Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Lectured by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
Email: Thuongle@hcmut.edu.vn, thuongle@yahoo.com
Tel: 0903 787 989
Fall Semester 2011-2012
9/12/2011 1
1. Define Signals and Systems
A signal is defined as a function of one or more variables which convey
information
A system is an entry that manipulates one or more input signals to perform
a function which results in a new output signal.
2. Classification of signals based on their properties
* Continuous time (CT) signals and Discrete-time signals
* Periodic and aperiodic signals
* Even and odd signals
* Deterministic signals and random signals
* Energy and power signals
3. Classification on systems based on their properties
* Continuous time (CT) systems and Discrete-time systems
* Stable and unstable systems
* Memory and memoryless systems
* Invertible and noninvertible systems
* Time-invariant and time-variant systems
* linear and nonlinear systems
* Causal and noncausal systems
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4. Differences between discrete time signals and digital signals
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DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL (DT signals)
A DT signal is obtained by sampling a CT signal at a uniform or
non-uniform rate
A signal x(n) is said to be DT signal if it defines or represent an
input at discrete instant of time.
The DT signal is discrete in time only and the amplitude varies
at every discrete values of n
DIGITAL SIGNALS
A digital signal is obtained by sampling, quantizing and encoding
a CT signal
A signal is said to be a digital signal if it is represented in term of
digital format
The digital signal is discrete in time and quantized in amplitude
For a digital signal, the amplitude is represented in digital format.
5. Difference between Energy signals and Power signals
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The energy of CT signal x(t) over a
period [-T/2, T/2] is given by
The power of DT signal x(n) over a
period [-N, +N] is given by
A signal is referred to as power signal
if and only if the total power of the
signal satisfies the condition
**Generally random and periodic
signals are considered to be power
signals
The energy of CT signal x(t) over a period
[-T/2, T/2] is given by
The energy of DT signal x(n) over a
period [-N, +N] is given by
A signal is referred to as energy signal if
and only if the total energy of the signal
satisfies the condition
**Generally deterministic and aperiodic
signals are considered to be energy
signals
Power Signal Energy Signal
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6. Difference between Odd signals and Even signals
9/12/2011 5
A signal is said to be even if x(t)= x(-t)
for CT signals and x(n)= x(-n) for DT
signals
The even component of any signal is
Even signals are symmetric about the
vertical axis
e.g. Cosine wave
A signal is said to be odd if x(t)= -x(-t)
for CT signals and x(n)= -x(-n) for DT
signals
The odd component of any signal is
Odd signals are anti symmetric about
the vertical axis
e.g. Sine wave
Even Signal Odd Signal
signals DT for
n x n x
x
signals CT for
t x t x
x
o
o
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2
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signals DT for
n x n x
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signals CT for
t x t x
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2
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7. Difference between Deterministic signals and Random signals
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A random signal is one in which there
is a uncertainty with respect to its
values at any time
Future value of signals is unpredictable
E.g. EEG signal, noise, speech, etc.
Random signals are expressed
mathematically in term of impulses
A deterministic signal is one in which
there is a certainty with respect to its
values at any time
Future value of signals is predictable
E.g. Pulse train, sinusoidal wave, etc.
Deterministic signal can be expressed
mathematically
Random signal Deterministic signal
Convolution Sum
Notation is confusing, should not have [n]
takes two sequences and produces a third sequence
makes more sense
Learn to live with it.
Convolution Notation
Convolution Computation Mechanics
DT Convolution Properties
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property
+
Delay Accumulation
14
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
The DT Fourier Transform
Examples of the DT Fourier Transform
Properties of the DT Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property and its
Implications and Uses
15
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
16
Define
DTFT Derivation (Continued)
DTFS analysis eq.
DTFS synthesis eq.
17
DTFT Derivation (Home Stretch)
18
DT Fourier Transform Equations
Analysis Equation
DTFT
Synthesis Equation
Inverse DTFT
Transform Requirements
Synthesis Equation:
Finite Integration Interval, X must be finite
Analysis Equation:
Need conditions analogous to CTFT, e.g.
Finite energy
Absolutely summable
19
Examples
Unit Samples
20
Decaying Exponential
Infinite sum formula
21
Rectangular Pulse
FIR LPF
22
Ideal DT LPF
23
DTFTs of Periodic Functions
Recall CT result:
What about DT:
Note: The integration in the synthesis equation is over 2 period,
only need X(e
je
) in one 2 period. Thus,
a) We expect an impulse (of area 2t) at e = e
o
b) But X(e
je
) must be periodic with period 2t
In fact
Complex Exponentials
24
DTFT of General Periodic Functions Using FS
by
superposition
FS
25
DTFT of Sine Function
26
Also periodic impulse train in the frequency domain!
DTFT of DT Unit Sample Train
27
Properties of the DT Fourier Transform
Different from CTFT
Periodicity and Linearity
28
Time and Frequency Shifting
Example
Important implications in DT because of periodicity
29
Time Reversal and Conjugate Symmetry
30
Time Expansion
7) Time Expansion
Recall CT property:
Time scale in CT is
infinitely fine
But in DT: x[n/2] makes no sense
x[2n] misses odd values of x[n]
Insert two zeros
in this example
But we can slow a DT signal down by inserting zeros:
k an integer 1
x
(k)
[n] insert (k - 1) zeros between successive values
31
Time Expansion (continued)
Stretched by a factor
of k in time domain
compressed by a factor
of k in frequency domain
32
Differentiation and Parsevals
8) Differentiation in Frequency
Total energy in
time domain
Total energy in
frequency domain
9) Parsevals Relation
Differentiation
in frequency
Multiplication
by n
33
The Convolution Property
34
Ideal Low Pass Filter
Composing Filters Using DTFT
35
Remarks on DTFT
DTFT maps from discrete-time function to
continuous frequency function.
DTFT is 2pi periodic.
Many similar properties to CTFT (linearity, time-
frequency shifting) with small differences
Convolution in Time, Multiplication in Fourier and
vice-versa.
Fourier picture makes filters easy to manipulate
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the signal x(t)=2cos(3tt)+7cos(9t) periodic?
2. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal
3. Find the energy of the discrete time signal
4. What is the periodicity of the signal x(t) = sin(100tt) + cos(150tt) ?
5. Draw the waveforms and write their equations for the four basic
continuous-signals and discrete signals (sinusoidal signal, impulse
signal, step signal, ramp signal)
6. Classify the following signals:
7. Test whether the given signals are an energy or power signal?
x(t)=tu(t) and x(t)=exp(j(2t+t/4))
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9/12/2011 36
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