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Introduction to Cellular Networks

Part 1 Traditional Networks


NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Lesson Content

Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues

Page 2

NDI Communications

Wireless and Cellular Networks - History


In 1905, Guglielmo Marconi invented the first Radio application for Naval requirements

In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic, Radio communications became essential

In 1930, the First mobile transmitter was developed. First Simplex communications.

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Wireless and Cellular Networks - History


In 1935, FM Frequency Modulation developed. Later used in WW2 by the US In 1942, a Patent for Frequency Hoping was registered by actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil. Later developed to CDMA. They called it Secret Communication System During the years 1946-1968, wireless communications developed for government services Police, Fire departments etc
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Wireless and Cellular Networks - History


1979 in Tokyo, Japan. Later in the early 80s in the US and Europe the first real mobile hone, including handoff. In the early-mid 80s, various technologies came, like WLL, LMDS, and Wireless LAN. In the mid-late 90s, development of 2.0G+ cellular networks, along with the emerging of wireless data networks. Since the early 2000s, fast cellular and wireless services, along with advanced, IPBased services
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What do we have today ?

Cellular technologies
Started 1.0G, analog communications Today (2009), 3.5G moving to 4.0G (LTE and LTE-Advanced) technology

Wireless technologies:
Wireless LAN (WiFi), for urban areas, mostly private networks, moving to mobility Fixed WiMAX for high bandwidth, SP networks

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Where is it in the Network?


First Mile Access
CMTV

Core/Switching Network

Service Networks
Video Direct TV Content Aggregator

FO Technologies Internet AOL DSLAM Earthlink Yahoo

Voice Wireless Cellular PSTN Skype Vonage

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Some Wireless Principles Radio Communications


In wireless / mobile communications, the principle is to get the maximum capacity from the air, or what called the air interface.

For this purpose, we use the following techniques:


Frequency bands that we are allowed to use (Government Licenses) Modulation that carry the information over the radio waves Multiplexing that shared the air interface between different users.

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What is it All About?


How much bps can we get from every Hz ??? (The Shannons Theorem)

C = W * log2 (1 + S/N)
Channel Capacity [Bits/sec]

Claude E. Shannon

Signal Bandwidth [Hz]

Signal to Noise Ratio [Number]


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How it works The beginning


Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to television broadcasting One very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius of up to 50Km.

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And Then .
With one antenna limited cover and number of users Therefore split into many low power transmitters

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The Solution - Cells


Frequency reuse Different color different frequency

In the example N (Reuse factor) =7


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Practical Frequency reuse Cell Splitting


Macro cells

We start with Macro-Cells


Rural areas
F

E D A

Then Micro-Cells
More crowded rural areas
G

C E F B A G E FB A D G B C C D

Then Pico-Cells
Urban area

Micro cells

Pico cells
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Moving Between Cells


Mobile phones moves between cells The handset should not be disconnected

F1

F2

Base Station
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Base Station

The Solution - The Handover Process


RSSI FRQ A RSSI FRQ B RSSI FRQ C

Handover Happens Here

Handover Happens Here

RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator


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Access Methods
The Major Air-Interface Methods are:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Time
Fr eq ue nc y

Frequency

Frequency

Code

Code

Time

FDMA

e im T

Co de

TDMA

CDMA

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The Cellular Network Structure


The User The Access Network The Switching Network
Circuit Switching Air Interface
Mobile Internet

The Services

MW FO Cables FO Cables

Packet Switching

Intelligent Network

Cell phones

The Radio Network


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The Core Network

Intelligent Network Advanced Services

Lesson Content

Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues

Page 18

NDI Communications

Early Technologies 1G to Early 3G Evolution


1G 2G 2.5G Early 3.0G

NMT

GSM

GRPS (2,5G) and EDGE (2.75G) [Upto 384Kbps]

3GPP WCDMA R.99 [2Mbps]

TACS

cdmaOne (ANSI-95)

cdmaOne (ANSI-95-B) [64-115]

Cdma2000 (1.25/3.75MHz) [307-2048Kbps]

