Treatment group Re socialization group Therapeutic group T group Treatment group +Re socialization group, Therapeutic group and

T group

Task oriented groups Forum, committees and support group Task oriented groups + Forum, committees and support group Types of group

treatment group
Web definitions In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s), and not to experimental units in... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_group

therapeutic group
Web definitions Group of medicinal products according to their indications of use. [Source: UNI ENV 12610 Medical informatics. Medicinal product... www.agenziafarmaco.it/en/glossary/20/lettert

task oriented group

Web definitions A type of group that serves to get something specific accomplished, often problemsolving or decision-making goals. (ch 10) (352). highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072563974/student_view0/glos…

forum
/frm/

Noun 1. A meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged. 2. An Internet message board.

committees plural of committee (Noun)

Noun 1. A group of people appointed for a specific function, typically consisting of members of a larger group. 2. Such a body appointed by a legislature to consider the details of proposed legislation.

support group
Web definitions In a support group, members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_group

committee (k -m t ) n. 1. A group of people officially delegated to perform a function, such as investigating, considering, reporting, or acting on a matter. See Usage Note at collective noun. 2. Archaic A person to whom a trust or charge is committed. committee n 1. a group of people chosen or appointed to perform a specified service or function 2. (Law) (formerly) a person to whom the care of a mentally incompetent person or his property was entrusted by a court See also receiver [2] Committee a group of people appointed or elected to administer, discuss, or make reports concerning a subject on which its members are authorities. Noun 1. committee - a special group delegated to consider some matter; "a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours" - Milton Berle commission administrative body, administrative unit - a unit with administrative responsibilities Economic and Social Council commission, ECOSOC commission - a commission of the Economic and Social

Council of the United Nations blue ribbon commission, blue ribbon committee - an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue board - a committee having supervisory powers; "the board has seven members" election commission - a commission delegated to supervise an election fairness commission - a commission delegated to ensure opportunities for the expression of opposing views planning commission - a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments conservancy - a commission with jurisdiction over fisheries and navigation in a port or river select committee - a parliamentary committee appointed for some special purpose subcommittee - a subset of committee members organized for a specific purpose standing committee - a permanent committee steering committee - a committee to arrange the order of business for some larger (legislative) body ethics committee, ethics panel - a committee appointed to consider ethical issues finance committee - a committee appointed to consider financial issues politburo - the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party PAC, political action committee - committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates praesidium, presidium - a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session zoning commission - a commission delegated to supervise the zoning of areas for residential or commercial use jury, panel - a committee appointed to judge a competition vestry - in the Protestant Episcopal Church: a committee elected by the congregation to work with the churchwardens in managing the temporal affairs of the church commissioner - a member of a commission committee member - a member of a committee 2. committee - a self-constituted organization to promote something citizens committee NGO, nongovernmental organization - an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government vigilance committee - a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist welcoming committee - a committee to welcome new residents to a community committee noun group, commission, panel, delegation, subcommittee, deputation My report was circulated to all committee members.

Quotations "a group of men who individually can do nothing but as a group decide that nothing can be done" [attributed to Fred Allen] "a group of the unwilling, chosen from the unfit, to do the unnecessary" [Richard Harkness] "Committees are to get everybody together and homogenize their thinking" [Art Linkletter A Child's Garden of Misinformation] Proverbs "A committee is a group of men who keep minutes and waste hours" XXXXXXXXXX

Definition of COMMITTEE
1 archaic : a person to whom a charge or trust is committed 2 a : a body of persons delegated to consider, investigate, take action on, or report on some matter; especially : a group of fellow legislators chosen by a legislative body to give consideration to legislative matters b : a self-constituted organization for the promotion of a common object See committee defined for English-language learners See committee defined for kids

Examples of COMMITTEE
1. We're waiting for recommendations from the advisory committee. 2. The bill has been referred back to committee.

CCCCCCCCCCCC Committee Roles & Responsibilities

What is a committee? Committee Roles & Responsibilities
What is a committee?

