Chapter 6

AXISYMMETRIC SOLIDS


6.1 INTRODUCTION

An axisymmetric solid is defined as a three-dimensional body that is developed by rotation of
a planar section about an axis, as seen in Figure 6.1. This type of body sometimes called a
solid of revolution. Cylindrical coordinates, r, z, and , provide a suitable reference frame, as
indicated in Figure 6.1. Because of total symmetry about the z axis, all deformations and
stresses are independent of the rotational angle . Thus, the problem needs to be looked as a
two-dimensional problem in r z, defined on the revolving area. Gravity forces can be
considered if acting in the z direction. Revolving bodies like flywheels can be analyzed by
introducing centrifugal forces in the body force term. We now discuss the axisymmetric
problem formulation.




















Figure 6.1 Axisymmetric solid and finite element mesh.

z,w
z
P
i
r
T
r,u

dA
P
i


107



6.2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

For any point on the cross section of an axisymmetrically loaded body the generic
displacements are:

{ }

T
w u = (6.1)

Translations u and w occur in the r and z directions, respectively, as indicated in Fig. 6.1. For
this case the translation v in the direction is zero. In addition, the shearing strains
r
and
z

are also zero. On the other hand, the figure shows four types of strains that are nonzero, as
follows:

{ }

T
rz z r
=

(6.2)

Relationships between these strains and the generic displacements in Eq. (6.1) are seen to be:

+
)
`

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0 rz
0
0 z
0 r
rz
z
r
w
u
r z
0
r
1
z
0
0
r
(6.3)

Except for the change in axis labels and the addition of circumferential strain equation, these
relations are the same as those of the plane stress or strain problem. Casting such strain-
displacement relationships into matrix form gives:

{ } | |{ } { }
0
+ = (6.4)

where

| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
r z
0
r
1
z
0
0
r
(6.5)

In this instance the nonzero term 1/r in the third row of matrix [] is a multiplier of u, not a
derivative. In the case of thermal strains


108

Figure 6.2 Axisymetric rectangular element and corresponding ring element.


{ }

0
1
1
1
T
0 rz
0
0 z
0 r
0
(6.6)

Corresponding to strains in Eq. (6.2), the four types of stresses depicted in Fig 6.2 are:

{ }

T
rz z r
=

(6.7)

Stress-strain relationships may be expressed in matrix form as:

{ } | | { } { } ( )
0
E = (6.8)

If the trivial relations
r
= 0 and
z
= 0 are omitted, the most general axisymmetric form of
stress-strain relationships are

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(
(
(

0
1
1
1
T
E . symm
E E
E E E
E E E E
zr
z
r
44
34 33
24 23 22
14 13 12 11
zr
z
r
(6.9)

If the material is orthotropic, Fig. 6.2, principal material axes x and y must not change
direction with , and the third principal material axis must not form a helix about the axis of
revolution. If = 0 in Fig. 6.2, then E
14
= E
24
= E
34
= 0. Finally, for the case of isotropy and
thermal loading, Eq. (6.9) becomes.

1
2
1 2
3
r,u
z,w
y
y
x
x

3
4
4


109
( )
( )( )
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(
(
(

+

=

0
1
1
1
T
b . symm
0 1
0 a 1
0 a a 1
2 1 1
E 1
zr
z
r
zr
z
r
(6.10)

in which

=
1
a and
( )

=
1 2
2 1
b

Considering the elemental volume shown in Fig. 6.1, the potential energy can be written in
the form

{ } { } { } { } { } { } { } { }
2 2 2
0 0 0
1
2
T T T T
i
A A L
rdAd rdAd rdld

=

i i
b P (6.11)

where rdld is the elemental surface area, and the point load {P}
i
represents a line load
distributed around a circle, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

All variables in the integrals are independent of . Thus, Eq. (6.11) can be written as

{ } { } { } { } { } { } { } { }
1
2
2
T T T T
i
A A L
rdA rdA rdl
| |
= |
|
\ .


i i
b P

where

{ }
T
r z
b b = (

b and { }
T
r z
= (




6.3 TRIANGULAR ELEMENT

The two-dimensional region defined by the revolving area divided into triangular elements, as
shown in Fig. 6.3. Though each element is completely represented by the area in the r z plane,
in reality, it is a ring-shaped solid of revolution obtained by revolving the triangle about the z
axis. A typical element is shown in Fig. 6.4.

