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P r o j e c t R e p o r t P r o j e c t R e p o r t P r o j e c t R e p o r t P r o j e c t R e p o r t Project ReportSubmittedOn Transformer Class XIIS u b m i t t e d T o : S u b m i t t e d T o : S u b m i t t e d T o : S u b m i t t e d T o : S u b m i t t e d B y: S u b m i t t e d B y: S u b m i t t e d B y: S u b m i t t e d B y : Miss. Sunita Pankaj GillDept. of Physics Class XII

Certificate This is to certify that Pankaj GillP a n k a j G i l l P a n k a j G i l l Pankaj Gill, student of Class XII, Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School M a h e n d r a M o d e l S r . S e c . S c h o o l M a h e n d r a M o d e l S r . S e c . S c h o o l M a h e n d r a M o d e l S r . S e c . S c h o o l has completed the project titled Transformer during the academic year 2009-2010 towardspartial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2010, and submittedsatisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.M i s s . S u n i t a M i s s . S u n i t a M i s s . S u n i t a M i s s . S u n i t a Department of PhysicsMahendra Model Sr. Sr. School Acknowledgements "There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time." I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Miss. SunitaM i s s . S u n i t a M i s s . S u n i t a Miss. Sunita , for her vitalsupport, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have comeforth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics atMahendra Model Sr. Sec. School for their support during the making of this project. (Pankaj Gill(Pankaj Gill(Pankaj Gill(Pankaj Gill)))) INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a highalternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

PRINCIPLE It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. isproduced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in acircuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. inthe neighboring circuit.

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER In our project step-down transformer is used:This transformer converts high voltage atalternating current into low voltage alternating current. Instep-down transformer the number of turns in primary coilremains large as compare to secondary coil.

ing current in the coil tapes Search Search History: Searching... Result 00 of 00 00 results for result for p. Project Report Physics XII Transformers Project Work on Transformers for Class XII Physics Students. Download or Print Add To Collection 22.3K Reads 137 Readcasts 118 Embed Views

Published by Pankaj Gill Follow

Search TIP Press Ctrl-FF to search anywhere in the document. Info and Rating Category: School Work > Study Guides, Notes, & Quizzes Rating: (1 Rating) Upload Date: 11/14/2010 Copyright: Attribution Non-commercial Physics XII Tags: project work class xii Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Flag document for inapproriate content Download and print this document Choose a format to download in

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Post comment Aayush Kapoor19 days ago 00 i need the readings of the transformer project. can u help me? Prasenjit Dutta2 months ago|1Replies 00 i need a project on to demonstrate that water molecules are polar Pankaj Gilla month ago 00 Will try to upload it after my Engineering Exam 'cuz not getting time for other things other than Examinations. Urvika Gupta2 months ago|1Replies 00 i need a project on logic gates Pankaj Gilla month ago 00 I will upload it after my Engineering Exam 'cuz not getting time for other things other than Examinations. Load more About

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From equations (i) and (ii), we find:N s /N p = K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.For step up transformer K > 1For step down transformer K < 1That is for step-up transformer N S >N P , therefore E S >E P .For the step down transformer N S <N P therefore E S <E P .Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is given by:If I p and I s be the currents in the primary and secondary circuits.

For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.Therefore E S I S =E P I P OrTherefore, for step up, transformer current in thesecondary is less than in the primary (I S <I P ). And in a stepdown transformer we have I S > I P .

Energy Losses in Transformer

In practice, the output energy of a transformer isalways less than the input energy, because energy losses occurdue to a number of reasons as explained below.1.1.1.1. Loss of MagneticLoss of MagneticLoss of MagneticLoss of M a g n e t i c F l u x : F l u x : F l u x : Flux: The coupling between the coilsis seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.2.2.2.2. I r o n I r o n I r o n I r o n L o s s : L o s s : L o s s : Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy currentmay, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heatproduced in the iron core.

3.3.3.3. C o p p e r C o p p e r C o p p e r C o p p e r L o s s : L o s s : L o s s : Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformerpossess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to theheat produced in the resistance of the coil.4.4.4.4. HysteresisHysteresisHysteresisHysteresis Loss: TheLoss: T h e L o s s : T h e Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. SoEnergy is lost due to hysteresis.5.5.5.5. M a g n e t o M a g n e t o M a g n e t o Magneto r e s t r i c t i o n : r e s t r i c t i o n : r e s t r i c t i o n : restriction: The alternating current in theTransformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and soundmay be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming.

Search Search History: Searching... Result 00 of 00 00 results for result for p.

Energy Losses in

Transfor mer
In practice, the output

energy of a transformer isalways less than the input

energy, because energy losses occurdue to

a number of reasons as explained below.1.1.1. 1.

Loss of MagneticL oss of MagneticL oss of

MagneticL oss of Magnetic Flux:Flux: Flux:Flux:

The coupling between the coilsis seldom

perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux

produced by the primary coil is not linked

up with the s