Ch.

16-18: Science to Enlightenment: Journal Closers

Directions: You will use your bluebooks to complete the journal closers. Your responses should be at least one paragraph. They can be as long as you want. Please write on all lines of the book and use all the pages. See me for an additional book when you run out of pages. The journals will be collected periodically (every two weeks or so). As always, consider the Journal closers as an opportunity to reflect about what you have learned so far and to clarify in your mind those areas where you might be confused. Waiting until the last minute to complete these defeats the purpose of the closers. They are meant to be a learning tool. You will be graded on the quality of your responses. November 26, 2012: Science Revolution: 1. How did Newtons his rules change a person's view of the world, of European religious traditions, and of ancient science? Newtons rule revolutionized the way thinkers viewed the planetary relations and how the universe worked. He explained how the planets and stars and other heavenly bodies moved using differential and integral calculus. He created the universal law of gravitation of how every object was attracted to every other object with a force that is directionally proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. His views and findings challenged European religious traditions which had their own set model of the universe and collected ancient science from Copernicus, Kelper , and Galileo into one coherent synthesis for a new cosmology. 2. How would you refute Spinozas idea of female inferiority? What evidence from the 16th through 18th century would you use in support? Spinoza refuses to include information about women rulers between 16th and 18th century who were very successful. There are plenty of examples of women becoming very educated and having an impact on parts of Europe just as men did. The most widely known and most successful was probably Queen Elizabeth I of England. She was able to keep her country out of war, gain the favor of the people and ease religious tensions. There was also Maria Theresa who ruled as the Holy Roman Emperor after Charles IV and had to fight through two wars. 3. If science is about proof and religion is about belief without proof, explain whether or not it is possible for men (and women) of science (then or now) to believe in God? If so, how do they reconcile the two? The only way science and religion could coexist. Science can be used to explain how things in the universe work and religion explains the origin of the universe. 4. What challenges did science made to the status quo during the Scientific Revolution and in what ways did the church and scientists attempted to address and reconcile those challenges. Enlightenment: 1. Do you think the views of the philosophes and other intellectuals of the eighteenth century were generally a step forward for European society, or were they actually little more than an attempt to advance their personal interests or the interests of their classes through less intrusive government?

2. Is your generation living in an Enlightened Age or an Age of Enlightenment? Are there parts of the world today that need a little enlightenment? Use specific examples in your response.

December 7, 2011 Enlightened Monarchs: What were the advantages and disadvantages of enlightened absolutism in the 18th century? Which monarch was most enlightened? How effective was he/she? Which is more important to be enlightened or to be an effective monarch, why? Why do you think it was Great Britain rather than France or another European nation which established the first world-wide Empire. Organize a modern Grand Tour for students in the 21st century, what would be the aim, intent and experience of such a tour? What European countries would be necessary to see? How similar or different would your tour be from the Grand Tour of the eighteenth century.