The definition of connectivity of elements and the nodal coordinates follow the steps in the
CST element discussed in Section 5.3. We note here that the r and z coordinates respectively
replace x and y.

At each node we have translations in the r and z directions, so the vector of nodal
displacements becomes:

{ }
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 2 3 3
T T
q q q q q q u v u v u v = = ( (

q (6.12)



110




















(a)



(b) (c) (d)

Figure 6.3 (a) An axisymmetric solid, (b) FE mesh, (c) applied loads, (d) stress distribution.



111



















Figure 6.4 Axisymmetric triangular element.


Using the three shape functions N
1
, N
2
, and N
3
, we define

{ } | |{ } q N = (6.13)

where {} is defined in (6.1) and

| |
(

=
3 2 1
3 2 1
N 0 N 0 N 0
0 N 0 N 0 N
N (6.14)

If we select the shape functions as follows

= = = 1 N N N
3 2 1
(6.15)

If Eq.(6.14) and Eq. (6.15) are substituted into (6.13) gives

( )
( )
1 3 5
2 4 6
1
1
u q q q
v q q q


= + +
= + +
(6.16)

If we substitute Eq. (6.13) into the strain-displacement relations, we obtain

z
r
q
1

q
2
q
3

q
4

q
5

q
6

A
e


112
{ }
| |
1
2
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 4
5
6
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0
r
z
rz
B
q
r r
q
N N N q u
z z
N N N q w
r r q
q
z r z r

( (

( (


( (



( (


( ( (
= = =
` ` `
( ( (
)

( (

( (
)

( (


) ( (

1444444442444444443
(6.17)
The strain-displacement matrix [B] can be obtained as


| |
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 3 1 1 2 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
N N N
r r r
N N N
z z z
N N N
r r r
N N N N N N
z r z r z r
(
(

(

(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(

B (6.18)


By using the isoparametric representation, we find

1 1 2 2 3 3 13 23 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 13 23 3
r N r N r N r r r r
z N z N z N z z z z


= + + = + +
= + + = + +
(6.17)

where we have used the notation, r
ij
= r
i
r
j
and z
ij
= z
i
z
j
.

The chain rule of differentiation gives


11 12
21 22
i
i
i i
N
N
J J
r
J J N N
z

(

=
` `
(




)
)
i = 1,2,3 (6.18)

and

11 12
21 22
i
i
i i
N
N
r
N N
z

(

=
` `
(




)
)
i = 1,2,3 (6.19)

where [] is the inverse of the Jacobian [J], given by


113

| | | |
1 23 13
23 13
1
z z
r r

(
= =
(

J
J
(6.20)


| J |= r
13
z
23
r
23
z
13
(6.21)

Recall that J= 2A
e
. That is, the absolute value of the determinant of [J] equals twice the
area of the element.

| |
| |
3 1 2
3 1 2
11 12
21 22 3 3 1 2 1 2
G
L
N N N
N N N
r r r
N N N N N N
z z z


(
(
(
(
(

(
= (
(
(
(
(
(


D
D
144424443
144424443
(6.22)
where [D
G
] and [D
L
] are the matrices of global and local derivatives of shape functions,
respectively. Substitution of Eqs. (6.20) into Eq. (6.22) yields

| |
23 13 23 13 13 23
23 13 23 13 23 13
1 0 1
1 1
0 1 1
G
z z z z z z
r r r r r r
( ( (
= =
( ( (


