Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model CI-6519 & CI-6557

012-04963D 2/95

STUDENT FORCE SENSOR

(FOR USE WITH PASCO COMPUTER INTERFACES)

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Student Force Sensor

Table of Contents
Section Page Copyright, Warranty, and Equipment Return .................................................. ii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Operation and Calibration ............................................................................... 1 Experiments Experiment 1: Measuring Impulse and Change of Momentum during a Collision ........................ 5 Experiment 2: Centripetal Force .............................................................. 9 Experiment 3: Measuring the Vaporization Heat of Liquid Nitrogen ........................................................... 13 Experiment 4: Fluid Drag Forces ............................................................ 17 Experiment 5: Dual Harmonic Oscillators ............................................. 19 Experiment 6: Simple Harmonic Motion ............................................... 21 Experiment 7: Falling Chain ................................................................... 24 Experiment 8: Falling Cantilevered Beam .............................................. 24 Specifications.................................................................................................. 25

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Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return

PleaseFeel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below.

Copyright Notice
The PASCO scientific Model CI-6519&CI-6557 Student Force Sensor manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved. However, permission is granted to non-profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of this manual providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited.

Equipment Return
Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific by letter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product. Upon notification, the return authorization and shipping instructions will be promptly issued. NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT AN AUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO.

Limited Warranty
PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workmanship. This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use. Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer. Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return shipment will not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping costs for returning the equipment, after repair, will be paid by PASCO scientific.

When returning equipment for repair, the units must be packed properly. Carriers will not accept responsibility for damage caused by improper packing. To be certain the unit will not be damaged in shipment, observe the following rules:

The packing carton must be strong enough for the

item shipped.

Make certain there are at least two inches of

packing material between any point on the apparatus and the inside walls of the carton.

Make certain that the packing material cannot shift

in the box or become compressed, allowing the instrument come in contact with the packing carton. Address: PASCO scientific 10101 Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA 95747-7100 (916) 786-3800 (916) 786-3292 techsupp@pasco.com www.pasco.com

Credits
This manual authored by: Dave Griffith This manual edited by: Eric Ayars

Phone: FAX: email: web:

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Operation and Calibration

Introduction
The PASCO Models CI-6519 & CI-6557 Student Force Sensor are designed to be used with PASCO Science Workshop interface for Macintosh or Windows, or Series 6500 interface for DOS or Windows. The Student Force Sensor is an electronic balance capable of monitoring rapidly changing forces as well as slowly changing, or constant forces. Because of this, it is very versatile and can be used in many different experimental procedures. The Student Force Sensor has a four strain gauge bridge mounted on a cantilevered beam of tempered steel. A stable excitation voltage source from the computer interface powers the bridge, whose output is amplified by a precision low noise differential amplifier. The sensor can be adjusted for different sensitivities (volts per unit of force). The default sensitivity is about 1 volt per 9.8 Newtons (or 1 kilogram). You can increase the sensitivity to about 2 volts per 9.8 Newtons, or 2 millivolts per 0.0098 Newtons (1 gram). NOTE: The Student Force Sensor is a versatile measurement tool (see the Experiments listed in the Table of Contents). Other equipment needed is standard in many school laboratories. (Some creativity on the part of the user may be required.)

Adjustment and Calibration

When the Student Force Sensor is in a horizontal position with the beam on the left hand side, the sensitivity adjustment trim potentiometer (SENSITIVITY) and the zero adjustment trim potentiometer (ZERO ADJUST) are indicated by the label. You will need a standard screwdriver with a narrow blade to turn the sensitivity and zero adjust trim pots. Please note that the sensitivity and zero adjust trim pots will turn only three-quarters of a full turn. Do not force the trim pot to turn more than three-quarters of a full turn. Also, the slot of the trim pot can be easily damaged if too much force is applied with a screwdriver. (Use a plastic screwdriver if possible.)

NOTE: It is not always necessary to change the ZERO ADJUST and SENSITIVITY trim pots of the Student Force Sensor. You can use the software that comes with your interface to zero and calibrate the sensor. For example, set the voltage produced by the sensor when it has NO force on its beam as being equal to zero Newtons. Then add a known mass (e.g., 1 kilogram) to the beam. Set the new voltage produced by the sensor as being equal to 9.8 Newtons. You can zero and calibrate the sensor without turning the trim pots.