AMPS

D-AMPS (TDMA) ANSI-136

IS-136 (ANSI-136-A/B) [Upto 64Kbps]

TDMA-EDGE (IS-136HS) [Upto 384Kbps]

1990

1995
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2000

2005

Wireless and Mobile 3G Technologies Evolution


3GPP WCDMA R.99 3GPP HSDPA R5 3GPP HSUPA R6 3GPP MIMO/ HSPA+ R7 SAE/LTE R8

3GPP2 1xEVDO Rev0

3GPP2 1xEVDV RevA

3GPP2 1xEVDO RevB

3G to 4G
IEEE 802.16-2004/ ETSI HiperMAN OFDM IEEE 802.16e-2005/ ETSI HiperMAN SISO/OFDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN MIMO/Beamforming/OFDMA

WiMAX 2005 2006 2007 2008


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2009

2010

Cellular Standards (1.0-3.0G) - Summary


Family 1G AMPS family Other 2G GSM/3GPP Cdma/3GPP2 Other 2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G) GSM/3GPP Cdma/3GPP2 Other 3G (IMT-2000) 3GPP Technologies AMPS, TACS, ETACS NMT, Hicap, Mobitex, DataTAC GSM, CSD CdmaOne (IS-95) CDPD, iDEN, PDC, PHS HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE/EGPRS CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000) WiDEN UMTS (UTRAN), WCDMA-FDD, WCDMA-TDD, UTRATDD LCR (TD-SCDMA) 3GPP2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)

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Cellular Standards (3.0G+) - Summary


Family 3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) GSM/3GPP Cdma/3GPP2 Other Technologies HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, LTE (E-UTRAN) EV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM, IEEE 802.20 4G (IMTAdvanced) GSM/3GPP Cdma/3GPP2 Other LTE Advanced LTE Advanced IEEE 802.16m (WiMAX)

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Wireless and Mobile Communications Cellular Networks


1.0G Analog Systems 2.0G 2.5G 3.0G-3.5G UMTS/CDMA 2000 HSDPA/HSUPA 1xEVDO/DV Speech Only Speech SMS WAP
Voice No Data Voice 30-40Kbps Data

4.0G LTE Advanced

TDMA/GSM/C GPRS/1XRTT DMA

Speech and packet based Data Services


Voice 100-200Kbps Data

Video Streaming, Video conference, High speed Packet Data


Voice 1-5Mbps Data

100s Mbps data transfer

Voice 5-100Mbps Data

1985

1992-2000

2001

2003

2010

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Voice Over IP

Lesson Content

Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues

Page 24

NDI Communications

The 2.0G Networks


The critical problem in 1.0G was capacity. The main requirement was to increase it These requirements brought several new technologies:
The general characteristics of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

Promise to significantly increase the efficiency of cellular telephone systems to allow a greater number of simultaneous conversations.

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The GSM Network


GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a second generation technology. The focus in GSM was to support roaming throughout Europe. An ETSI standard. In use all around the world. GSM is not only an air interface standard, but includes the entire network. Of the numerous individual standards that define an entire GSM network, only a small portion deal directly with the air interface. That air interface was standardized to be TDMA.
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The GSM Network


Access Network: Base Station Subsystem Core Network: GSM CS network

HLR

VLR

EIR

AuC

Mobile Station

BTS

BSC MSC

SS7 PSTN

BTS

GSM Interfaces
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Parallel North American Technology cdma1

GSM Air Interface


FDMA: 124 channels of 200KHz Total 25MHz Uplink 25MHz Downlink TDMA: 8*TS for channel

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GPRS and EDGE for Early Data Applications


The two key benefits of GPRS were:
Better use of radio and network resources Completely transparent IP support

GPRS optimises the use of network and radio resources. It uses radio resources only when there is data to be sent or received. GPRS have added two major components, that are still used in cellular data networks:
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) {DHCP and FW} for filtering and firewall, Charge
collections and PDN access

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) {Switch} for Authentication, Authorisation,


Encryption, Compression, Mobility management, Charge collection, BSS interface

EDGE was a Pre-3.0G network, that improved data-rate by better modulation techniques
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The Cellular Network Structure 2.0G-2.5G


