Path Integral Formulation To Quantum Mechanics

Path Integral Formulation To Quantum Mechanics
Basic Introduction
Hemanta Bhattarai
CDP,TU
January 31, 2013
Hemanta Bhattarai (CDP,TU) Quantum Mechanics January 31, 2013 1 / 22
Thought Experiment
Concept of probablity
Profs Nightmare
Quantum Mechanical law of motion
Derivation of Schrodinger equation
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Profs Nightmare
Take home message
Thought Experiment
Youngs Double Slit experiment
Light
Thought Experiment
Feynman Thought Experiment
Electron
Thought Experiment
Youngs Double Slit Experiment with light
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Feynman Experiment with bullets
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Feynamn Experiment with Electron
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Thought Experiment
Source
S
S
1
S
2
screen
Probablity Concept
Classical Probablity
Classical probablity
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
P(Aand B) = P(A) P(B)
P(Aor B) = P(A) + P(B)
Same rule can be applied in QM in dierent way.
Probablity Concept
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
n(r)= total no of favourable out come
Probablity Concept
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
N=Total no of observations
Probablity Concept
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
Same meaning applies for the probablity in quantum mechanics
Probablity Concept
Basic rules:
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
Probablity Concept
Basic rules:
P(r ) =
n(r )
N(r )
Probability Concept
Quantum Probablity
Example:
Let us say probablity of emitting a photon of by a system is .9.
About 90 % of total system emits frequency
Most predominant emission is of frequency
Probability Concept
Quantum Probablity
Quantum amplitude
Probablity amplitude (x)
Probablity density |(x)|
2
Probability Concept
Quantum Probablity
Analogy
P(x) (x)
Probablity Concept
Back to our thought experiment
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
1
(x)
|
1
(x)|
2
Probablity Concept
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
2
(x)
|
2
(x)|
2
Probablity Concept
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
|
1
(x)|
2
+|
2
(x)|
2
Probablity Concept
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
|
1
(x) +
2
(x)|
2
= |
1
(x)|
2
+|
2
(x)|
2
Probablity concept
Laws
Multiplication law
(S S
1
X) = (S S
1
and S
1
X) = (S S
1
)(S
1
X)
Probablity concept
Laws
Addition law
(S X)
= (S S
1
X or S S
2
X)
= (S S
1
X) + (S S
2
X)
=
1
(x) +
2
(x)
Probablity concept
Laws
Addition law
(x) =
1
(x) +
2
(x)
Prof. Nightmare
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
(x) =
1
(x) +
2
(x)
Prof. Nightmare
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
(x) =
1
(x) +
2
(x) +
3
(x)
Prof. Nightmare
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
(x) =
1
(x) +
2
(x) +
3
(x) +
4
(x)
Prof. Nightmare
Source S
S
1
S
2
screen
X
What if we drill innite number of holes?
Conclusion by student
Brilliant remarks
probablity amplitude = Sum of the amplitude of all the paths
(x) =
i
(S S
i
X)
(x) =
j
. . .
k
(S S
i
S
j
. . . S
k
)
Brilliant remarks
(x) =
i
(S S
i
X)
(x) =
j
. . .
k
(S S
i
S
j
. . . S
k
)
Brilliant remarks
(x) =
i
(S S
i
X)
(x) =
j
. . .
k
(S S
i
S
j
. . . S
k
)
Classical Action
Action
S =
_
t
f
t
i
L(q, q; t)dt
Hamilton principle
S = 0
The motion of particle is such that the action is stationary.
Classical Action
Action
S =
_
t
f
t
i
L(q, q; t)dt
Hamilton principle
S = 0
The motion of particle is such that the action is stationary.
Quantum Amplitude
Classical Vs Quantum
In CM, paths where S=0 contributes
In QM, all paths contributes
Quantum Amplitude
Classical Vs Quantum
In CM, paths where S=0 contributes
In QM, all paths contributes
Quantum Amplitude
Probablity amplitude
K(b,a)=
all paths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Quantum Amplitude
Probablity amplitude
K(b,a)=
all paths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Sum over path
K(b, a) =
all paths
A(x)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
K(b, a) =
all paths
A(x)
all paths except x

1
x
1
(a x
1
b)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
all paths except x

1
x
1
(a x
1
b)
all paths except x

1
x
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
b)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
all paths except x

1
x
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
b)
all paths except x

1
_
dx
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
b)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
all paths except x

1
_
dx
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
b)
all paths except x

1
x
2
_ _
dx
2
dx
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
b)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
all paths except x

1
x
2
_ _
dx
2
dx
1
(a x
1
)(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
b)
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
(a x
1
)(x
1
x
2
) . . . (x
N1
b)
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
(a x
1
)(x
1
x
2
) . . . (x
N1
b)
= A
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
[x(t)]
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
= A
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
[x(t)]
= A
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
e

S[x(t)]
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
= A
_ _
. . .
_
. .
all space
dx
1
dx
2
. . . dx
N1
e