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Figure 1 Student Force Sensor connected to the Series 6500 Interface 1

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The steps below describe the procedure for changing the ZERO ADJUST and SENSITIVITY of the Student Force Sensor.

Adjustment and Calibration Using Science Workshop for Macintosh or Windows: Connect the DIN plug of the Student Force Sensor to
an Analog Channel of the interface. Start the Science Workshop program. In the Experiment Setup window, click-and-drag the analog sensor plug icon to the icon of the channel for the Student Force Sensor. A list of Analog Sensors will appear. Select Force Sensor from the list. An icon for the Student Force Sensor will appear in the Experiment Setup window beneath the channel icon. Double click on the Student Force Sensor icon to open the Analog Sensor Setup dialog box.

Current channel reading: is a desirable value. For example, if the mass is 1 kilogram (9.8 Newtons), adjust the SENSITIVITY trim pot until the output voltage shows about 1 volt. This gives a sensitivity of 1 millivolt per 1 gram (0.0098 Newtons). Click on the Take Reading button for the High Value:. Then enter the appropriate force (such as 9.8 if you used a 1 kilogram mass) for the High Value.

If possible, orient the Student Force Sensor in the position needed for the experiment. Use a narrow blade screwdriver to gently turn the SENSITIVITY trim pot clockwise to near maximum. Then use the screwdriver to gently turn the ZERO ADJUST trim pot until the voltage shown in the Analog Sensor Setup dialog box as Current channel reading: is nearly zero. Click on the Take Reading button for the Low Value:. Then enter 0.000 as the Low Value.

NOTE: The maximum recommended sensitivity is 2 volts per 1 kilogram (9.8 Newtons), or 1 millivolts per 0.5 gram (0.0049 Newtons).

After adjusting the SENSITIVITY of the Student

Force Sensor, click OK to return to the Experiment Setup window. (You can save the calibration file as part of the Science Workshop document by selecting Save As from the File menu. Give the document an appropriate filename such as Student Force Sensor.) In the experiments that follow you will need to use a force constant as a conversion factor. The force constant k is given by the following: k = amount of force/amount of voltage In the examples given previously, the amount of force is 9.8 Newtons, and the amount of voltage is 1 volt. Therefore, for these examples, k = 9.8 N/V. Under some circumstances you may want to zero the output of the Student Force Sensor when there is a load on the beam. This is similar to taring (or zeroing) a balance that is used to measure the mass of a sample that is added to a container that is resting on the balance. With the load on the beam of the Student

Next, attach a known mass (e.g., 1 kilogram) to the

hook on the Student Force Sensor beam. (If the Student Force Sensor is oriented vertically, you can use a string and pulley. Connect one end of the string the to hook and suspend the mass from the other end over the pulley.) Gently adjust the SENSITIVITY counterclockwise until the voltage shown in the dialog box as

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Student Force Sensor

Force Sensor, adjust the ZERO ADJUST trim pot to zero the output. When this is done, the calibration procedure may need to be repeated because the sensitivity and zero adjust interact slightly. If the Student Force Sensor is to be used in a different orientation than when it was calibrated, you may want to follow the procedures described previously.
REMEMBER: You can use the software that comes with the PASCO Computer interfaces to zero the Student Force Sensor without adjusting the ZERO ADJUST or SENSITIVITY trim pots.

If possible, orient the Student Force Sensor in the position needed for the experiment. Use a narrow blade screwdriver to gently turn the SENSITIVITY trim pot clockwise to near maximum. Then use the screwdriver to gently turn the ZERO ADJUST trim pot until the voltage on the computer monitor is nearly zero.

Next, attach a known mass (e.g., 1 kilogram) to the

hook on the Student Force Sensor beam. (If the Student Force Sensor is oriented vertically, you can use a string and pulley. Connect one end of the string the to hook and suspend the mass from the other end over the pulley.) Gently adjust the SENSITIVITY counterclockwise until the output voltage is a desirable value. For example, if the mass is 1 kilogram (9.8 Newtons), adjust the output voltage to 1 volt. This gives a sensitivity of 1 millivolt per 1 gram (0.0098 Newtons). NOTE: The maximum recommended sensitivity is 2 volts per 1 kilogram (9.8 Newtons), or 1 millivolts per 0.5 gram (0.0049 Newtons).