TRAU MSC

PSTN PSTN

BSC BTS HLR Mobile Device Circuit Switching Packet Switching PCU GGSN BTS Packet Packet Network Network SGSN
Data Network Data Network Page 30

VLR

IP net IP net

Lesson Content

Introduction The network evolution Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks Commercial and economical issues

Page 31

NDI Communications

3.0G - Introduction

Started as IMT2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000):


Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Support both packet-switched (PS) and circuit-switched (CS) data transmission Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps (depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency

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The IMT-2000 Vision


IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called 2.75G

IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000


Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne Now 3GPP2

IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA


Evolution of GSM - UMTS Now - 3GPP

IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA


Originally from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD Came from China; TD-SCDMA

IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)


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A Few Words About 3G+ Standards


ETSI ARIB ATIS CCSA TTA TTC TIA
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3GPP (W-CDMA) ITU-T IMT 2000

3GPP2 (CDMA2000)

3.0G UMTS / W-CDMA

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Spread Spectrum CDMA radio technology All sites transmits in the same frequencies They differ by codes High capacity for voice and data applications Standardized by 3GPP

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Basic 3.0G UMTS Cellular Network Architecture

UMTS Access Network Packet Switched Network

3G handset Node B

RNC

SGSN

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HSPA - HSDPA / HSUPA / HSPA+


High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a generic term adopted by the UMTS Forum to refer to improvements in the UMTS Radio Interface HSPA refers to both the improvements made in the UMTS downlink, often referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and the improvements made in the uplink, often referred to as High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) HSPA Releases:
Release 5 - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 384Kbps

Release 6 - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)


Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink - 5.76Mbps

Release 7 - HSPA+
Downlink 56.0Mbps, Uplink - 22.0Mbps

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HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Technology changes:
A new common High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) which can be simultaneously shared by multiple users The usage of multiple codes with Spreading Factor 16 (SF-16) for the downlink transfer of data The use of a shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 2ms, which enables higher speed transmission in the physical layer, The use of fast scheduling The use of Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), The use of fast retransmission based on fast Hybrid Automatic Response reQuest (HARQ) techniques.

Bandwidth:
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 384Kbps

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HSDPA Categories

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HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Similarly to HSDPA in the downlink, HSUPA defines a new radio interface for the uplink communication. The overall goal is to improve the coverage and throughput as well as to reduce the delay of the uplink dedicated transport channels. Technology changes:
A new dedicated uplink channel, Introduction of H-ARQ, Fast Node B scheduling.

Bandwidth:
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 5.76Mbps

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HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA)


HSPA+ provides HSPA data rates up to 56 Mbit/s on the downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink through the use of:
2*2 MIMO - Multiple-Input Multiple Output - multiple-antenna technique Higher order modulation (64QAM)

Bandwidth:
Data rates of up to 56Mbit/s (D) and 22Mbit/s (U) represent theoretical peak sector speeds. The actual speed for a user is lower. Future revisions of HSPA+ support up to 168 Mbit/s using multiple carriers.
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HSPA+ and MIMO technology

MIMO on CDMA based systems acts like virtual sectors to give extra capacity closer to the mast.

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HSPA+ All-IP Network Architecture


HSPA+ also introduces an optional all-IP architecture for the network where base stations are directly connected to IP based backhaul and then to the ISP's edge routers.

The technology also delivers significant battery life improvements and dramatically quicker wake-from-idle time delivering a true always-on connection.

HSPA+ should not be confused with LTE, which uses a new air interface.

