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Lesson Content
Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues
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NDI Communications
In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic, Radio communications became essential
In 1930, the First mobile transmitter was developed. First Simplex communications.
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Cellular technologies
Started 1.0G, analog communications Today (2009), 3.5G moving to 4.0G (LTE and LTE-Advanced) technology
Wireless technologies:
Wireless LAN (WiFi), for urban areas, mostly private networks, moving to mobility Fixed WiMAX for high bandwidth, SP networks
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Core/Switching Network
Service Networks
Video Direct TV Content Aggregator
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C = W * log2 (1 + S/N)
Channel Capacity [Bits/sec]
Claude E. Shannon
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And Then .
With one antenna limited cover and number of users Therefore split into many low power transmitters
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E D A
Then Micro-Cells
More crowded rural areas
G
C E F B A G E FB A D G B C C D
Then Pico-Cells
Urban area
Micro cells
Pico cells
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F1
F2
Base Station
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Base Station
Access Methods
The Major Air-Interface Methods are:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Time
Fr eq ue nc y
Frequency
Frequency
Code
Code
Time
FDMA
e im T
Co de
TDMA
CDMA
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The Services
MW FO Cables FO Cables
Packet Switching
Intelligent Network
Cell phones
Lesson Content
Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues
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NDI Communications
NMT
GSM
TACS
cdmaOne (ANSI-95)
AMPS
1990
1995
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2000
2005
3G to 4G
IEEE 802.16-2004/ ETSI HiperMAN OFDM IEEE 802.16e-2005/ ETSI HiperMAN SISO/OFDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN MIMO/Beamforming/OFDMA
2009
2010
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1985
1992-2000
2001
2003
2010
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Voice Over IP
Lesson Content
Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues
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NDI Communications
Promise to significantly increase the efficiency of cellular telephone systems to allow a greater number of simultaneous conversations.
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HLR
VLR
EIR
AuC
Mobile Station
BTS
BSC MSC
SS7 PSTN
BTS
GSM Interfaces
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GPRS optimises the use of network and radio resources. It uses radio resources only when there is data to be sent or received. GPRS have added two major components, that are still used in cellular data networks:
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) {DHCP and FW} for filtering and firewall, Charge
collections and PDN access
EDGE was a Pre-3.0G network, that improved data-rate by better modulation techniques
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PSTN PSTN
BSC BTS HLR Mobile Device Circuit Switching Packet Switching PCU GGSN BTS Packet Packet Network Network SGSN
Data Network Data Network Page 30
VLR
IP net IP net
Lesson Content
Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues
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NDI Communications
3.0G - Introduction
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3GPP2 (CDMA2000)
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Spread Spectrum CDMA radio technology All sites transmits in the same frequencies They differ by codes High capacity for voice and data applications Standardized by 3GPP
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3G handset Node B
RNC
SGSN
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Release 7 - HSPA+
Downlink 56.0Mbps, Uplink - 22.0Mbps
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Technology changes:
A new common High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) which can be simultaneously shared by multiple users The usage of multiple codes with Spreading Factor 16 (SF-16) for the downlink transfer of data The use of a shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 2ms, which enables higher speed transmission in the physical layer, The use of fast scheduling The use of Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), The use of fast retransmission based on fast Hybrid Automatic Response reQuest (HARQ) techniques.
Bandwidth:
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 384Kbps
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HSDPA Categories
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Similarly to HSDPA in the downlink, HSUPA defines a new radio interface for the uplink communication. The overall goal is to improve the coverage and throughput as well as to reduce the delay of the uplink dedicated transport channels. Technology changes:
A new dedicated uplink channel, Introduction of H-ARQ, Fast Node B scheduling.
Bandwidth:
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 5.76Mbps
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Bandwidth:
Data rates of up to 56Mbit/s (D) and 22Mbit/s (U) represent theoretical peak sector speeds. The actual speed for a user is lower. Future revisions of HSPA+ support up to 168 Mbit/s using multiple carriers.
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MIMO on CDMA based systems acts like virtual sectors to give extra capacity closer to the mast.
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The technology also delivers significant battery life improvements and dramatically quicker wake-from-idle time delivering a true always-on connection.
HSPA+ should not be confused with LTE, which uses a new air interface.