D
J J


Considering r
ij
= r
ji
and r
i,j
r
kj
= r
ik
, we obtain the global derivatives as follows

| |
23 31 12
32 13 21
1
G
z z z
r r r
(
=
(

D
J


[B] is a (4 x 6) element strain-displacement matrix relating the three strains to the six nodal
displacements. The matrix [B] given by Eq. (6.18) can be written in terms of the global
derivatives.

| |
11 12 13
21 22 23
1 2 3
21 11 22 12 23 13
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
G G G
G G G
G G G G G G
D D D
D D D
N r N r N r
D D D D D D
(
(
(
=
(
(

B (6.22)

Using eq. (6.20), [B] can be written as

| |
(
(
(
(

=
12 21 31 13 23 32
3 2 1
21 13 32
12 31 23
z r z r z r
0 r J N 0 r J N 0 r J N
r 0 r 0 r 0
0 z 0 z 0 z
J
1
B (6.23)



114

6.3.1 Stiffness Matrix

The potential energy on the discretized region is given by

{ } { } { } { } { } { } { }{ }



(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
i
i
T
i
L
T
A
T
A
T
P rd T 2 rdA b 2 rdA 2
2
1
l (6.24)

The element strain energy U
e
given by the first term can be written as

{ } | | | || | { } q rdA B E B 2 q
2
1
U
A
T T
e
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(6.25)

The quantity inside the parentheses is the element stiffness matrix,

| | | | | || |rdA B E B 2 k
T
A
e

= (6.26)

Because integrals in Eq (6.26) are logarithmic, numerical integration is preferred.

On the other hand, as a simple approximation, [B] and r can be evaluated at the centroid of the
triangle and used as representative values for the triangle. At the centroid of the triangle,

3
1
N N N
3 2 1
= = = (6.27)
and

3
r r r
r
3 2 1
+ +
= (6.28)

where r is the radius of the centroid. Denoting | | B as the element strain-displacement matrix
[B] evaluated at the centroid, we get

| | | | | | 2 2
e
T T
e
A
r dA rA ( ( ( ( = =

k B E B B E B (6.29)

We note here that
e
A r 2 is the volume of the ring shaped element shown in Fig . 6.4. Also,
A
e
is given by

1
2
e
A = J

We also use this centroid rule for body forces and surface tractions as discussed below.
Caution must be exerted for elements close to the axis of symmetry. For better results, smaller
elements need to be chosen close to the axis of symmetry.



115
6.3.2 Equivalent Body Forces

We can write the equivalent body force vector by the use of centroid rule as follows

{ } { }
2
2
3
e
T
A
T
e
r z r z r z
rdA
rA
b b b b b b

( =

( =

b
f N b
(6.30)

The bar on the b terms indicates that they are evaluated at the centroid.

6.3.3 Surface Traction

For a uniformly distributed load with components
r
and
z
, shown in Fig. 6.5, on the edge
connecting nodes 1 and 2, we get

{ } { }
1 2
1 2
2
0 0
T
l
T
r z r z
rdl
l a a b b

( =

= (

s
f N
2
(6.31)



Figure 6.5 Surface traction.
where

6
r 2 r
b
6
r r 2
a
2 1 2 1
+
=
+
=

( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2 2 1
z z r r l + =

r
z
1
(r
1
, z
1
)
2
(r
2
, z
2
)
3
(r
3
, z
3
)



116
z
In the above derivation, r is expressed as N
1
r
1
+ N
2
r
2
and then integrated. When the line 1 2
is parallel to z axis, we have r
1
= r
2
, which gives a = b = 0.5r
1
.