Adjustment and Calibration Using Data Monitor for MS-DOS: Connect the DIN plug of the Student Force Sensor to
an Analog Channel of the interface. Start the Data Monitor program. Select O-Other Options from the Main Menu. Pick I-Select Channels from the Other Options menu. Use the arrow keys and Space Bar to turn off the channels that are not being used (e.g., turn off B and C if the Student Force Sensor is connected to Channel A). Press [ENTER] and then return to the Main Menu. Select ZCalibration from the Main Menu. Pick RRead Voltage from the Calibration Menu.

After adjusting the SENSITIVITY of the Student Force Sensor, press [ENTER] to return to the Calibration menu and select Z-Calibrate Input.
Select the channel for the Student Force Sensor from the Calibrate Input menu. Follow the instructions on the Calibrate Input screen to calibrate the Student Force Sensor. (You may want to save the calibration file for future use. Select S-Save Current Calibration from the Calibration menu.)

Hook

Beam

SENSITIVITY

ZERO ADJUST (DC OFFSET)

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Copy-Ready Experiments
The following experiments are written in worksheet form. Feel free to photocopy them for use in your lab. NOTES: The first paragraph in each experiment lists all the equipment needed to perform the experiment. Be sure to read this equipment list first, as the requirements vary with each experiment. All experiments using a PASCO Computer Interface are described in detail for use with the Series 6500 and Data Monitor for MS-DOS.If you are using the Science Workshop interface please refer to the corresponding experiment in the Experiments Library for Science Workshop.

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Experiment 1:

Measuring Impulse and Change of Momentum during a Collision

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

- Air track or Model SE-9478A Impulse Collision Apparatus - Student Force Sensor - Series 6500 Computer Interface - Data Monitor program - Accessory Photogate (ME-9204A) - scale or balance for measuring mass - Universal Clamp - rod for mounting the Student Force Sensor to the clamp (The PASCO Force Transducer to Airtrack Mounting Kit contains bumpers for an air track glider and a universal clamp.)

Introduction
Newtons 2nd laws states that force equals the rate of change of momentum.

F = mv t
From this it can be shown that impulse (force x time interval) equals the change of momentum. F x t = mv For a changing force, the integral of the impulse equals the change of momentum. F dt = mv The object of this experiment is to determine the change of momentum of an air track glider or the cylinder of the impulse collision apparatus during a collision and compare it to the integral of F dt (or impulse) of the force acting on it.

Procedure
In this experiment you will use the Student Force Sensor to measure the impulse of a glider on an air track (see Figure 1.1) or a swinging cylinder of the impulse collision apparatus (see Figure 1.2) during a collision. A photogate is used to trigger the oscilloscope sweep in the Data Monitor program. The Data Monitor program also records the times that the photogate is blocked before and after the collision. The momentum immediately before and after the impact with the Student Force Sensor can be calculated.
Computer Accessory Photogate (ME-9204A)

Student Force Sensor

X x x x x x x x x x x x

X x x x x x x x x x x x

MAXIMUM FORCE: 20N

Airtrack

Glider

Clamp (from ME-9356)

Figure 1.1 Equipment Setup with Airtrack

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Air Track Setup Set up experiment as shown in Figure 1.1. A small glider with medium velocity or larger gliders
with appropriately lower velocity should be used so that the maximum impact force is approximately 15 - 20 N. Carefully measure the mass of the glider.

The glider should have foam fastened to the bumper to minimize vibration of the transducer
beam at its natural resonant frequency. The bumper extension should be attached in the lower attachment hole on the glider.

Carefully position the transducer so its glider rebounds smoothly by centering the transducer
impact point on the foam-covered bumper. The bumper extension is needed so the glider will still be over the air holes at the instant of impact. Although only one bumper is used in the experiment, it is important to attach one at each end of the glider to maintain balance.

Position the accessory photogate so that the glider moves completely through the photogate
beam before it hits the transducer.

Connect the plug of the accessory photogate to the #1 digital channel on the Series 6500. Connect the DIN plug of the force sensor cable to the A analog channel. Calibrate the Student Force Sensor using the Data Monitor program.

SE-9478A Impulse Collision Apparatus Setup Use a piece of tape be make an

opaque flag between the two pegs on the bottom of the cylinder. Measure the mass of the cylinder of the collision apparatus. The cylinder has soft foam on the front to minimize the effect of the force transducers natural resonant frequency.

Student Force Sensor Impulse Collision Apparatus (SE-9478A)

Computer

Set up the Impulse Collision

Apparatus with the Student Force Sensor as in Figure 1.2.

