Home exercises

Chapter 1 1. 2. a) b) 3. The wavelength of the green light from a traffic signal is centered at 522 nm. What is the frequency of this radiation ?

Calculate the energy (in joules) of a photon with a wavelength of 5.00x104 nm (Infrared region) a photon with a wavelength of 5.00x10-2 nm The energy of a photon is 5.87x10-20 J. What is the wavelength (in nanometers) 4. What is the wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from the ni=5 state to the nf = 2 in the hydrogen atom ?

5. Calculate the wavelength in the following two cases: * The wavelength of an electron traveling at 1.24x107 m/s. me = 9.1x10-31 kg * The wavelength of a baseball of mass 149g traveling at 41.3m/s 6. Calculate the wavelength of the particle in the following two cases: a) The fastest serve in tennis is about 62 m/s. Calculate the wavelength associated with a 6.0x10-2 kg tennis ball traveling at this velocity b) Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron moving at 62 m/s 7. How many individual orbitals are there in the third shell ? Write out n, l, ml quantum numbers for each one and label each set by the s, p, d, f designations 8. An electron in a certain atom is in the n=2 quantum level. List the possible values of l and ml that it can have. 9. List all the possible subshells and orbitals associated with the principle quantum number n, if n=5 10. Indicate which of the following sets of quantum numbers in an atom are unacceptable and explain why: (a) (1,0,1/2,1/2) (b) (3,0,0,+1/2) (c) (2,2,1,+1/2) (d) (4,3,-2,+1/2) (e) (3,2,1,1,) 11. Indicate the number of unpaired electrons present in each of the following atoms: B, Ne, P, Sc, Mn, Se, Kr, Fe, I, Pb, Cd. 12. Draw the shapes (boundary surfaces) of the following orbitals: a) 2py, b) 3 d Z 2 c) 3d x 2 y 2 13. Draw orbital diagrams for atoms with the following configuration: a) 1s22s22p5 b) 1s22s22p63s23p3 c) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7 14. The ground- state electron configurations listed here are incorrect. Explain what mistakes have been made in each and write the correct electron configurations Al: 1s22s22p43s23p3 B: 1s22s22p5 F: 1s22s22p6

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15. Without referring to a periodic table, write the electron configuration of the elements with the following atomic numbers: a) 9; b) 20; c) 26; d) 33. Classify the elements. 16. Specify the group of the periodic table in which each of the following elements is found: a) [Ne] 3s1, b) [Ne]3s23p3, c) [Ne]3s23p6, d) [Ar]4s23d8 17. A M2+ ion derived from a metal in the 1 st transition metal series has four electrons in the 3d subshell. What element might M be? 18. In general, ionization energy increases from left to right across a given period. Aluminum, however, has a lower ionization energy than magnesium. Explain. 19. Two atoms has the electron configurations 1s22s22p6 and 1s22s22p63s1. The first ionization energy of one is 2080 KJ/mol, and that of the other is 496 KJ/mol. Match each ionization energy with one of the given electron configurations. Justify your choice ? 20. A hydrogenlike ion is an ion containing only one electron. The energies of the electron in a hydrogenlike ion are given by 1 E n = (2.18 x10 18 J ) Z 2 2 n Where n is the principle quantum number and Z is the atomic number of the element. Calculate the ionization energy of the He+ ion From the following data, calculate the average bond energy for the N-H bond: NH3(g) NH2(g) + H(g) Ho = 435KJ NH2(g) NH(g) + H(g) Ho = 381 KJ NH(g) N(g) + H(g) Ho = 360 KJ The energy needed for the following process is 1.96x104KJ.mol-1: Li(g) Li3+ (g) + 3eIf the first ionization energy for lithium is 520 kJ/mol-1, calculate the second ionization energy of lithium, that is, the energy required for the process Li+(g) Li2+(g) + e18 2 1 (Use the equation: E n = (2.18 x10 J ) Z 2 ) n Plan: Li(g) - 1e Li+(g) IE1 = 520 KJ.mol-1 Li+(g) - 1e Li2+(g) IE2 = ? 2+ 3+ Li (g) - 1e Li (g) IE3 = ------------------------------Li(g) Li3+(g) +3e IE1+IE2+IE3 = 1.96x104KJ.mol-1 or 520 +IE2+IE3 = 1.96x104
18 2 1 23 Calculate IE3 = (2.18 x10 J ) Z 2 x6.03 x10 with Z=3 and n=1 n 18 2 1 23 IE2= 1.96x104-520- (2.18 x10 J ) Z 2 x6.03 x10 n 23. According to VB theory, explain, why the nitrogen atom cannot have pentavalence,

while the phosphorus has ?

24. Determine and explain all possible valences of the following atoms: S, Cl, C 25. Draw a Lewis formula for the following species: H2O, H3O+, NF3, OF2, BF3, [BF4]-, SF4, SF6 26. What is the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following: NCl3, CF4, SF6, NH3, NH4+, 27. What hybridizations are predicted for the central atoms in the following molecules: H2O 104.5o H2S 92.2o H2Se H2Te 91o 89.5o

Why the bond angles decrease by the above order ? 28. Predict geometry of the following molecules: H2O, H3O+, CH4, CO2, SO2, BF3. 29. Describe the hybridization of N in each of these species: i) 30. :NH3; ii) NH4+; iii) H N = N H ; iv) HC N : ; v) H 2 N N H 2 :NH3 + BF3 H3N: BF3 31. Briefly discuss the bond angles in the hydroxylamine molecule in terms of the ideal geometry and the small changes caused by electron-pair repulsions 32. Predict geometry of the following molecules: H2O, H3O+, CH4, CO2, SO2, BF3. 33. ii) 34. Describe the hybridization of N in each of these species: :NH3; ii) NH4+; iii) H N = N H ; iv) HC N : ; v) H 2 N N H 2 :NH3 + BF3 H3N: BF3 35. Briefly discuss the bond angles in the hydroxylamine molecule in terms of the ideal geometry and the small changes caused by electron-pair repulsions
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

What change in hybridization occurs in the following reaction?

What change in hybridization occurs in the following reaction?

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