How do committees work? What makes a good committee? What makes a good committee member? Roles within a committee Main duties of the Chair Main duties of the Treasurer Main duties of the Secretary Final Thoughts

Support

Related Articles
How to Write a Constitution

Annual General Meetings (AGM) Becoming a Company Limited by Guarantee Charity Law

A committee is a group of people who take on the responsibility of managing a community group, voluntary organisation, charity, trust or social enterprise. Since Voluntary Sector organisations, as we would class all of the above, have a range of different legal structures (e.g. Registered Charities, Companies Limited by Guarantee, Unincorporated Organisations), committees can be described in different ways as follows:

Board of Trustees (Registered Charity) Board of Directors (Company Limited by Guarantee) Committee / Management Committee (Unincorporated Organisation)

Whatever structure an organisation or group has, all committees have certain responsibilities in common. It is these common responsibilities we will outline in this guide.

How do committees work?

Committees are normally made up of between three and twelve people, and should meet regularly to make decisions about the direction of the organisation or group. It is possible to have more than twelve people on a committee, but the more people you have round the table, the more difficult it can become to reach agreement on decisions. The committee is responsible for making sure that the organisation sticks to its aims and objectives as detailed in the Constitution (see the Constitution Information Leaflet). As committees have overall responsibility for the management of an organisation's affairs, committee members can face personal liability should things go

wrong. That is why it is important to meet regularly and make sure that the correct information comes to meetings so that committee members can make informed decisions. To summarise then, being on a committee involves:

Having a shared sense of purpose (following aims & objectives) Providing direction and leadership Taking collective responsibility Dealing with compliance issues (e.g. Registered Charities must follow Charity Law requirements) Being accountable to stakeholders (e.g. members, funders, service users, the wider community)

For new organisations and groups, this can seem like a daunting list! However, being a committee member can add lots of additional skills and experience to your CV, as well as strengthening skills you already have. This is the case whether you are involved with a very small, volunteer-only group such as a local gala committee or if you are on the Board of a large service-providing charity employing staff and managing premises - you may gain/strengthen experience and skills in a range of areas including:

Project management Budgeting/Financial management Fundraising Negotiation Communication Employment Law Organising events Community engagement Advocacy and networking

All committees need people with a mixture of skills to be able to meet their responsibilities. Many people choose to get involved because they want to give something back to their local community or support a good cause as well as recognising that committee work can bring benefits to the individual.

What makes a good committee?

Many of us know of examples of committees that don't work. These are committees where meetings drag on and no actions are agreed, committee members do not take part in discussion or are discouraged from doing so, personal differences make it difficult to focus on the business at hand and so on. To work well, committees rely on the following:

Members who understand their responsibilities and role Having the right mixture of skills, abilities and experience around the table Commitment to the role and the aims and objectives of the organisation or group Having a sense of purpose which translates into leadership An understanding of the boundaries between overall direction and day-to-day management (for organisations with staff)

Often committees form with the aim of making something happen in their local area or community; members have a clear sense of purpose and a list of jobs to be done. However, as the organisation develops and new people become involved, committees sometimes forget to take a step back every now and again and check whether or not they are meeting the requirements listed above. CVS Fife can help any committee which is interested in reviewing its activities. We can deliver refresher sessions for experienced Boards on roles and responsibilities, with specific reference to Charity Law requirements where appropriate. We can also deliver sessions for new committees looking to get to grips with their role. Please contact us for further information.

What makes a good committee member?

Now that we've covered what is required from the whole committee, it's time to think about what is needed from individual committee members. A good committee member:

Commits to preparing for and attending meetings Has a good understanding of the organisation, what it does and how it does it Is not afraid to ask questions Agrees to stick to the majority decision Supports fellow committee members and staff Acts as an advocate for the organisation

Most of the things covered in the above list may seem very obvious, but many existing committees find that if they honestly assess themselves against this list then there are usually some areas for improvement. For example, if you are a committee or Board member, have a look at the statements below. Which one is closest to where you are?:

I always arrive on time for meetings, having read all the papers and considered any questions I want to raise. I also make sure that any action points assigned to me at the last meeting have been progressed I usually rush in for the meeting just as it's about to start. I print off the papers but don't always have time to read them beforehand. I'm involved in a few committees or I have lots of work/family commitments and it can be difficult to keep up with the committee work

In all honesty, most committee members are likely to fall somewhere in between these two categories. This is another good reason for committees to stop what they are doing every now and again and take part in a review session as described in the previous section. By doing this, you can identify any problem areas before they grow. Committee members sometimes need some support to help them stay involved, and it's usually much easier to provide this support than to have to recruit a new committee member.