Accessory Photogate (ME-9204A)

X x x x x x x x x x x x

X x x x x x x x x x x x

SENSITIVITY

ZERO ADJUST (DC OFFSET)

Carefully position the transducer so

the foam bumper on the cylinder is centered on the impact point during the collision to produce a smooth rebound.
Figure 1.2 Equipment Setup with Impulse Collision Apparatus

Position the photogate so that the trailing edge of the flag on the bottom of the cylinder goes
completely through the photogate beam just before the impact. Connect the plug of the accessory photogate to the #1 digital channel on the Series 6500. Connect the DIN plug of the force sensor cable to the A analog channel. Calibrate the Student Force Sensor using the Data Monitor program.

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Student Force Sensor

Measure Impulse and Velocity To measure impulse during the collision and velocity before and after impact, use the Collision
Timer option in the Triggering menu of the Oscilloscope mode of Data Monitor. As the glider (or cylinder flag) passes through the gate before and after the collision, the times will be recorded on the display of the oscilloscope screen.

By using the length and mass measurements of the glider, the velocity and momentum before
and after impact can be calculated. The change in momentum is given by: momentum = final momentum - initial momentum = mvf - mvi where subscripts f and i refer to final and initial conditions respectively. Since the two momenta are oppositely directed vector quantities, the magnitude of the change is the sum: momentum = mvf + mvi

Select the Oscilloscope mode in the Data Monitor program. Turn off
the unused channels. Select No Triggering from the Triggering menu. Let the glider or cylinder collide with the transducer a few times so you can adjust the oscilloscope sensitivity and sweep speed so the trace looks like figure 1.3. (Dont worry if the beginning of the curve doesnt appear on the screen. You may want to use the Single Sweep option during this step.)

After sensitivity and sweep speed are set, select Collision Timer
from the Triggering menu. Set the delay for a few milliseconds and let the glider or cylinder collide with the transducer a few more times. Adjust the delay time or change the position of the photogate until the entire trace of the collision appears on the oscilloscope screen.

When all adjustments are made, record data using Collision Timer

Figure 1.3 Oscilloscope Trace

with the oscilloscope mode. Be sure to record the before and after times (time #1 and time #2). Use these times and the length of the glider or flag to calculate the speed before and after impact. Then calculate the change in momentum of the glider or cylinder.

Exit from the oscilloscope (S-Exit, Storing Data). Use Plot Graph to make a plot
of voltage versus time. Then select Integrate from the Graph Follow-up Menu to find the integral of voltage versus time during the impact. Use the right and left arrow keys to position the vertical cursor bar to the beginning and then the end of the collision (see the dotted line on Figure 4). Record the value of the integral (measured in volt-seconds).

Convert the integral value from volt-seconds to Newton-seconds using the conversion factor
determined during the calibration procedure.

 Compare the change in momentum to the amount of impulse.

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Data
Length of flag = __________________m, Time before =____________________sec, Mass =____________________kg. Time after=________________sec

Speed before =__________________m/sec, Momentum before = ______________kg m/s, Change of momentum = __________________kg m/sec.

Speed after =______________m/sec Momentum after =__________kg m/s

Force Calibration (assuming a 1 kg calibration mass) Zero force, Vo = volts 9.8 Newtons, V2 = ______ volts

Force constant (conversion factor), k = ______________ N/V (Newtons per volt)

Integral of voltage vs time = _______________V s (volt seconds)

Impulse = k x integral of voltage vs time = ______________ N s (Newtons seconds)

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Student Force Sensor

Experiment 2: Centripetal
EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

Force

Student Force Sensor tall rod with support base (a square rod is ideal) Series 6500 Computer Interface right angle clamps Data Monitor software mounting rods Photogate timer (such ME-9215A) masses (slotted) solenoid magnet glass bushing low current power supply string switch cylindrical pendulum masses (made of ferrous metal) NOTE: The pendulum can be made of steel electrical conduit of various lengths filled with lead metal.

Introduction
This experiment enables the student to observe and measure centripetal force with the Student Force Sensor and Series 6500 interface. The speed, radius, and mass parameters are changed independently, and from the data obtained, one can derive an empirical equation for centripetal force.

Procedure Mount the Student Force Sensor to a tall stand so that a pendulum, approximately 90 cm long,
can be suspended as shown. If a square support rod is available, maintaining vertical alignment will be simpler than with a round rod.