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Radio Capacity Evolution

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Delay Improvements in HSPA Technologies

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HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE

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Introduction to Cellular Networks


Part 2 LTE Long Term Evolution
NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation

Page 48

NDI Communications

3GPP Evolution
3GPP Evaluation
Release 99 (2000) - UMTS/WCDMA Release 5 (2002) HSDPA, multiple codes in Downlink channel Release 6 (2005) - HSUPA, MBMS (Innovations ad applications) Release 7 (2007) HSPA+/E-HSPA - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk), early All-IP Network implementation Release 8 (2009) - LTE (Long Term Evolution), new air-interface and network architecture (SAE) Release 9 (2010) - minor changes to release 8 Release 10 (2011+) LTE Advanced

Long Term Evolution (LTE)


3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in November 2004 Currently, standardization in progress in the form of Rel-8 First deployments late 2009 (Telia-Sonera)
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LTE Long Term Evolution - Objectives


Higher performance
100 Mbit/s peak downlink, 50 Mbit/s peak uplink Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for better user experience Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz

Backwards compatible
Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems Utilizes existing 2G and 3G spectrum and new spectrum Supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks

Reduced CAPEX/OPEX via simple architecture


Reuse of existing sites and multi-vendor sourcing

Wide application
TDD (unpaired) and FDD (paired) spectrum modes Mobility up to 350kph Large range of terminals (phones and PCs to cameras)Co-existence with legacy standards GSM and W-CDMA-based UMTS and cdmaOne or CDMA2000) networks

Full support for IP services - Mobile TV, Radio and television broadcasts and more All-IP network - radio interface is purely optimized for IP transmissions not having to support ISDN traffic packet based network only

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LTE Performance Requirements


Data Rate:
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz downlink spectrum (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz) Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplink spectrum (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz)

Cell range
5 km - optimal size 30km sizes with reasonable performance Up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance

Cell capacity
Up to 200 active users per cell (5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)

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Technical Details of LTE


Multiple access scheme
Downlink: FDMA (also called DMT) Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

Adaptive modulation and coding


DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention- free internal interleaver.

Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support MBMS

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Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation

Page 53

NDI Communications

LTE Network Architecture

Page 54

System Architecture Evolution (SAE)


System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's future LTE wireless communication standard. SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences. The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include:
A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies IP-based protocols on all interfaces All IP network - Simplified (and much cheaper!) network architecture All services are via Packet Switched domain Support mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)

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SAE - System Architecture Evolution

IASA - Inter-Access System Anchor Page 56

Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation

Page 57

NDI Communications

Duplexing Methods for Radio Links

Base Station Forward link

Reverse link Mobile Station

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Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)


Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are different In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel

Forward link (F1) Base Station

Reverse link (F2) Mobile Station

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Example of FDD systems

Mobile Station

Base Station

Transmitter

BPF F1

BPF F2 BPF F1

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF F2

Receiver

BPF: Band Pass Filter

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Time Division Duplex (TDD)


Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is the same In each link, signals take turns using the channel

Forward link (F1) Base Station

Reverse link (F1) Mobile Station

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Example of TDD Systems

Mobile Station

Base Station

Transmitter BPF Receiver F1 BPF F1

Transmitter

Receiver

Synchronous Switches

BPF: Band Pass Filter


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Downlink Scheme - OFDM


LTE uses OFDM for the downlink that is, from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. OFDM uses a large number of narrow subcarriers for multi-carrier transmission.

FDM

User 1

User 2

OFDM
Single user on every channel

OFDMA
Multiple users on every channel

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Uplink Scheme - SC-FDMA


The LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SCFDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division - Multiple Access). This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and also drains the battery faster. SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance. Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDM signal processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.
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Multiple Antenna Techniques


MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface. It uses space-time coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas, which is an improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell. MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data rate and cell capacity. In addition, when knowledge of the radio channel is available at the transmitter (e.g. via feedback information from the receiver), MIMO can also implement beam-forming to further increase available data rates and spectrum efficiency

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SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO

SISO - Single Input, Single Output SIMO - Single Input, Multiple Output MISO - Multiple Input, Single Output MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output

MIMO Example
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Beamforming
Beamforming is a technique whereby the receiver (typically at a base-station) adjusts its transmission or more typically reception parameters, so as to concentrate on particular parts of the cell and not in others. The purpose of beamforming is to
Maximize the receptivity from the user and two, Minimize receptivity from a noise source. The diagram below shows how this works

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Paired frequency bands defined by 3GPP for LTE

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Unpaired frequency bands defined by 3GPP for LTE

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LTE and FD-LTE (TD-CDMA and FD-CDMA)-TD

The two modulation schemes available in LTE have a high degree of commonality. The differences exist to accommodate the fact that TD-LTE uses the same pipe to transmit and receive. The discontinuous nature of uplink and downlink, however, means operators have the flexibility to adapt the UL/DL traffic ratio. This feature allows operators to support different traffic types and symmetry, a common feature with rich content and video delivery.

