ideas and concepts. 2. START EARLY!!! There is simply too much information to learn the day before the exam. 3. Focus efforts on the YSKs, homework assignments, class activities and activities using the CD-ROM. 4. For extra review, do the Self-Quiz and Chapter Quiz for each of the chapters listed above.

Name____________________________________ Period_____ HW #1: DNA replication worksheet This is mostly review from 9th grade, with a few new enzymes to learn, and a little more detail about replication on the leading and lagging strand. Read Chapter 16, pp. 305-319 and/or use your biochem lecture notes . A. Label the DNA molecule, including: deoxyribose backbone, phosphate bridges, diameter and turn radii, base pairs, 3' and 5' direction, and location of hydrogen bonds.

B.

Play these Chapter 16 games on the Campbell CD: DNA Replication, an overview and DNA Replication, a closer look. List the steps involved in DNA synthesis.

C.

Describe the role of each of these enzymes involved in DNA replication

helicase topoisomerase primase DNA polymerase I ligase telomerase proofreading enzymes DNA polymerase II

D.

Define and describe these terms . template DNA semiconservative replication replication fork leading strand lagging strand Okazaki fragment

E.

Play the CD-ROM investigation: Correct model of DNA Replication. Summarize the main technique and result achieved by Meselson and Stahl in their experiment

F.

Make sure you know all the answers to the DNA replication review game (also on the CD-ROM)

G.

Print out all the unit worksheets and bring them to class.

Name______________________________ Period Transcription and Translation (protein synthesis) HW #2

Use the CD-ROM Ch. 17 Activity Transcription. Then, read Ch 17, pages 325-336 1. Define and give examples/sketches of: messenger RNA triplet code template DNA strand codons reading frame transcription DNA promoter DNA terminator region

2.

Play the CD_ROM investigation How is a metabolic pathway analyzed?. State the concept involved in "onegene, one-polypeptide" and describe how Beadle and Tatum's experiment provided the basis for this concept

3.

Make a list of steps involved in mRNA synthesis (transcription), including the names of enzymes involved

4.

Draw a picture of an mRNA strand, labeling the introns, exons, 5' and 3' ends, coding segment, termination signal, guanine cap and poly-A tail..

5.

What is a spliceosome? What is it made of and what does it do?

6.

Who are Nirenberg and Matthei, and what signific ant finding did they make? Describe how the Poly-U experiments unmasked the codon language.

Play the Ch. 17 CD-ROM activity Translation. Then, read Ch 17, pages 337-344. 7. Define and describe ribosomal RNA transfer RNA anticodon aminoacyl tRNA synthetase initiation elongation termination 8. In the space below, draw a sketch of a ribosome, labeling the A site, P site, E site and large and small subunits. Show the direction in which the ribosome moves along an mRNA molecule. 9. Make a list of steps involved in translation, including the names of any enzymes involved and the amount of ATP or GTP used

10.

Who are these guys? What did they find out? Summarize their experiment setup and findings. Beadle & Tatum

Nirenberg & Matthei

Name___________________________________ Period_____ Control of Gene Expression HW # 3 Read Chapter 17, pages 344-346. Define and Give an example of:

point mutation

base pair substitution

silent mutation

missense mutation

nonsense mutation

insertion

deletion

frameshift mutation

mutagen

Name________________________________________ Period_____ HW #4: Control of Gene Expression Play the Chapter 18 CD-ROM game The lac operon. Read Chapter 18, pages 351-357, particularly Figures 18.3 and 18.4. 1. Who are Jacob and Monad? What did they discover

2a.

Examine the Trp repressible operon shown to the right. Label the promoter, operator, genes, repressor, regulatory gene, corepressor.

2b.

Describe how the Trp operon works, including the normal gene status (on or off?), normal position of repressor and corepressor molecules, and what happens when the genes are no longer expressed. Use the diagram below in your explanation.

3a.

Examine the Lac inducible operon shown to the right. Label the promoter, operator, genes, repressor, regulatory gene and inducer.

3b.

Describe how the Lac operon works, including the normal gene status (on or off?), normal position of repressor and inducer, and what happens when the genes are expressed. Use the diagram below in your explanation.

4.

Compare and contrast: Inducible Operon Repressible Operon

Read Chapter 18, pages 356-365, particularly Fig. 19.7, 19.14 and 19.16 5. Define and describe: cellular differentiation

DNA methylation

histone acetylation

transposons

6.

Describe how chromatin modifications (including DNA methylation and histone acetylation) control expression.