Roles within a committee

As well as having general committee member positions, most committees also have Office Bearer positions which come with specific responsibilities. The most common Office Bearer positions are:

Chair Treasurer Secretary

Some organisations will choose to have additional positions such as Vice-Chair - the Constitution will provide guidance on this (see Constitutions information leaflet).

Main duties of the Chair

The Chairperson of an organisation has three main elements to his/her remit as follows:

Assisting with the managerial direction of the organisation Planning and running meetings Acting as spokesperson/figurehead

The way that these three areas of responsibility break down into individual tasks will depend a bit on the organisation. For example, in small, volunteer-only organisations, the committee tends to be responsible not only for setting the direction but also for carrying out much of the work. In this type of organisation, the Chairperson will probably manage things on a day-to-day basis. However, in a larger organisation with staff, the Chair's role will be to support the Manager, not to get involved in day-to-day work. If you are looking to recruit a new Chairperson, consider pulling together a Role Profile (a bit like a job description) if you do not already have one. You can use the headings above to structure the role profile, thinking of the individual tasks that have to be carried out under each one. It is always easier to recruit someone if you can be clear what the role responsibilities are. For further help with Role Profiles, contact CVS Fife.

Main duties of the Treasurer

The Treasurer also has three main areas of responsibility:

Keeping an overview of the finances of the organisation Reporting into committee meetings Making sure the organisation has the right financial policies and procedures in place

Again, the exact duties will vary depending on whether or not the organisation employs staff. In addition, if an organisation is a Registered Charity or a Company (or both), it will have to comply with specific financial regulations which will have a bearing on the treasurer's role.

Good management of finances is vital to the smooth running of the organisation. However, it is important to remember that while the Treasurer has a specific role within the committee in relation to money matters, the overall responsibility for financial management lies with the whole committee. Therefore, a key part of the Treasurer's role involves reporting to the committee on finances and it is important that everyone around the table understands the financial information given.

Main duties of the Secretary

The Secretary's main responsibilities are:

Supporting the administration of the organisation Facilitating and supporting committee meetings

In small, volunteer-only groups, the Secretary's role is often crucial as he/she will probably have to deal with most of the paperwork. In larger organisations with Company status, the Company Secretary is a formal position with specific legal responsibilities in relation to liaising with Companies House. For nearly all organisations, the Secretary also has specific duties in relation to notifying members about Annual General Meetings (see AGMs information leaflet).

And Finally
Your constitution will give guidance as to who is eligible to stand for membership of the committee (see Constitutions information leaflet). It is important for all committees to be thinking about how they will attract new members on an ongoing basis; as mentioned above, there can be lots of benefits to the individual in getting involved. Many organisations now advertise, using local newspapers and community websites, when looking to recruit.

Support
For further advice on any of the above, including developing your committee, working up role profiles and specific Trustee duties under Charitable Law, please contact CVS Fife. XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

committee
DefinitionSave to FavoritesShow Examples
Individual or a group, appointed by an agency, authority, or larger assembly, to whom a matter is referred, or is committed for attention, investigation, analysis, or resolution. A committee has no power per se, except the power(s) assigned to it by its appointer. CCCCCCCCCCCCC

Dictionary Definition
forum

Noun
1 a public meeting or assembly for open discussion 2 a public facility to meet for open discussion [syn: assembly, meeting place] 3 a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece [syn: agora, public square] [also: fora (pl)]

User Contributed Dictionary

English
Etymology
From forum.

Noun
1. A place for discussion. 2. A gathering for the purpose of discussion. 3. A form of discussion involving a panel of presenters and often participation by members of the audience. 4. An Internet message board where users can post messages regarding one or more topics of discussion. Trish was an admin member on three forums, and had no trouble at all when it came to moderating them. Usage notes The English plural forums is preferred to the Latin plural fora in normal English usage.

