NSCM 15

15th Nordic Seminar on Computational Mechanics 18-19 October, 2002, Aalborg, Denmark Eds.: E. Lund, N. Olhoff, J. Stegmann www.ime.auc.dk/nscm15

Continuum Material Model with Shear-Cap Yield Function for Ice Rubble
Jaakko Heinonen Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials Helsinki University of Technology, Finland email: Jaakko.Heinonen@hut.fi

Summary A constitutive law for ice rubble in the ridge keel is developed. Ice rubble is treated as a continuum in which the deformations are defined according the plasticity theory. The model is implemented into finite element analysis and calibrated according full-scale ridge loading tests.

Introduction Ridges are quite common ice features in the northern seas. They are moving due to wind and sea currents causing remarkable loads to offshore structures during interaction. The ridge is often divided into three parts: sail (above the water level), consolidated layer and keel (below the water level). The sail and keel contain a pile of broken ice blocks, i.e. ice rubble. Hence, the ridge is a porous feature in which the cavities in the keel are filled by water and slush, while in the sail part they contain snow and air. Between them is the refrozen solid ice zone, the consolidated layer. Ice rubble together with the consolidated layer is a complicated structure and its mechanical behavior is not well understood. The loads against offshore structures caused by ice ridges cannot be predicted reliably because general constitutive laws are unknown. Classical soil mechanics models, like Drucker-Prager or Mohr-Coulomb, describe only the shearing failure. However, another possible failure mechanism is rubble compaction, which is caused by the hydrostatic pressure. Material model General A constitutive model is based on the plasticity theory [1]. To describe different deformation mechanisms, two yield functions are combined together creating a smooth yield surface. The first describes the shearing failure and the second one the compaction (cap part). Two types of hardening laws define the yield surface evolution. The first one defines the cohesive softening due to material distortion. The second one defines the rubble compaction depending on the plastic dilatation. The numerical material model is based on the cutting plane algorithm [2]. The implementation is made into ABAQUS/Standard FEM-software as a user material subroutine [3]. The model calibration is made by comparison the ridge keel punch test simulations to the experimental full-scale tests.

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Strain decomposition The strain is separated into parts, which all of them describe different deformation mechanisms and they are taken to be independent of each other, i.e. there is no interaction between different deformation mechanisms. The strain tensor can then be introduced as a sum of the elastic strain e (recoverable), the inelastic strain ie and the damage strain d.

Two first terms in Eq. (1) describes the deformation mechanisms due to the ice block rearrangements. The first term e contains also the elastic deformations of individual ice blocks. The damage strain describes the failing of an ice block, for example shearing, bending or crushing failure. In the sense of ice rubble, the individual ice block failure is interpreted as a damage of one point or part of volume in ice rubble. Because, it is difficult to separate the inelastic and the damage strain components from each other, they are combined as a non-recoverable strain (plastic strain), i.e. p = ie + d. Consequently, a simplified model for the strain decomposition is then

Yield function The shear-cap model is a combined yield function, which has a shear failure part and cap failure part. The yield function for the shear failure is

and the yield function for the cap failure is

in which d and are corresponding Drucker-Prager parameters for cohesion and the friction angle. R defines the cap shape and pa describes the pressure which divides the shear and cap failure parts. 1/3 kk is the hydrostatic pressure and q 3/2 sij sij is the second deviatoric stress invariant p (s is the deviatoric stress tensor). The parameter is a small number (for example = 0.05). [3] Evolution law Exponential hardening law is applied both for cap hardening (Eq. (6)) and cohesive softening (Eq. p (7)). Internal variables are the volumetric plastic strain vol and the equivalent deviatoric plastic strain p . dev

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"

" '

&%

% &

&

'

fc

(p p a)2

Rq /cos

"&"%

/cos

( d pa tan )

; p> pa

&

% $

&

'

fs

[(p pa) tan ]2

R ( d pa tan )

where f is a yield function,

is a magnitude of the plastic strain rate and

FM 0 M 8' g

p ij

f
ij

is the stress tensor.

; p pa

Elastic deformations are modeled according to the general Hookes law. The plastic strain defined according the associative flow rule

g% g% g' g
ij

e ij

ie ij

d ij

(1)

g% g' g

ij

e ij

p ij

(2)
p ij

(3)

(4)

(5)

&'

is

in which d0 describes the initial cohesive strength and E the softening rate. FE-model The finite element model simulating the punch test is presented in Fig. 1. In the test a circular platen is cut free from the surrounding solid ice field and it is pushed down for 0.7 m. During the pushdown the keel underneath breaks. The geometry of the ridge keel and the consolidated layer is simplified and modeled by using first order axisymmetric solid elements. The keel is divided into two layers. The upper one contains the consolidated layer, behaving like an elastic material. The second layer underneath, rubble, is approximated to be homogeneous. The load is applied by moving the platen downwards.
4

Figure 1: Finite element model of ridge keel punch test. Equivalent deviatoric strain distribution is presented by contour lines.

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'

d0 exp

p dev

where vol 0 describes the volumetric plastic strain at the reference state and parameter.

$
0

'

g&

'

pb
*

p0 exp

pa

1 R tan

&

g&

p vol

p vol 0 )

pb R d

&

(6)
is a material

(7)

CL

Results During the platen push-down the force increases linearly until plastic deformations start to proceed near the edge of the platen bottom (in the gap). After that an inclined localized damage zone proceeds though the keel. At same time the force needed to push the platen down decreases, see Fig. 2. The model parameters are adjusted to simulate similar load response compared to the measured one. The peak load level as well as the post peak load is predicted reliably. Comparison is also made for the deformations in the keel, especially for the location of the damage pattern. The observation is that the damage zone does not incline as much it was measured at the full-scale field test, but rubble compact evidently under the platen.

800
experiment simulation

700

600

500

Force (kN)

400

300

200

100

0 0.05

0.05 0.1 displacement (m)

0.15

0.2

Figure 2: Load response in the ridge keel punch test, simulated vs. measured.

Concluding remarks The new constitutive model for ice rubble describes the ridge load event sufficiently. Some extra work is still needed to adjust the rubble dilatation behavior, because the model does not represent the damage zone propagation accurately. However, the rubble compaction is modeled successfully and it is the main achievement in the material model in addition to hardening laws. References [1] [2] [3]
W. F. Chen and D.J. Han, Plasticity for structural engineers, New York, Springer (1988), ISBN: 0-387-96711-7. J. C. Simo and T. J. R. Hughes. Computational inelasticity, New York (NY), Springer, (1998) ISBN: 0-387-97520-9. ABAQUS/Standard User Manual, Volume 3, Version 6.2, Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., (2001)

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