7.

Explain how the initiation of transcription is controlled, including the role of RNA polymerase binding, enhancers and activators.

8.

List the types of non-coding DNA segments and their relative proportions.

9.

Explain the odd corn kernels shown to the right, and the role of transposons in creating this phenotypic appearance.

#5 BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT EGG STRUCTURE In vertebrates, the structure of eggs becomes more complex as animals colonize land. Why? All vertebrate embryos need a watery environment in which to develop, so eggs of land vertebrates must have membrane-bound structures that accomplish this - they have an amniotic egg. The diagrams below show the differences between simple and amniotic Echinoderm and amphibian simple eggs have: yolk membrane (vitelline) outer membrane (chorion) embryo Reptile , bird and mammal amniotic eggs have: yolk membrane chorion allantois (waste storage) amnion (surrounds embryo) embryo

Placental mammal eggs have: No shell, small yolk sac initially because the placenta takes over the role of allantois and vitelline

HW #5 INFORMATION ABOUT MAMMALIAN SPERMATOGENESIS C Occurs in primordial germ cells within seminiferous tubules of testes. Meiosis I and II proceed uninterrupted, producing 4 spermatids from each spermatogonia. Spermatids mature into sperm cells due to secretions from Sertoli cells. Weird fact - adult human males make more than 1 million sperm cells each day.

Examine figure 46.12 and the associated annotations. Then, answer these questions: Define acrosome. Female animals generally produce very few eggs compared to the number of sperm cells produced by males. Explain the evolutionary advantage of high volume sperm production.

HW #5 INFORMATION ABOUT MAMMALIAN OOGENESIS (egg formation) In humans, most oogonium are present at birth. A few 1o oocytes are created during adulthood. Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis: It has uneven cytokinesis and arrested meiosis. C Oogonia 1o oocyte via mitosis C 1o oocyte 2o oocyte via meiosis I. Uneven cytokinesis causes creation of a polar body and meiosis II only happens after fertilization occurs. IMPORTANT NOTE: Other vertebrates DO NOT HAVE A PAUSE BETWEEN MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II. C 2o oocyte ovum after fertilization, producing another polar body. One viable egg is produced per 1o oocyte. Use figure 46.12 in your textbook and answer these questions: Compare/contrast the timing of meiosis I and II in mammalian oogenesis vs. other vertebrates. Oogenesis results in one ovum and polar bodies, whereas spermatogenesis results in 4 sperm cells. Why is it necessary for the ovum to be so large?

Read pages 1021-1025 in your textbook and answer these questions: 1. Define these terms: acrosomal reaction vitelline layer fast block to polyspermy slow block to polyspermy

2.

Explain why it is critical to prevent fertilization by more than one sperm cell.

HW #5 BASIC EMBRYOLOGY INFORMATION: DEVELOPMENT OCCURS IN STAGES CONTROLLED BY REGULATORY GENES

body axes body pattern cleavage cleavage gastrulation form forms zygote morula blastula gastrula embryo birth

The vocabulary you need to know is shown above. Learn these structures and process names: zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo, cleavage, gastrulation, body axes, organogenesis.

Use pages 1025-1030 in your textbook to accomplish the following tasks: C Label the diagram with the degree of differentiation at each embryonic stage: totipotent, differentiated, or determined (fate is set). Label the 3 germ layers on the gastrula: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm. Study the gastrula - this is the first major step in cellular differentiation which yields 3 embryonic germ layers. KNOW the body tissues that result from each germ layer and capture this information on the chart below.

HW #5 Chart: Embryonic Germ Layers - Which cells come from which layer? Use pages 1025-1030 in your textbook, and determine which body tissues stem from which germ layer. Place a U in the correct box. Body organ/tissue type Brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors in skin Muscles Blood and blood vessels Bones and teeth Tooth enamel Digestive organs - liver and pancreas Thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands Ovaries and testes Germ cells within ovaries and testes Kidney and adrenal cortex Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla and pineal gland Eyeball Cornea, retina andlens of he eye Notochord (embryonic structure) Lungs Heart Digestive tract muscle layer (esophagus, stomach, intestines) Lining of the digestive tract Lining of the mouth and anus Pituitary gland Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Explain the logic of these layers!

Name__________________________________ Period____ HW#6: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT CHART Fill in the chart below, showing the similarities and differences between sea urchins, frogs, birds and mammals as they go through development. STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT FERTILIZATION Sea urchin CLEAVAGE GASTRULATION ORGANOGENESIS

Frog

Chick

Human