Ref: Modern English Usage, 2nd Edition, ed. Sir Ernest Gowers, Oxford 1968 (article '-um', p.658).

Translations A place for discussion

German: Forum

A gathering for the purpose of discussion

German: Forum

A form of discussion

German: Forum

An Internet message board

German: Forum ttbc Esperanto: forumo ttbc French: forum

French
Etymology
1. From forum. 2. From forum.

Pronunciation Noun
fr-noun m 1. forum 2. forum (for Internet)

Italian
Noun
forum (plural: forum) 1. forum (all meanings)

Latin
Noun
1. market-/public place, forum Inflection

Norwegian
forum (plural: fora or forum) 1. A place for discussion, either on the Internet or in real life.

Extensive Definition
Forum may refer to:

Forum (Roman), open public space in the middle of a Roman city Roman Forum, most famous example of a Forum (Roman) Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the USA Internet forum, discussion board on the Internet

in companies:

Forum Cafeterias, cafeteria chain Forum Communications, publisher of The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead newspaper Forum Corporation, corporate training company owned by Informa Forum Snowboarding, snowboard manufacturer Landmark Education, San Francisco based, offers the Landmark Forum as its introductory course

in shopping centres

The Forum (shopping mall) Bangalore, India Forum Mall (Kolkata) Kolkata, India Forum The Shopping Mall, Singapore Forum (shopping centre) Helsinki, Finland

in sport

Datch Forum di Assago, indoor arena Milan, Italy Montreal Forum, historic arena in Montreal, Quebec The Forum (Inglewood, California), indoor arena FedExForum, arena Memphis, Tennessee St. Pete Times Forum, arena Tampa Bay, Florida Thessaloniki Forum, indoor arena in Greece

CCCCCC

What Is the Definition of a Support Group?

If you've ever dealt with a tough problem in your life, you know how helpful it can be to know you're not alone. Support groups can bring individuals with problems together, providing valuable social support, along with the information to solve or ease their problems

Identification
o

Support groups are made up of individuals who have an experience in common, such as a medical or psychiatric condition or a shared life experience. These individuals meet, in person or through a facilitator, to provide information and emotional support.

Types
o

A peer-supported or self-help support group is made up of and managed by its members. A professional support group is led by a professional, such as a social worker, psychiatrist or clergy member. Sponsored Links Program in Strategy - IIM For leaders with 5+ yr exp. Register Today niitimperia.com/Enquire-Now

Contact
o

Support groups can have several means of contact. Face-to-face contact through regular meetings, is common, but members can also stay in touch through newsletters and emails.

Internet
o

With the spectacular rise in the amount of Internet users in the past decade, Internet support groups have become popular, allowing people from all over the world to connect. However, it is a bit harder to distinguish the real identity of members while online.

Etiquette
o

As a member of a support group, you can help keep the group running smoothly by attending or contributing regularly, listening to other

members' problems without interrupting, volunteering for any tasks that need to be done, and keeping discussions confidential (this is especially important for groups that meet face to face). CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

forum
Pronunciation: /frm/ Translate forum | into German | into Italian | into Spanish Definition of forum

noun (plural forums)

1a meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged: we hope these pages act as a forum for debate an Internet site where users can post comments about a particular issue or topic and reply to other users' postings; a message board. 2chiefly North American a court or tribunal. 3 (plural fora /fr/) (in an ancient Roman city) a public square or marketplace used for judicial and other business.

Origin:
late Middle English (in forum (sense 3)): from Latin, literally 'what is out of doors', originally denoting an enclosure surrounding a house; related to fores '(outside) door'. forum (sense 1) dates from the mid 18th century

Spelling help
The plural of forum is usually spelled forums; the plural fora (as in the original Latin) is chiefly used when talking about a public square in an ancient Roman city.

forum in other Oxford dictionaries

Definition of forum in the dictionary US English CCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Support groups: Make connections, get help

If you're facing a major illness or stressful life change, you don't have to go it alone. A support group can help. Find out how to choose the right one.
By Mayo Clinic staff Support groups bring together people facing similar issues, whether that's illness, relationship problems or major life changes. Members of support groups often share experiences and advice. It can be helpful just getting to talk with other people who are in the same boat. While not everyone wants or needs support beyond that offered by family and friends, you may find it helpful to turn to others outside your immediate circle. A support group can help you cope better and feel less isolated as you make connections with others facing similar challenges. A support group shouldn't replace your standard medical care, but it can be a valuable resource to help you cope.