6.3.4 Equivalent Temperature Loads

We may designate the element temperature load as

{ } | | | |{ }

=
e
A
0
T
T
rdA E B 2 f (6.32)

where {
0
} is initial strain vector due to the temperature change, T. From the theory of
elasticity, {
0
} can be represented by

{ }

0
1
1
1
T
0 rz
0
0 z
0 r
0
(6.33)

If the temperature change is constant on the element and we use the centroid rule we obtain

{ } | | | |{ }
0
T
e T
E B A r 2 f = (6.34)

The stresses in an element are then obtained by using Eq (6.8) in the form:

{ } | | { } { } ( ) | | | |{ } { } ( )
0 0
q B E E = =


Example 6.1 In Fig. E6.1, a long cylinder of inside diameter 80 mm and outside diameter
120 mm snugly fits in a hole over its full length. The cylinder is then subjected to an internal
pressure of 2 MPa. Using two elements on the 10 mm length shown, find the displacements at
the inner radius. E = 200 GPa, = 0.3.


Figure E6.1

80 mm diam
120 mm diam
2 MPa
40 mm
60 mm
10 mm
F
1
F
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
r


117
Solution:

Element connectivity is given in the following table.


Element
Node numbers
1 2 3
1 1 2 4
2 2 3 4

The table of nodal coordinates can be arranged as


Node
Coordinates
r z
1 40 10
2 40 0
3 60 0
4 60 10

We will use the units of millimeters for length, newtons for force, and megapascals for stress
and E. These units are consistent. On substituting E = 200 000 MPa and = 0.3, we have

| |
5
2.69 1.15 0 1.15
1.15 2.69 0 1.15
10
1.15 1.15 0 2.69
0 0 0.77 0
(
(
(
=
(
(

E

For both elements, J = 200 mm
2
. From Eq. 6.31, forces F
1
and F
3
are given by

N 2514
2
) 2 )( 10 )( 40 ( 2
2
p l r 2
F F
i 2 1 1
3 1
= = = =




The [B] matrices relating element strains to nodal displacements are obtained first.

For element 1, ( ) mm 67 . 46 60 40 40 r
3
1
= + + = ,

1
0.05 0 0 0 0.05 0
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0
0.0071 0 0.0071 0 0.0071 0
0.1 0.05 0.1 0 0 0.05
(
(

(
( =

(
(


B

For element 2, ( ) mm 53 . 53 60 60 40 r
3
1
= + + = ,



118
2
0.05 0 0.05 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1
0.00625 0 0.00625 0 0.00625 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0
(
(

(
( =

(
(


B

The element stress-displacement matrices are obtained by multiplying [E][B]:

| || |
(
(
(
(

=
0 766 . 0 15 . 1 191 . 0 15 . 1 384 . 0
385 . 0 0 0 77 . 0 385 . 0 77 . 0
1 . 0 657 . 0 69 . 2 082 . 0 69 . 2 49 . 0
0 43 . 1 15 . 1 082 . 0 15 . 1 26 . 1
10 B E
4 1


| || |
(
(
(
(

=
15 . 1 168 . 0 15 . 1 743 . 0 0 407 . 0
0 7 . 0 385 . 0 7 . 0 385 . 0 0
69 . 2 072 . 0 69 . 2 647 . 0 0 503 . 0
15 . 1 072 . 0 15 . 1 42 . 1 0 27 . 1
10 B E
4 2


The stiffness matrices are obtained by finding | | | || | B E B A r 2
T
e
for each element

| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
565 . 0
0 25 . 2 Symmetric
0 93 . 1 89 . 7
13 . 1 16 . 0 24 . 0 30 . 2
565 . 0 93 . 1 89 . 7 37 . 1 45 . 8
13 . 1 932 . 1 45 . 1 34 . 2 58 . 2 03 . 4
10 k
7 1


| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
01 . 9
241 . 0 62 . 2 Symmetric
01 . 9 05 . 1 66 . 9
17 . 2 42 . 2 46 . 3 11 . 5
0 29 . 1 645 . 0 29 . 1 645 . 0
69 . 1 085 . 0 69 . 1 22 . 2 0 05 . 2
10 k
7 2


Using the elimination approach, on assembling the matrices with reference to the degrees of
freedom 1 and 3, we get