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LTE Bandwidth

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Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation

Page 72

NDI Communications

SON Self Organized Network


The term Self-Organizing Network (SON) is generally taken to mean a cellular network in which the tasks of configuring, operating, and optimizing are largely automated.

SON focuses mostly on the radio-access, which is the most consuming resource in the cellular network

One objective of SON is to eliminate as much pre-planning of network configuration as possible. SON does allow for pre-planned network configurations, but strongly encourages as much of the network configuration be automatically generated / discovered as possible

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LTE MBMS (E-MBNS) Concept


Digital radio and video transmission per network:
For all users on the network For all users in a geographic area For a group of users One way or two-way user-controlled service

MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services


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Femtocells and Picocells

Aspect Installation Transmission to Operators Network Frequency/Radio parameters Site rental

Picocell Operator Operator

Femtocell Customer Customer

Centrally Planned

Locally Determined

Operator

Customer

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LTE-Advanced
Heterogeneous networks with macro, picocells, relays, femtocells Multi carrier aggregation of 40 MHz to 100 MHz User Deployed Femtocells and Repeaters Operator Deployed Picocells and relays

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LTE-Advanced
Increased data rates and lower latencies for all users in the cell
Data rates scale with bandwidth - Up to 1 Gbps peak data rate Aggregating 40 MHz to 100 MHz channels provide peak data rates of 300 Mbps to 750 Mbps1(2x2 MIMO) and over 1 Gbps(4x4 MIMO)

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LTE - Advanced
LTE Advanced introduces 8x8 DL MIMO, 4x4 UL MIMO and UL Beamforming

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Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives LTE Network Architecture LTE Radio Interface Innovations ad applications Services and Implementation

Page 79

NDI Communications

Services

Page 80

The Future Connections

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LTE Operating Bands (TS36.101 rel. 9)

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The Future SP Commitments

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Standardization Process (SEP-2010)

Page 84

Introduction to Cellular Networks


Part 3 Competitive Technologies and Advanced Networks
NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Lesson Content

WiFi and 802.11n WiMAX

Page 86

NDI Communications

What is Wireless LAN (WiFi)?

General:
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards

Performance
Typical range is on the order of 10s of meters 10s to 100s of Mbps, depends on standard

Reasonable reliability, low cost devices Free frequency band no licenses required !!!

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Wireless and Mobile Communications WiFi


802.11 published in 1997. Works in The 2.4GHz Band. BW up to 2 Mbps Uses DSSS/FHSS Modulation 802.11a Published in 1999. Works in The 5MHz Band. BW up to 54Mbps Uses OFDM modulation 802.11b Published in 1999. Works in the 2.4GHz Band. BW up to 11.0 Mbps Uses DSSS modulation 802.11g Published in 2003. Works in The 2.4GHz Band. BW up to 54Mbps Uses OFDM modulation 802.11n Published in 2007 (Draft). Works in The 2.4/5.0GHz Bands. BW up to 248Mbps. Uses OFDM and MIMO
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The 802.11 Architecture


Fixed Terminals

AP AP AP

f1

f2

f3

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Unlicensed Frequency Bands


Shortwave Radio AM Broadcast Audio FM Broadcast Infrared Wireless LAN Television Cellular (840 MHz) NPCS (1.9 GHz)
Very Ultra High High Super Infrared High Visible UltraLight violet

Ultra Low

Extremely Low

Very Low

Low

Medium

High

X Ray

Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz
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5.15-5.25GHz 5.25-5.35GHz 5.725-5.825 2.4 2.483GHz

802.11b/g Channels
11 Non-overlapping channels 22MHz channel bandwidth, 5MHz channel spacing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

5 4 3 2 1
2.400GHz

10 9 8
5MHz

7 6
2.441GHz
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22MHz

11
2.483GHz

The ISM Frequency Bands

The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands (900 MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world