Understanding support groups

A support group is a gathering of people who share a common health concern or interest. A support group usually focuses on a specific situation or condition, such as breast cancer, diabetes, heart disease, addiction or long-term caregiving, for example. Support groups are not the same as group therapy sessions. Group therapy is a formal type of mental health treatment that brings together several people with similar conditions under the guidance of a trained mental health provider. Support groups may be formed by a lay person with the condition or by someone interested in it, such as a family member. In some cases, support groups may be formed by nonprofit organizations, advocacy organizations, mental health clinics or other organizations. Support groups also come in a variety of formats, including in person, on the Internet or by telephone. They may be led by professional facilitators such as a nurse, social worker or psychologist or by group members. Some groups are educational and structured. For example, the group leader may invite a doctor, psychologist, nurse or social worker to talk about a topic related to the group's needs. Other support groups emphasize emotional support and shared experiences.

Benefits of support groups

Regardless of format, in a support group, you'll find people with problems similar to yours. Members of a support group typically share their personal experiences and

offer one another emotional comfort and moral support. They may also offer practical advice and tips to help you cope with your situation. Benefits of participating in support groups may include:

Feeling less lonely, isolated or judged Gaining a sense of empowerment and control Improving your coping skills and sense of adjustment Talking openly and honestly about your feelings Reducing distress, depression or anxiety Developing a clearer understanding of what to expect with your situation Getting practical advice or information about treatment options Comparing notes about resources, such as doctors and alternative options

How to find a support group

To find a support group:

Ask your doctor or other health care provider for assistance. Your doctor, nurse, social worker, chaplain or psychologist may be able to recommend a support group for you. Look in your local telephone book or check your newspaper for a listing of support resources. Contact community centers, libraries, churches, mosques, synagogues or temples in your area. Ask others you know with the same illness or life situation for suggestions. Contact a state or national organization devoted to your disease, condition or situation. Search the Internet. Online support groups are available as email lists, newsgroups, chat rooms, blogs and social networking sites, such as Facebook.

What support group, if any, you ultimately choose may depend largely on what's available in your community, whether you have access to a computer or whether you're able to travel. BBBBBBBBB

support group
noun

Definition of SUPPORT GROUP

: a group of people with common experiences and concerns who provide emotional and moral support for one another BBBBB

"Support Groups"
From Erin Johnston, L.C.S.W, former About.com Guide Created: October 12, 2006 About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by the Medical Review Board See More About:

bpd treatments levels of care living with bpd

Definition: A support group is not a therapy group. A support group is an often organized group of individuals who share a common experience. The may meet weekly or less often, such as monthly or quarterly. These groups are not generally run by a therapist, and often are simply facilitated by a member of the group. The focus is on supportive communication and meeting, by not on resolution of the deeper issues. Support groups can be very positive experiences. However it is possible that deeper issues may be triggered, especially for those with Borderline Personality Disorder. It is therefore important that involvement in support groups be discussed with a trained therapist. Some familiar support groups include Alcoholics Anonymous, and Overeaters Anonymous. GGGGGGGGGGG

support group (s pt rup)

Definitions
noun 1. an organization run by and for people who have a particular problem or medical condition American Heritage Dictionary:

support group
Top Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary n. A group of people, sometimes led by a therapist, who provide each other moral support, information, and advice on problems relating to some shared characteristic or experience: a support group for cancer survivors. CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Narrative Essay Examples

In a narrative essay, you tell a story, but you also make a point. So, it is like a story told for a reason.

Narrative Essays: To Tell a Story

There are four types of essays:

Exposition - gives information about various topics to the reader. Description - describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument - convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. Narrative - tells a story, usually from one persons viewpoint.

A narrative essay uses all the story elements - a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax - all coming together to complete the story.