)
`

=
)
`

2514
2514
Q
Q
35 . 4 34 . 2
34 . 2 03 . 4
10
3
1 7


Q
1
= 0.014 x 10
-2
mm and Q
3
= 0.0133 x 10
-2
mm

The element stresses can be calculated from


119
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
3
q
5
q
6
q
8
q
7
= z/b
= r/a

u

w
2a

2b

r
z


{ } | | { }
( =

E B q

From the connectivity

{ }

{ }

2 T 2
2 T 1
10 x 0 0 0 0 0 0133 . 0 q
10 x 0 0 0 0133 . 0 0 014 . 0 q

=
=


We get

1 2
2 2
166 58.2 28.4 5.4 10
169.3 66.9 54.1 0 10
T
T
x MPa
x MPa

( = (


( = (




















6.4 RECTANGULAR ELEMENTS

Figure 6.6 shows a rectangular element. In this case there are four nodal circles represented by
dots at the corners. Thus the nodal displacement vector consists of:

{ }
1 2 8 1 1 4
, ,..., , ,...,
T T
q q q u w w = = ( (

q (6.35)













120






Figure 6.6 Axisymmetric rectangular element.

The assumed displacement functions are bilinear, as in the quadrilateral elements. For the
dimensionless coordinates = r/a, and = z/b the operator [] is:

| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
a
1
b
1
0
r
1
b
1
0
0
a
1
r z
0
r
1
z
0
0
r
(6.36)

Hence, [B] matrix is given as

| | | || | = B N

where

| |
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N N N N
N N N N
(
=
(

N (6.37)

Integration formulas for the stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal loads are the same as those
for the triangular elements. We use for the area element dA = drdz = abdd.
6.5 QUADRILATERAL ELEMENTS

In this section we shall examine ring elements having cross sections that are isoparametric
quadrilaterals. Previously (see Sec 5.4) we discussed the isoparametric elements Q4 and Q8
for analysis of plane stress and plane strain. Comments in this section will depend heavily
upon that earlier work.

Figure 6.7(a) shows element AXQ4, and a finite element mesh of AXQ4, respectively. It is an
axisymmetric ring element with a cross section in the shape of element Q4. Hence, the nodal
displacement vector is:

{ }

T
4 1 1
T
8 2 1
w ,..., w , u q ,..., q , q q = = (6.38)

Bilinear displacement shape functions in matrix [N] are the same as for element Q4, and the
strain-displacement matrix becomes:


121
r
z

q
7
q
2
q
1
q
4
q
3
q
5
q
6
w

u

q
8






1
2
3
4
r
z
q
7
q
2
q
1
q
4
q
3
q
5
q
6
w
u

q
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
q
10
q
9
q
11
q
12
q
13
q
14
q
16
q
15
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
r
N
z
N
0
r
N
z
N
0
0
r
N
B
i i
i
i
i
i
(i = 1,2,3,4) (6.39)

which is obtained using Eq (6.3). The radius r in Eq. (6.39) is found as:

=
=
4
1 i
i i
r N r


















Figure 6.7 Axisymmetric quadrilateral elements (a) AXQ4 (b) AXQ8.



122


Figure 6.8 Quadrilateral mesh.




Figure 6.9 Stress result.





123
x
y
(19,27)

1
2
3
4
(32,11)
(36,29)
(13,15) G1

G2

G3

G4

In addition, the derivatives
i 1 G i
D r N = , and so on, are given by Eq. (5.104), except that r
and z replace the coordinates x and y.

Stiffnesses for element AXQ4 may be calculated form:

| | | | | || |
1 1
1 1
2
T
rd d

=

k B E B J (6.40)

Also equivalent nodal loads due to body forces are:

{ } | | { }


=
1
1
1
1
T
b
d rd J b N 2 f (6.41)

And those for initial strains become:

{ } | | | |{ }
1 1
1 1
2
T
rd d

=

0 0
f B E J (6.42)

Element AXQ8 appears in Fig 6.7(b). Its cross section has the same shape as Q8, and its
quadratic interpolation functions were given as Eqs. (3.4-12). The nodal displacement vector
for this element is:

{ }

T
8 1 1
T
16 2 1
w ,..., w , u q ,..., q , q q = = (6.43)

Expressions for [B]
i
, [k], {f
b
}, and {f
0
} are the same as those for element AXQ4 shown in
Eqs. (6.38) and (6.39) except that i = 1,2,,8.