The ISM rules varies depending on the country:


In the US, the FCC allocates both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz band with 1W maximum power In Europe, the ETSI allocates only the 2.4 GHz band with 100 mW maximum power

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Lesson Content

WiFi and 802.11n WiMAX

Page 93

NDI Communications

What is WiMAX
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Fixed (and nomadic) access: 802.16-2004/802.16d (8/2004) Mobile access: 802.16e (5/2005) Typically 2-8 Kms, Maximum cell size ~45 Kms Maximum speed 100 Mbps (64QAM/20MHz)

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Wireless and Mobile Communications WiMAX


Mid-late 90s Early technologies LMDS, MMDS No standardization

2001-2003 Early standards, 802.16 - 10-66GHz LOS, 802.16a 2-11GHz NLOS

2004 802.16-2004 (802.16d) Revision and consolidation of all of the above

2005 802.16e (802.16-2005) OFDMA, Mobility, Improved security, Improved MIMO, Competing 4.0G
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WiMAX Topologies

Fixed P2P Backhaul (802.16-2004)

Fixed P2MP Backhaul (LOS) (802.16-2004)

Fixed/Nomadic Access Provider/Enterprise Network (NLOS) (802.16-2004/802.16d)

802.16-2004

Nomadic Broadband complementary to 3.0G-4.0G (802.16e)

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802.16d (802.16-2004)

IEEE standard for the fixed wireless broadband 802.16d supports both services:
Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Used for fixed access:


Outdoor when the antenna is located outside the building Indoor when the antennas are located inside the building

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802.16-2004 (previously 802.16d)


Directional antennas
When installed, its aligned with base station

Fixed WiMAX, Outdoor Subscriber Station

Wi-Fi

Its fixed it never moves location Always higher throughput than omni-directional antenna

Applications
Rural / Macro-cell deployments Wi-Fi hot spot backhaul High bandwidth residential connectivity Challenging environments

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802.16-2004 (previously 802.16d)

Fixed WiMAX, Indoor Subscriber Station

Omni-directional antenna
Do not require alignment with base station Portable but fixed when in use Lower throughput than directional

Applications
Consumer CaTV/DSL-like broadband Customer self installation predecessor for portable/mobile

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WiMAX Mobility - 802.16e


Omni-directional antenna
Not aligned with base station
Location can vary

Portable to support both fixed and mobile use


Can be moving while in use

Lower throughput than directional antenna Lower throughput than Omni-directional (Indoor Fixed)

Applications
Competitor to the 4.0G cellular networks

Page 100

Introduction to Cellular Networks


Part 4 Advanced Networks
NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Lesson Content

The "All-IP" core network structure Mobile IP SIP and IMS

Page 102

NDI Communications

AIPN All IP Network Network Architecture

Service Environment: Servers and Services

IP Backbone: MPLS, Ethernet. Routing environment

LTE Pre-LTE Land-Line

WiFi/WiMAX
Access Networks: Cellular, WIFi, Copper, Optical,

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Lesson Content

The "All-IP" core network structure Mobile IP SIP and IMS

Page 104

NDI Communications

The Problem with Mobility


Where is 171.68.69.10???
Mobile Node 171.68.69.10 Gateway A 171.68.0.0 Connect to 171.68.69.10

Host B

Internet

Gateway C 140.31.0.0 141.31.0.0/16

Gateway A replies to Host B with an ICMP host unreachable The mobile node (laptop), can work on in two ways:
Fix IP, in which the new local network will not recognize him Dynamic IP, in which it will take up to several minutes to the network to know him (ideally)
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Lesson Content

The "All-IP" core network structure Mobile IP SIP and IMS

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NDI Communications

SIP and IMS


SIP Session Initiation Protocol
Signaling protocol for IP-Based networks Signaling for all application types Voice, Video, gaming, NetMeeting, Social-Networks .

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem


Signaling, media and billing protocols, for multimedia over cellular networks

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Summary

Thanks for your time Yoram Orzach NDI Communications yoram@ndi.co.il

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