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

control group
Definitions (2)Save to Favorites
1. A group of subjects or conditions that is matched as closely as possible with an experimental group, but is not exposed to any experimental treatment. A control

group is used as a standard against which to detect and measure changes that may occur in the experimental group due to experimental treatment. 2. The people in an organization who have the power to make and implement decisions. BBBBBBBBBBB Control and Treatment Groups: A control group is used as a baseline measure. The control group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the exception that it does not receive the treatment or the experimental manipulation that the treatment group receives. For example, when examining test tubes for catalytic reactions of enzymes when added to a specific substrate, the control test tube would be identical to all other test tubes with the exception of lacking the enzyme. The treatment group is the item or subject that is manipulated. In our example, all other test tubes containing enzyme would be part of the treatment group. MMMMMMMMMM Group Therapy This page was last updated on January 22, 2011 INTRODUCTION Human beings live in a social world in which their ability to gain esteem and self definition significantly follows from their success in their personal relationships. Psychotherapy in a group setting provides a social arena in which the members can learn about their assets and deficits through interactions with peers and authority. Members also have opportunity to experiment with newly learned behaviors in the protected environment of the group in preparation for using them in the external world. HISTORY Group psychotherapy began at the turn of the century when Joseph Pratt, a Boston physician, recognized the positive effects of bringing the tuberculosis patients who did not have access to sanatoria. Their recovery requires strict hygienic regimens in their impoverished homes. Using regular group meetings he educated his patients as to how to combat the diseases. Other psychiatrists were influenced by this method. Cody Marsh even included dance classes in his hospital, he said that By the crowd they have been broken; by the crowd they shall be healed. The role of the charismatic leader and the dynamics of group relationships were recognized by Freud later.

Group therapy received a stimulus during World War II when many therapists were initially exposed to group works during their military experience. Theoreticians from England and US applied psychoanalytic or interpersonal theory to group therapy concepts. Interest in group process, stimulated by the work of Kurt Lewin. The social revolutions in the 1960s resulted in the beginning of sensitivity training experiences (T groups), and a variety of personal growth groups. The emergence of transactional analysis, gestalt theory, bioenergetics, existential models for group therapy and many additional innovative variations have enriched the group therapy fields. In Britain and America during the second world war, an appreciation of group psychology lead to a wide range of innovations, the most important are the following- the use of the group approaches for the selection and allocation of work responsibilities, studies of group morale, the integration of psychiatric knowledge in the management of large groups through the role of the command psychiatrist. Early pioneers Jocob Moreno was the innovator of group psychodrama. He also introduced sociometry, a scientific method for the study of group affiliation and group conflicts. Slavson was an educationalist of psychoanalytic persuasion that became the central figure in the development of group therapy and group psychodrama. His organizational efforts leads to the formation of American Group Psychotherapy Association. Alexander Wolf and Emanuel Schwarts began to apply psychoanalytic ideas to the group therapy in the late 1930s in their therapy people underwent psychoanalytic therapy under the group setting. DEFINITION OF GROUP A group is a collection of individuals whose association is founded on commonalities of interest, norms and values. Membership in the groups may be by chance, by choice or by circumstances DEFINITION OF GROUP THERAPY 1. A type of psychiatric care in which several patients meet with one or more therapists at the same time. The patients form a support group for each other as well as receiving expert care and advice. The group therapy model is particularly appropriate for psychiatric illnesses that are support-intensive, such as anxiety disorders, but is not well suited for treatment of some other psychiatric disorders. 2. A type of psychoanalysis in which patients analyze each