Support a glass bushing (7 or 8 cm long

made from fire-polished thick-wall capillary tubing with about 1.0 mm bore) directly below the transducer. Raise or lower this bushing to change the radius of the pendulum. The speed of the pendulum at its lowest point will be determined with a photogate timer such as the model ME-9215A. (Major components of the experimental setup are shown in Figure 2.1.)
glass bushing
ZERO AD JUST SENS ITIV ITY

Student Force Sensor

electro-magnet

oscilloscope

Suspend the pendulum by a string from the

transducer beam.

Use an electromagnet made from a low

voltage relay solenoid with a 10 mm diameter hemispherical tip to hold the cylinder in a displaced position.
labstand mass Photogate Timer (ME-9215A)

Figure 2.1 Equipment Setup 9

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Attach the magnet to the midpoint of the pendulum and release it with a switch so the pendulum
will swing without unwanted oscillations. Change the height and position of the magnet to vary the pendulums vertical drop and therefore the speed it will reach at the lowest point.

Calibration
Force can be determined by observing the output of the calibrated force transducer with the Monitor Input mode of the Data Monitor program. Calibration is accomplished as follows:

With the pendulum hanging at rest, zero the transducer or tare off the weight of the pendulum. Next hang additional masses approximately equaling the weight of the pendulum on the pendulum and adjust the sensitivity of the transducer until the output is a convenient value.

Repeat the adjustments until they are reproducible with no further adjustments.

A. Centripetal force Fc as a function of speed v.

Use a pendulum having a mass of about 200 gm and a length of about 40 cm, measured to the center of the mass. Use the Oscilloscope mode of the Data Monitor program. Adjust the sensitivity and sweep speed so you can see a trace of voltage versus time for several complete swings of the pendulum. To measure force over several swings, use the Single Sweep option, and then leave the Oscilloscope mode (S-Exit, Storing Data). Use Plot Graph or Display Table of Data. Examine the data to find the maximum force. Use the Photogate Timer in GATE mode to determine speed of the pendulum at the bottom of its swing. Measure force and speed for approximately ten data points so the centripetal force will range from very small to at least equal the weight of the pendulum. By graphical analysis or power regression, determine the functional relationship between fc and v.

B. Centripetal force Fc, as a function of radius R.

With a pendulum having a mass of about 200 gm set the release magnet so the vertical drop is about 15 cm. Make about seven more measurements of centripetal force for different radii with force ranging from very small to at least equal the weight of the pendulum. Initial height must always be adjusted so the speed is held constant. Suggested values of radius are 66, 52, 43, 36, 32, 28 and 25 cm. Determine the functional relationship between centripetal force and radius by graphical analysis or power regression.

C. Centripetal force as a function of mass

Swing four or more cylinders having different masses ranging from about 100gm to 400 gm successively with the same radius and speed. Radius is held constant by leaving the glass bushing fixed and raising or lowering the transducer so that the center of mass always intercepts the center of the photogate beam. Suggested values of radius R and vertical drop h are such that R4h. For each mass used, it may be necessary to adjust h slightly so that the speed is the same in each case. Determine the functional relationship between centripetal force and mass by graphical analysis or power regression.

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Data and Calculations

A. Centripetal Force vs. Speed mConstant = ____________, RConstant = ____________, Diameter of Pendulum = ________ c __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ time __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
speed

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

B. Centripetal Force vs. Radius R mConstant = ____________, RConstant = ____________, Diameter of Pendulum = ________ c __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ R __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ c = (R) = ______________

C. Centripetal Force vs. Mass mConstant = ____________, RConstant = ____________, Diameter of Pendulum = ________ c __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ m __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ c = (m) = ______________

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Notes:

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Student Force Sensor

Experiment 3:

Measuring the Vaporization Heat of Liquid Nitrogen

base and support rod (ME-9355) styrofoam cup 2 ohm (10 watt) wire-wound resistor patch cords liquid nitrogen styrofoam cups (14 ounce)

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

Student Force Sensor Series 6500 Computer Interface Data Monitor software 200 g mass CI-6503 Voltage Sensor power supply (such as SF-9584)

Introduction
This is an improvement in the method of data taking of the experiment described by P.A. Knutson and G.L. Salinger in THE PHYSICS TEACHER, May 1969, page 288. The basic difference is the use of the model transducer as an electronic balance so that mass is measured as a function of time rather than time as a function of mass.