S[x(t)]
=
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Sum over path
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Quantum limits to classical motion
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Classical motion
S >
Paths away from classical path oscillates rapidly and cancel each other
Paths having stationary action remains upto rst order
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Classical motion
S >
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Classical motion
S >
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Quantum motion
S
dont oscillate rapidly so doesnt cancel
all the paths contributes
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Quantum motion
S
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Quantum motion
S
Events occuring in succession
Let between a and b there is a point c
S[a,b]=S[a,c]+S[c,b]
a
t
x
b
t
a
t
b
t
c
c
K(b, a) =
_
Dxe

S[a,b]
K(b, a) =
_
Dxe

[S[a,c]+S[c,b]]
a
t
x
b
t
a
t
b
t
c
c
Here c is any point between a and b we must sum all over all cs such that
x
a
< x
c
< x
b
a
t
x
b
t
a
t
b
t
c
c
K(b, a) =
_
Dxe

[S[a,c]+S[c,b]]
dx
c
a
t
x
b
t
a
t
b
t
c
c
K(b, a) =
_
b
a
dx
c
K(b, c)K(c, a)
K(b, a) =
_
b
a
_
b
a
_
b
a
dx
c
dx
e
dx
f
K(b, f )K(f , e)K(e, c)K(c, a)
t
a
< t
c
< t
e
< t
f
< t
b
Notes
K(c,d)=0 if t
c
< t
d
K(i + 1, i ) =
1
B
e
x
i +1
x
i
,
x
i +1
+x
i
2
,
t
i +1
+t
i
2
(x
2
, t
2
) =
_
K(x
2
, t
2
; x
3
, t
3
)(x
3
, t
3
)dx
3
Notes
K(c,d)=0 if t
c
< t
d
K(i + 1, i ) =
1
B
e
x
i +1
x
i
,
x
i +1
+x
i
2
,
t
i +1
+t
i
2
(x
2
, t
2
) =
_
K(x
2
, t
2
; x
3
, t
3
)(x
3
, t
3
)dx
3
Notes
K(c,d)=0 if t
c
< t
d
K(i + 1, i ) =
1
B
e
x
i +1
x
i
,
x
i +1
+x
i
2
,
t
i +1
+t
i
2
(x
2
, t
2
) =
_
K(x
2
, t
2
; x
3
, t
3
)(x
3
, t
3
)dx
3
Schrodinger Equation
Innitismally separated
(x, t + ) =
_

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

(x, t + ) =
_

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t) =
1
B
e
L
(
xy
,
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(x, t + ) =
_

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t) =
1
B
e
L
(
xy
,
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
L(x, x, t) =
1
2
m x
2
V(x, t)
(x, t + ) =
_

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t) =
1
B
e
L
(
xy
,
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
L(x, x, t) =
1
2
m x
2
V(x, t)
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_

e
m(xy)
2
2
e
V(
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(y, t)dy
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_

e
m(xy)
2
2
e
V(
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(y, t)dy
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_

e
m(xy)
2
2
e
V(
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(y, t)dy
Here the fx oscillates rapidly if (y x) is large.
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_

e
m(xy)
2
2
e
V(
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(y, t)dy
So (y-x)= (a small quantity) for non-zero value.
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_

e
m(xy)
2
2
e
V(
x+y
2
,
2t+
2
)
(y, t)dy
So (y-x)= (a small quantity) for non-zero value.
So, y=x+ ;
2t+
2
= t for small
contd.
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_
e
m
2
2
e
V(x+
2
,t)
(x + , t)d
contd.
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_
e
m
2
2
e
V(x+
2
,t)
(x + , t)d
Expand V and
contd.
(x, t + ) =
1
B
_
e
m
2
2
e
V(x+
2
,t)
(x + , t)d
Expand V and
Up to and
2
contd.
(x, t) +
(x,t)
t
=
1
B
_
e
m
2
2
_
1

V(x, t)
_
_
(x, t) +
(x,t)
x
+
2

2
(x,t)
x
2
_
d
Contd.
0
:
B =
_
2
m
_1
2
Schrodinger equation
:
(x, t)
t
=

2
2m
2
x
2
(x, t) + V(x, t)(x, t)
Conclusion
Take home message
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Conclusion
Take home message
Sum over paths
K(b, a) =
allpaths
[x(t)]
[x(t)] = Ae

S[x(t)]
Path integral
K(b, a) =
_
t
b
t
a
e

S[a,b]
Dx
Conclusion
Take home message
Notes
K(c,d)=0 if t
c
< t
d
K(i + 1, i ) =
1
B
e
x
i +1
x
i
,
x
i +1
+x
i
2
,
t
i +1
+t
i
2
(x
2
, t
2
) =
_
K(x
2
, t
2
; x
3
, t
3
)(x
3
, t
3
)dx
3
Questions ???
http://www.scribd.com/doc/110983707/Path-Integral-Formulation-of-Qm
THANK YOU

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Path Integral Formulation To Quantum Mechanics

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

all paths except x

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

K(x, t + ; y, t)(y, t)dy

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