other with the assistance of one or more psychotherapists, as in an "encounter group 3. A form of psychotherapy that involves sessions guided by a therapist and attended by several clients who confront their personal problems together. The interaction among clients is considered to be an integral part of the therapeutic process. 4. Group therapy is a form of psychosocial treatment where a small group of patients meet regularly to talk, interact, and discuss problems with each other and the group leader (therapist). Cognitive behaviour group therapy Definition: A form of group therapy developed according to the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The two primary techniques used in cognitive-behavioral group therapy (also known as CBGT) are cognitive restructuring (changing negative thinking patterns) and exposure (facing feared situations). Also Known As: CBGT PRINCIPAL MODELS OF PSYCHODYNAMIC GROUP THERAPY The therapist The therapist is responsible to the group and to the institution in which it is set. He should have an appropriate training to perform the task. A formal qualification in psychotherapy is the ideal training. This will have included theory, personal therapy for the therapist and clinical supervision. Mental health professionals from all the disciplines make an active contribution to a rich and diverse service with the training requirement of theory and supervision. The establishment of a group begins as a management task in the definition of its goals , recruitment of its members , protection of its setting , venue etc. it evolves as a therapeutic task in which the therapist is responsible for maintaining the therapeutic attitude to the individual members and to the group as a whole. Structure, process and content: the dynamic element of the group. Structure-Structure describes the more enduring aspects of any groups make up- the architecture of the interpersonal relationships are conceptualized in terms of setting and its boundaries and then conceptualizes in the bond between each

individual , the therapist and the group as a whole. Process -Process describes the fluid and the dynamics fluctuations of emotions and experiences , the business of relating and communicating the changes of association and the inter member responses Content-The content of a groups exchange in its visible and audible events in the narrative line and dramatic content of peoples encounters, the topics raised , discussed and the thematic development. Structure

Process -------------------------------------------Outcome The dynamic elements of a group Models of group therapy A. INTERPERSONAL GROUP THERAPY

The focus is on interpersonal learning as a primary mechanism of change. The group provides the antidotes to mal adaptive interpersonal beliefs and behaviors through feedback from others and encouragement to experiment with healthier behaviors, first with in the group and the outside. The joint examination of inter group transference reactions allows members to replace processes that have a historical origin in the there and then the dynamic past with in those more appropriate to the here and now the dynamic present

The elements of an interpersonal group The model represents that the interpersonal dynamics are kept at fore front of members attention by the therapist. The inter personal approach places the therapist among the other members of the group with out giving him or her distinctive identity or any formal demarcation for the boundaries of the group as a whole. Yalom suggested 11 curative factors according to this model. They are

Instillation of hope Universality Imparting information Altruism Corrective recapitulation of primary family group Development of socializing techniques Imitative behaviour Interpersonal learning Group cohesiveness Catharsis Existential factors

B. THE TAVISTOCK MODEL This model is developed by Bion. According to this model, in a group at any point of time, its culture and climate are governed by primitive unconscious anxieties that impede its capacity for a rational work. This is a therapist centered approach. The two body psychology used here to enforce a series of interactions and it helps to reduce the complexity and the constraints of the group work.

The element of Tavstock group. C. THE GROUP ANALYTIC MODEL Groups may begin with relatively high level of group activity and leadership activity, referred to as dynamic administration. This approach integrates the important aspects of the other two models. The therapist is encouraged to address the individuals as well as the whole group. This concept is developed by an integrated set of concepts of structure, process and outcome.

The elements of a group analytic group Indications for group therapy & selection of patients In group therapy, the interaction of group members offer

possibilities for change and growth. But whether patients referred for group psychotherapy are going to benefit from the treatment depends to a large extent on their careful selection and preparation. Group therapy appears to be most useful for patients whose problems are mainly in relationships with other people. The most expected candidates for group therapy define their problem as interpersonal, they are committed to bring change in relationship, are willing to be influenced by the group and engage in appropriate self disclosure. Patients should be offered a group that is best suited for their problem and it should be ascertained whether the patient is suitable for group therapy or not. For this a therapist needs a great deal of information. A screening interview, psychiatric history and mental status examination can help to select patients for group therapy. There are some inclusion and exclusion criteria for group therapy. Inclusion criteria

Ability to perform the group task Problem areas are compatible with goals of the Motivation to change

group

Exclusion criteria Marked incompatibility with group norms for acceptable behaviour Inability to tolerate group setting Severe incompatibility with one or more of the other member Tendency to assume deviant role