Procedure Set equipment up as shown in Figure 3.1. Connect the DIN plug of the transducer to Analog
Channel A of the Series 6500 interface.

Calibrate the transducer by suspending a

known mass of about 200 grams on the beam. Select Channel A and use the Monitor Input mode of the Data Monitor program to monitor the transducer output as you alternately adjust the zero balance and sensitivity until the sensitivity is 1 mv/ gm. (The input can be calibrated in mass units. This will allow you to record mass as a function of time using the GRAPH IN REAL TIME MODE.)
Student Force Sensor

SENSITIVITY

ZERO ADJUST (DC OFFSET)

current and voltage connections

Suspend a styrofoam cup (14 oz size is

ideal) from the transducer. A second cup inside the other will improve insulation.

Connect the 2 ohm, 10 W wire-wound

resistor to the power supply. Connect the CI-6503 Voltage Sensor in parallel with the resistor. Connect its DIN plug to Analog Channel B of the Series 6500. Make sure that the resistor is supported so it hangs near the bottom of the cup without touching it.
styrofoam cup with liquid nitrogen

Series 6500 Interface

CI-6510 SIGNAL INTERFACE
FOR USE WITH PASCO SERIES 6500 SENSORS

power supply

ANALOG CHANNELS
A v B s C q 4 ON

DIGITAL CHANNELS
1
PASCO
SERIES

labstand

6500
INTERFACE SYSTEM

GAIN = 1,10,100 ISOLATED

GAIN = 1 ISOLATED

GAIN = 1 REF TO GND

Figure 3.1 Equipment Setup 13

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Add liquid nitrogen to the cup. Adjust the current and voltage for a power of 40 Watts delivered
to the heating resistor. (Select Channel B and use Monitor Input to measure the power supply voltage.)

Now, with power off, record the transducer output voltage every 30 seconds for about four or
five minutes. (You can use the GRAPH IN REAL TIME MODE. At the end of the data collection period a complete data table can be printed out.)

Next turn the heater power on and record the transducer output voltage every 15 seconds for
three or four minutes.

Then turn power off and record output voltages every 30 seconds for four or five minutes. Data and Calculations
Plot mass vs time and determine the slopes for the best straight line of each of the three data sets. The slope will be the rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen. Subtract the average of the two slopes when power was off from the slope when power was on. This will be the net rate of loss of liquid nitrogen caused by the energy supplied to the heater. The heat of vaporization, Hv, is given by: Hv = power to heater (current x voltage)/net rate of evaporation

NOTE: Since only the slopes or evaporation rates of the three data sets are used, the clock
may be started at time zero for each period, so there is no problem if some time is lost between periods. With the Series 6500, the input can be calibrated in mass units and mass recorded as a function of time in the GRAPH IN REAL TIME MODE, or Strip Chart Recorder. The GRAPH IN REAL TIME MODE is ideal. This eliminates the need for a data table since a complete data table can be printed out.

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Student Force Sensor

Data Table 1: Heat of Vaporization Current I = __________________ Voltage V = __________________

Power Off I
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 m 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135

Power On II
Time (s) m 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Power Off III

Time (s) m

Slope I _____________ Average of Slope I and Slope III = Power in Hv of liquid N2 =

Slope II _____________ Slope I + Slope III 2 = V x I j/sec

Slope III _____________ = ambient rate of evaporation j gm

net rate of evaporation

Slope II gm/sec -Average Slope gm/sec

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Notes:

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Student Force Sensor

Experiment 4:
EQUIPMENT NEEDED: (SEE FIGURE 4.1)

Fluid Drag Forces

Wind tunnel (could be made with any good blower followed by a sheet metal or plastic pipe 25-30 cm diameter filled with plastic soda straws or other thin walled tubes to produce smooth air flow). Voltmeter Various shaped objects or models made of material at least as dense as the fluid, including vehicle shapes made of balsa wood or toys. A 1/16 - 1/8 thick by 1/2 wide metal bar 25-30 cm long with a 90 twist about 10 cm from one end is clamped to the transducer beam to support the object in the air stream.

Student Force Sensor

MAXIMUM FORCE: 20N

Clamp Tunnel (Air or liquid flow) Model Metal bar 90 Twist Pins

Purpose
With accessories that are easy to create the force transducer can be used to measure drag forces due to air or liquid flowing over different shaped objects.
Fluid Flow

Calibration
Calibrate the force transducer by placing known masses on the center of the objects with the Transducer mounted horizontally. With a 25 cm extension, sensitivity is about 0.007 gmf/mv.