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Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation
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NDI Communications
3GPP Evolution
3GPP Evaluation
Release 99 (2000) - UMTS/WCDMA Release 5 (2002) HSDPA, multiple codes in Downlink channel Release 6 (2005) - HSUPA, MBMS (Innovations ad applications) Release 7 (2007) HSPA+/E-HSPA - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk), early All-IP Network implementation Release 8 (2009) - LTE (Long Term Evolution), new air-interface and network architecture (SAE) Release 9 (2010) - minor changes to release 8 Release 10 (2011+) LTE Advanced
Backwards compatible
Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems Utilizes existing 2G and 3G spectrum and new spectrum Supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks
Wide application
TDD (unpaired) and FDD (paired) spectrum modes Mobility up to 350kph Large range of terminals (phones and PCs to cameras)Co-existence with legacy standards GSM and W-CDMA-based UMTS and cdmaOne or CDMA2000) networks
Full support for IP services - Mobile TV, Radio and television broadcasts and more All-IP network - radio interface is purely optimized for IP transmissions not having to support ISDN traffic packet based network only
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Cell range
5 km - optimal size 30km sizes with reasonable performance Up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
Cell capacity
Up to 200 active users per cell (5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)
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Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support MBMS
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Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation
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NDI Communications
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Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation
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NDI Communications
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Mobile Station
Base Station
Transmitter
BPF F1
BPF F2 BPF F1
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF F2
Receiver
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Mobile Station
Base Station
Transmitter
Receiver
Synchronous Switches
FDM
User 1
User 2
OFDM
Single user on every channel
OFDMA
Multiple users on every channel
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SISO - Single Input, Single Output SIMO - Single Input, Multiple Output MISO - Multiple Input, Single Output MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output
MIMO Example
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Beamforming
Beamforming is a technique whereby the receiver (typically at a base-station) adjusts its transmission or more typically reception parameters, so as to concentrate on particular parts of the cell and not in others. The purpose of beamforming is to
Maximize the receptivity from the user and two, Minimize receptivity from a noise source. The diagram below shows how this works
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The two modulation schemes available in LTE have a high degree of commonality. The differences exist to accommodate the fact that TD-LTE uses the same pipe to transmit and receive. The discontinuous nature of uplink and downlink, however, means operators have the flexibility to adapt the UL/DL traffic ratio. This feature allows operators to support different traffic types and symmetry, a common feature with rich content and video delivery.
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LTE Bandwidth
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Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation
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NDI Communications
SON focuses mostly on the radio-access, which is the most consuming resource in the cellular network
One objective of SON is to eliminate as much pre-planning of network configuration as possible. SON does allow for pre-planned network configurations, but strongly encourages as much of the network configuration be automatically generated / discovered as possible
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Centrally Planned
Locally Determined
Operator
Customer
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LTE-Advanced
Heterogeneous networks with macro, picocells, relays, femtocells Multi carrier aggregation of 40 MHz to 100 MHz User Deployed Femtocells and Repeaters Operator Deployed Picocells and relays
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LTE-Advanced
Increased data rates and lower latencies for all users in the cell
Data rates scale with bandwidth - Up to 1 Gbps peak data rate Aggregating 40 MHz to 100 MHz channels provide peak data rates of 300 Mbps to 750 Mbps1(2x2 MIMO) and over 1 Gbps(4x4 MIMO)
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LTE - Advanced
LTE Advanced introduces 8x8 DL MIMO, 4x4 UL MIMO and UL Beamforming
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Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation
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NDI Communications
Services
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Lesson Content
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NDI Communications
General:
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
Performance
Typical range is on the order of 10s of meters 10s to 100s of Mbps, depends on standard
Reasonable reliability, low cost devices Free frequency band no licenses required !!!
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AP AP AP
f1
f2
f3
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Ultra Low
Extremely Low
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
X Ray
Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz
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802.11b/g Channels
11 Non-overlapping channels 22MHz channel bandwidth, 5MHz channel spacing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5 4 3 2 1
2.400GHz
10 9 8
5MHz
7 6
2.441GHz
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22MHz
11
2.483GHz
The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands (900 MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world
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Lesson Content
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NDI Communications
What is WiMAX
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Fixed (and nomadic) access: 802.16-2004/802.16d (8/2004) Mobile access: 802.16e (5/2005) Typically 2-8 Kms, Maximum cell size ~45 Kms Maximum speed 100 Mbps (64QAM/20MHz)
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2005 802.16e (802.16-2005) OFDMA, Mobility, Improved security, Improved MIMO, Competing 4.0G
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WiMAX Topologies
802.16-2004
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802.16d (802.16-2004)
IEEE standard for the fixed wireless broadband 802.16d supports both services:
Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)
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Wi-Fi
Its fixed it never moves location Always higher throughput than omni-directional antenna
Applications
Rural / Macro-cell deployments Wi-Fi hot spot backhaul High bandwidth residential connectivity Challenging environments
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Omni-directional antenna
Do not require alignment with base station Portable but fixed when in use Lower throughput than directional
Applications
Consumer CaTV/DSL-like broadband Customer self installation predecessor for portable/mobile
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Lower throughput than directional antenna Lower throughput than Omni-directional (Indoor Fixed)
Applications
Competitor to the 4.0G cellular networks
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Lesson Content
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NDI Communications
WiFi/WiMAX
Access Networks: Cellular, WIFi, Copper, Optical,
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Lesson Content
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NDI Communications
Host B
Internet
Gateway A replies to Host B with an ICMP host unreachable The mobile node (laptop), can work on in two ways:
Fix IP, in which the new local network will not recognize him Dynamic IP, in which it will take up to several minutes to the network to know him (ideally)
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Lesson Content
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NDI Communications
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Summary
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