GENERAL CHAPTER 4: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR

diameter of the soma in length. The axon carries nerve signals away from the nucleus. THREE MECHANISM OF BEHAVIOR

4. Myelin Sheath: the main purpose of a myelin layer (or

sheath) is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber

1. THE RECEIVING MECHANISM

Sense Organs are sensitive nerve endings located in certain body parts. Characteristics of Sense Organs: 1. Sensitivity and Irritability: power to react to stimulus. 2. Conductivity: power to conduct and transport nerve impulses. 3. Specificity: attribute of reacting to a particular stimulus. 4. Adaptability: power to become used to particular stimulus. Types of Sense Organs according to location:

5. Axon Terminal / Synaptic Nerve Ending: contains

synapses, specialized structures where neurotransmitter chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons. Types of Neurons according to basis function: 1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Fibers): conduct impulses towards the brain / nervous system. 2. Association Neurons: connecting conduct impulses within the nervous system. 3. Motor Neurons (Efferent Fibers): conduct impulses away from the brain/ nervous system.

1. Exteroceptors: found in the eyes, ears, nose, mouth,

skin and are sensitive to external stimulus.

Division of Human Nervous System I. Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic flight or aggression response release of norepinephrine increase in all bodily activity except GI (constipation); adrenergic; parasympatholytic response. REMEMBER: GIT is the least important area during stress decreased blood flow in the area; Increased blood flow in the brain, heart and skeletal muscles Dry mouth Increase in HR and BP Tachypnea Constipation

2. Interoceptors: sense organs in the respiratory tract,

digestive and genitor-urinary tract.

3. Proprieoceptors: sense organs embedded in muscles,

tendons and joints. 2. THE CONNECTING MECHANISM

Parasympathetic flight or withdrawal response release of Acetylcholine decrease in all bodily activity except GI (diarrhea); chonlinergic/ vagal/ sympatholytic response Increased salivation Decreased HR and BP Decresead RR Diarrhea Seizures

Neurons: is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. The basic conducting unit of nervous system.

II. Central Nervous System (BRAIN)

Basic Part of a Neuron

1. Nucleus: responsible for protein synthesis or

manufacturing nourishment. chemical substances for neuron

2. Dendrites: of a neuron are cellular extensions with

many branches, and metaphorically this overall shape and structure is referred to as a dendritic tree. This is where the majority of input to the neuron occurs.

3. Axon: is a finer, cable-like projection that can extend

tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the

CEREBRUM divided into two hemispheres, the left and right and is bridged by the corpus callosum Motor, sensory, integrative function Lobes: Frontal controls higher cortical thinking, personality development, motor activity, contains BROCAs are or the motor-speech center. (Expressive Aphasia) Occipital vision

Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN

GENERAL CHAPTER 4: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR

Parietal appreciation and discrimination of
sensory impulses (pain, touch, pressure, heat and cold) Temporal hearing, short term memory, contains the general interpretative area Wernickes aphasia Insula (Island of Reil) visceral function (internal area) Limbic System (Rhinencephalon) sense of smell, libido or sexual urge control, long term memory II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII . IX. X. Optic Oculomotor Trochlear (smallest) (down) Trigeminal (largest) Abducens (at the sides) Facial Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Glossopharyngeal Vagus (longest) Vision Eye Movement Eye Movement Chewing Eye Movement Facial Expression Hearing Balance Taste Gag Reflex and control the muscle of the throat Shoulder Movement Tongue Movement and

XI.

Accessory Hypoglossal

MIDBRAIN acts as a relay station for sight and hearing particularly helps in size and reaction of pupils and hearing acuity DIENCEPHALON (Interbrain) Thalamus acts as a relay station for sensation

XII.

B. Spinal Nerves

Hypothalamus controls temperature, BP, sleep and

wakefulness, thirst, appetite (satiety), some emotional responses like fear, anxiety and excitement, controls pituitary functions BRAIN STEM Pons controls rate, rhythm and depth of respiration Medulla Oblongata lowest part; damage: most life threatening; controls respiration, HR, swallowing, vomiting, hiccups, vasomotor center CEREBELLUM smallest part; lesser brain; balance, equilibrium, gait and posture.

III. Peripheral Nervous System A. Cranial Nerves

31 Spinal Nerves Cervical 8 pairs Thoracic 12 pairs Lumbar 5 pairs Sacral 5 pairs Coccygeal 1 pair

3. THE REACTING MECHANISM (Muscles and Endocrine Glands) 12 CRANIAL NERVE I. Olfactory Smell A. Muscles The Kinds of Muscles

Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN

GENERAL CHAPTER 4: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR

1. 2. 3. Voluntary Muscles : stripes, skeletal Involuntary Muscles: visceral, smooth Cardiac muscles
Thymus Thymosin Stimulates the development of T lymphocytes. Regulates mineral composition of body fluids Promotes conversion of protein into sugar. Promotes development of secondary sex characteristics Stimulates heartbeat, inhibits GIT activity, increase blood flow. Acts to constrict blood vessel throughout the body. Raise the blood sugar level Lowers the blood sugar level Inhibits growth hormone Influences the development of secondary sexual characteristics Sperm production Influences the development of secondary sexual characteristics Maintenance of pregnancy. Adrenal Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone / Renin) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol/Cortisone) Sex Hormones ( Estrogen / Androgen) Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline / Epinephrine

Characteristics of Muscles 1. Contractility: power to shorten 2. Tonicity: power to be in partial contraction 3. Extensibility: power of muscle to stretch 4. Elasticity: power to resume to its original shape Functions of Muscles 1. To lend shape to the body. 2. To propel food and waste product along the intestinal tract. 3. For movement 4. To control blood flow 5. To covert mechanical energy into chemical work 6. To generate heat

Noradrenalin / Norepinephrine

Pancreas

Alpha Cell Glucagon Beta Cell Insulin Delta Cell Somatostatin

Gonads

Male Testicle Testosterone

B. Endocrine Glands
Female Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone

Glands Pituitary

Hormones Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormones Thyroid Stimulating H. Adrecocorticotropic H. Follicle Stimulating H. Luteinizing H. Prolactin

Functions Stimulates growth Stimulates thyroid gland Stimulates adrenal gland Ripening of follicles (female) Sperm production (male) Stimulates ovulation Milk Production

Posterion Pituitary Oxytocin Antidiuretic H.

Stimulates contraction Regulates volume of urine Regulates metabolism Regulates calcium by bone re-absorption Regulates calcium by bone demineralization.

Thyroid

Thyroxin Calcitonin Parathormone

Parathyroid

REFERENCES:

Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN

GENERAL CHAPTER 4: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR

1. 2. 3.
Kahayon and Aquino, General Psychology 4th edition Gaerlan, Limpingco and Tria, General Psychology 5th edition Plotnik, Introduction to Psychology 3rd edition

Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo RN,MAN