Example:




Solution:

For numerical integration of terms in matrix [k], the formula is:

| | ( ) | | | | ( ) | | ( ) ( )
k j
n
1 k
n
1 j
k j
8 x 4
k j 4 x 4
T
4 x 8
k j k j
, r , J , B E , B R R 2 k =

= =


In particular, for the term for k
22
with n = 2, R
j
= R
k
= 1. Therefore,
Find the stiffness term k
22
for element
AXQ4 in Fig. 6.4(a), using, Gaussian
numerical integration with n = 2 each way.
Assume that the coordinates of nodes 1, 2,
3, and 4 in the r-z plane are (13,15),
(32,11), (36,29), and (19,27), respectively.


124

| | | | | |

= =
=
n
1 k
n
1 j
2 , 1 4 x 4
T
2 , 1 22
r J B E B 2 k

in which [B]
1,2
is the second column of submatrix [B]
1
. Substituting this column of [B] from
Eq. (6.3-1) into Eq. (e), we find:

( )

= =
+ =
n
1 k
n
1 j
2
11 G 44
2
21 G 22 22
r J D E D E 2 k

where the terms E
22
and E
44
remain in unspecified form.

Now we can evaluate Eq. (f) using Eq. (b) to find r at each integration point. In this case the
Jacobian matrix becomes:

| | | || |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
13 15
1 1 1 1 32 11 18 1 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 36 29 5 15 3 4 2
19 27


(
(
+ + ( + (
(
= = =
(
(
( + + +


(

L N
J D C

And its determinant is:

( ) + = 30 53 275
4
1
J

From matrix [D
G
] [see Eqs. (3.2-26)] we find:

( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) +
+
= =
+
+
= + =
53 275 2
4 17 13
J 1 J 1
J 4
1
D
53 275
9 8
J 1 J 1
J 4
1
D
11 21 21 G
12 22 11 G


Substitution of all required terms into Eq. (f) at each of the four integration points yields:

( )
44 22 22
E 444 . 7 E 758 . 5 2 k + =













125
1
2
3
4
= z/b
= r/a
u
w
2a
2b
r
z

P 2
45
1
2
3
4
= z/b
= r/a

u
w
2a
2b
r
z

PROBLEMS

Problem 1. A ring element in an axisymmetric solid has a rectangular section, as shown in
the figure. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,2), (20,2), (20,10), and (10,10),
respectively. Let the element in the figure be subjected to a uniformly distributed body force
b
r
(per unit volume) applied in the positive r direction. Find the equivalent nodal loads at node
2 due to this radial loading. (Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.2-6, answer: {f
T
}
1
= 2[5,
0]
T
200b
r
/3











Problem 2. A ring element in an axisymmetric solid has a rectangular section, as shown in
the figure. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,2), (20,2), (20,10), and (10,10),
respectively. Find the equivalent nodal loads due to a force of magnitude 2 P (per unit
circumferential length) applied to the mid-point of side 3-4 at the angle /4 (see figure)
(Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.2-4, answer: {f
P
} = 2[0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1]
T
7.5P




























126
1
2
3
4
= z/b
= r/a
u
w
2a
2b
r
z

Problem 3. A ring element in an axisymmetric solid has a rectangular section, as shown in
the figure. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,2), (20,2), (20,10), and (10,10),
respectively. Find the equivalent nodal loads due to a force of magnitude 2 P (per unit
circumferential length) applied to the mid-point of side 3-4 at the angle /4 (see figure)
(Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.2-4, answer: {f
P
} = 2[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]
T
7.5P












Problem 4. A ring element in an axisymmetric solid has a rectangular section, as shown in
the figure. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,2), (20,2), (20,10), and (10,10),
respectively. At the right side of the figure a linear temperature variation is indicated, which
pertains to the whole element. Assuming that the material isotropic, determine the equivalent
nodal loads due to this influence. (Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.2-5, answer: {f
P
} = 2[1, 0, -2, 0,
2, 0, -1, 0]
T
40ET/3e
2
.