Figure 4.1 Equipment Setup

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Notes:

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Student Force Sensor

Experiment 5:
EQUIPMENT NEEDED: (SEE FIGURE 5.1)

Dual Harmonic Oscillators

10 cm long flat bar built to specifications shown in Figure 8 inset. Student Force Sensor Spring 2 hooked masses C-Clamp Base and support rod Right angle clamp

Purpose
To observe the Net Force acting on a pair of harmonic oscillators.

Procedure Clamp the flat bar near the end of the force sensing beam and perpendicular to it (see Figure 8).
The ends of the bar should be adapted to support two springs, each having a spring constant of about 5 - 7 Nt/m.

Hang a 100 gm mass on one spring and about 70 gm on the other. Connect the output of the force transducer to the Series 6500 interface in the oscilloscope mode.
Transducer should be set to high sensitivity and zeroed with the weights hanging at rest.

Now start the masses oscillating vertically and record the output with the computer, trace rate
1000 ms/div. and appropriate sensitivity.

3 cm

3.5 cm

Right angle clamp

10 cm Flat Bar

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Spring

Student Force Sensor

100g Mass

Spring

70g Mass

Figure 5.1 Equipment Setup 19

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FORCE

Dual Simple Harmonic Oscillators

TIME (milliseconds)

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Experiment 6:
EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

Simple Harmonic Motion

Student Force Sensor Series 6500 interface Spring Masses Tall beaker with water Electromagnet

Photogate timer (optional) Data Monitor software Power supply Meter stick Damping unit Power supply

Purpose
To study damped and undamped harmonic motion using a mass and spring system.

Theory
Harmonic motion, the most familiar type of vibration, is illustrated b y the motion of a pendulum or a mass hanging by a spring. Such an object moves back and forth along a fixed path and returns to each position and velocity after a definite period of time. This type of motion is produced by a varying force; hence, the object experiences varying accelerations. Simple harmonic motion requires a restoring force F acting on an object that is proportional to and acting in the opposite direction from the displacement X of the object. F = -Kx where K is the force constant of the spring, measured by hanging the spring and adding masses while the displacement is recorded. If a plot of force versus displacement yields a straight line, the spring is said to obey Hookes law.
2 F = ma = md 2x = Kx dt

d 2x + K x =0 dt 2 m
x = A cos 0t +
where 0 =

K m

The effective mass of a spring is 13 its total mass, therefore m in the above equation is:

m=

ms + M , where M is the mass suspended from the spring and ms is the mass of the spring. 3

In almost all physical situations, friction plays a role. For example, a harmonic oscillator that is subject to a damping force has an amplitude that continually decreases with time. For the damped harmonic oscillator, the equation of motion is:

md 2x = kx bdx dt dt 2
NOTE: Frictional force is proportional to velocity.
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fr = bv = bdx dt
General solution:

x = Ae Pt

dx = PAe Pt = Px dt
d 2x = P 2Ae Pt = P 2x dt 2
Now substitute these values in the differential equation:

(mP 2 + bP + K) x = 0

P = b
In our case:

b 2 4mK = b + 2 2

2 ( b ) K m 2

K > ( b ) 2, m 2m

P= b i 2m

K ( b )2 , m 2m

= b , 2m
2 0 = K , m

2 = 0 2,

Solution:

2 P = i 0 2

x = A 1e te it + A 2e te it
i i A 1 = Ae , A 2 = Ae 2 2

Let Then But By this identity

x = Ae t 1 e i(t + ) + e i(t + ) 2 cos t + = 1 e i(t + ) + e i(t + ) 2

x = Ae t cos t +

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Procedure
MAXIMUM FORCE: 20N

Clamp the force transducer on a tall sturdy support rod and suspend a spring from it. Use a mass hanger consisting of a 25 cm long, 1/8 diameter rod with a hook at the top, a mass supporting platform consisting of a small circular disk soldered on a few centimeters below the hook, and two flat rectangular vanes soldered on the side of the rod perpendicular to each other at the bottom to serve as a damper that oscillates in a liquid (see Figure 9). Record the output of the transducer with the PASCO Series 6500 computer interface. Immersing the vane in a liquid damps the motion depending on the viscosity of the fluid. With the Series 6500 system, make a print-out of the data for analysis.