Problem 5. A ring element is an axisymmetric solid has a rectangular section, as shown in the
figure. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,2), (20,2), (20,10), and (10,10),
respectively. At the right side of the figure a linear temperature variation is indicated, which
pertains to the whole element. Assuming that the material is isotropic, determine the
equivalent nodal loads at node 3 due to this influence.











P 2
45
1
2
3
4
= z/b
= r/a

u
w
2a
2b
r
z

T
T
1
2
3
4
= z/b
= r/a
u
w
2a
2b
r
z

T
34
T
12


127

3
r

1
2
4

3
r

1
2
4

b
n
Problem 6. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,3), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,19),
respectively. The figure shows a linearly varying load (force per unit area) applied in the z
direction on edge 1-2 of the element. Find the nonzero equivalent nodal loads due to this
influence. (Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.3-4, answer: {f
b
}
2
= 2[r
1
(3b
1
+b
2

)+ r
2
(b
1
+b
2

)]/L
12
/12, {f
b
}
4

= 2[r
1
(b
1
+b
2

)+ r
2
(b
1
+3b
2

)]/L
12
/12 )











Problem 7. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,3), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,19),
respectively. The figure shows a uniformly distributed loading (force per unit area) which is
normal to side 2-3 of the element. Find the explicit expressions for the equivalent nodal loads
of node 2. (Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.3-2, answer: {f
b
}
2
= 2[464,116]b
n
/6 )












Problem 8. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,3), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,19),
respectively. Find equivalent nodal loads at point 1 due to rotation about the z axis at constant
angular velocity . Let = mass density, and use numerical integration with n = 2 each way.
(Weaver & Johnston, prob. 5.3-3, answer: {f
b
}
1
= 2[2798, 0]
2
)











z
z

3
r
z


1
2
4

b
1
b
2


128

3
r

1
2
4

Problem 9. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,3), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,19),
respectively. Find the nonzero equivalent nodal loads due to the linearly varying load (force
per unit area) applied in the z direction on edge 1-2 of element AXQ4. (Weaver & Johnston,
prob. 5.3-4, answer: {f
b
}
2
= 2[r
1
(3b
1
+ b
2
) + r
2
(b
1
+ b
2
)]L
12
/12), {f
b
}
4
= 2[r
1
(b
1
+ b
2
) + r
2
(b
1
+
3b
2
)]L
12
/12).











Problem 10. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,3), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,19),
respectively. Find the nonzero equivalent nodal loads due to the linearly varying load (force
per unit area) applied in the r direction on edge 2-3 of element AXQ4.












Problem 11. The figure shows an axisymmetric ring element (AXQ4) with quadrilateral
section. Coordinates r
i
and z
i
of nodes 1,2,3, and 4 are (10,4), (20,2), (18,10), and (11,18),
respectively. Find equivalent nodal loads at point 2 due to rotation about the z axis at constant
angular velocity . Let = mass density, and use numerical integration with n = 2 each way.

3
r
z


1
2
4

b
1
b
2
z
b
3
b
2

3
r
z


1
2
4

129
Problem 12. An axisymmetric solid element with three nodes and its nodal coordinates
are shown in the figure. The nodal displacements are given in the table. The material of
element is steel with E = 200 GPa and = 0.3.
(a) Obtain the nodal displacements at the point x = 40 mm, z = 20 mm.
(b) Recover the element stresses. (50 P)













nodes u (mm) w (mm)
13 0.020 -0.015
17 0.025 0.010
19 0.015 0.0
(20,10)
(60,20)
(40,40)
17
13
19
r
z