Spring Student Force Sensor

Liquid damping unit Container, liquid filled

Damping vanes Figure 6.1 Equipment Setup

Data Analysis

Undamped system
Find K by hanging 5 masses ranging from 100 - 500 g. from the spring. Plot force versus displacement and the slope will be the spring constant. Show for three different masses that =

K where m m hanging mass + mass of spring m= s +M = 3 3

T

Calculate = 2 , where T is the period measured by the photogate timer.

Damped System
Draw a smooth curve connecting the decay peaks on your plot. The plot decays as e- t where

= b . When t = 1 the amplitude has decreased by a factor of e-1, or about 0.368 times the 2m
initial value. Beginning from any time along the x-axis, determine the length of time required for the amplitude to decrease by e-1. This time is equal to 1/ . Solve for and equate with b/2m to determine b. Assign coordinates to the peaks of your decay plot, taking time (t) along the x-axis and displacement (y) along the y-axis. Do a linear regression using 1n(y) vs. t, and the slope will be your damping constant. (Because y = Ae- t and 1n(y) = 1n(A)- t). Compare your result from part 3 with this result.
2 k 2 Show that 2 = 0 2 = m ( b ) by comparing with = 2 .

2m

Measure the period directly from your plot.

NOTE: Use the same spring for all parts of this lab.

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Experiment 7:
Introduction

Falling Chain
Ball chain, or small link chain (approx. 180 cm long) Student Force Sensor

A classical problem in mechanics is to calculate the force produced by a falling chain as a function of time during the fall. This force can be measured with the force transducer and data acquisition system in oscilloscope mode. Analysis of the data requires curve fitting and data smoothing to eliminate signals caused by oscillations of the transducer beam and catch bucket caused by the falling chain.

Figure 7.1 Equipment Setup

Experiment 8:

Falling Cantilevered Beam

Introduction
A classical problem in elementary mechanics is to calculate the force on one end of a horizontal beam supported at one end and free to pivot about that end at the very instant the other end is released. This force can be measured with the force transducer and data acquisition system in the oscilloscope mode. Analysis of the data requires data smoothing to eliminate signals caused by oscillations of the system when the beam is released.
End threaded to release End attached with string
MAXIMUM FORCE: 20N

Beam:

L1m M .5 Kg Student Force Sensor

Figure 8.1 Equipment Setup

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MAXIMUM FORCE: 20N

Right angle clamp

Styrofoam cup (attached by double-sided tape)

Right angle clamp

012-04963D

Student Force Sensor

Specifications
Operating voltage: 5 Volts (CI-6519) or 12V (CI-6557) supplied by the computer interface Deflection of end interaction point: 1.8 mm 3.7 mm 5.7 mm 5N 10 N 15 N

Current requirement: about 16 milliamperes at maximum sensitivity and about 8 milliamperes at minimum sensitivity Output voltage: approximately -3 Volts to + 3 Volts (CI-6519) or +6 Volts to -4Volts (CI-6557) at maximum sensitivity

Fundamental mechanical resonance frequency: about 140 Hz Frequency response: 1.5 % D.C. to 70 Hz sinusoidal displacement 0.5% D.C. to 30 Hz sinusoidal displacement Tare capability: at least 5 N

Maximum sensitivity:about 200 millivolts per Newton Linearity for static applications: less than 1% Maximum force: approximately 20 N force at interaction point near the end of the beam

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Notes:

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Technical Support
Feed-Back
If you have any comments about this product or this manual please let us know. If you have any suggestions on alternate experiments or find a problem in the manual please tell us. PASCO appreciates any customer feedback. Your input helps us evaluate and improve our product.

Contacting Technical Support

Before you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information: If your problem is computer/software related, note: Title and Revision Date of software. Type of Computer (Make, Model, Speed). Type of external Cables/Peripherals. If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus, note: Title and Model number (usually listed on the label). Approximate age of apparatus. A detailed description of the problem/sequence of events. (In case you can't call PASCO right away, you won't lose valuable data.) If possible, have the apparatus within reach when calling. This makes descriptions of individual parts much easier. If your problem relates to the instruction manual, note: Part number and Revision (listed by month and year on the front cover). Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions.

To Reach PASCO
For Technical Support call us at 1-800-772-8700 (tollfree within the U.S.) or (916) 786-3800. email: techsupp@PASCO.com Tech support fax: (916) 786-3292 Web: http://www.pasco.com

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