COMPOSITION OF GROUPS Size---Group therapy has been successful with as few as three members and as many as 15 but most therapists consider 8-10 members the optimal size. Homogeneous versus heterogeneous groups Many therapists believe that a group should be as heterogeneous as possible to ensure maximum interaction. Patients with different diagnostic categories and behavioural patterns, and patients from different races, social levels, educational and backgrounds should be brought together. Patients between 20 and 65 years of age can be effectively included. Age differences aid in relieving and rectifying

interpersonal difficulties. Homogeneous group is more suitable for children and adolescents. Patients with similar problems like substance abuse, mild to moderate depression etc. can also be benefited in a homogeneous group. Open versus closed group The closed groups begin and ends with same membership. The open group permits termination of members at different points and their substitution by new patients Frequency and length of sessions Group therapies can be conducted once or twice a week, each session lasting for 1-2 hours HOW DOES GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY WORK? Members of the group share with others personal issues which they are facing. A participant can talk about events s/he was involved in during the week, her/his responses to these events, problems s/he had tackled, etc. The participant can share his/her feelings and thoughts about what happened in previous sessions, and relate to issues raised by other members or to the leader's words. Other participants can react to her/his words, give her/him feedback, encourage, give support or criticism, or share their thoughts and feelings following his/her words. The subjects for discussion are not determined by the leader but rise spontaneously from the group. The member in the group feels that (s) he is not alone with her/his problem and that there are others who feel the same. The group can become a source of support and strength in times of stress for the participant. The feedback (s) he gets from others on her/his behavior in the group can make her/him become aware to maladaptive patterns of behavior, change her/his point of view and help him/her adopt more constructive and effective reactions. It can become a laboratory for practicing new behaviors. Frequently the people you meet in the group represent others in your past or current life with whom you have difficulty. In group therapy you have the opportunity to work through these situations. WHO CAN BENEFIT PSYCHOTHERAPY? FROM GROUP

Group psychotherapy is suitable for a large variety of problems

and difficulties, beginning with people who would like to develop their interpersonal skills and ending with people with emotional problems like anxiety, depression, etc. There are support groups for people in the same situation or crisis (e.g. groups for bereaved parents, groups for sexually abused women), but usually the recommendation for the therapeutic group is to be as heterogeneous as possible and represent a micro-cosmos. For that reason in building the group, the leader will try to include men and women, young and old people, married and singles, etc. The group is especially effective for people with interpersonal difficulties and problems in relations. Whether these difficulties are in social, working, couple or even sexual relations, the participant can benefit a lot in these areas. Groups are ideally suited to people who are struggling with relationship issues like intimacy, trust, self-esteem. The group interactions help the participants to identify, get feedback, and change the patterns that are sabotaging the relations. The great advantage of group psychotherapy is working on these patterns in the "here and now" - in a group situation more similar to reality and close to the interpersonal events. THERAPEUTIC FACTORS IN GROUP THERAPY Following therapeutic factors in group therapy have been listed by Kaplan & Sadock (1983)

Identificati Imitation Insight Inspiration Interaction Interpretat

on Abreaction Acceptance Altruism Catharsis Cohesion Consensual validation Contagion Corrective familial experience Empathy Ventilation

ion Learning Reality testing Transferen ce Universali zation

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC GROUPS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Self help groups Medication groups Interpersonal group therapy Encounter groups Psychodrama

Supportive groups In this approach, therapist ensures that 1. The experiences of the group members are used positively 2. Relationship between group members is cordial 3. It should not become too intense 4. Protect vulnerable patients when necessary 5. Each member is supported and gives support to other members Self help groups These groups are organized and led by patients or ex-patients who have learned ways of overcoming or adjusting to their difficulties. The group members benefit from this experience, from the opportunity to talk about their own problems and express their feelings and mutual support. Examples include self help groups for people who suffer from problems like alcohol dependence, groups of parents of handicapped children, etc. Medication groups These groups have been used for the treatment of recurrent depression and bipolar disorder. The emphasis is on compliance with prescribed medication. The goals include increasing the patients' knowledge about medication, increasing compliance, educating patients about their illness, decreasing their isolation and helping them to express their feelings in a nonjudgmental environment Interpersonal group therapy This approach was developed from the work of Yalom (1985). Treatment is focused on problems in current relationships and examines the ways in which these problems are reflected in the group. The past is discussed only in so far as it helps to make sense of the present problems. The treatment is divided into three stages. First stage The group members try to depend on the

therapist, seeking expert advice about their problems and about the way they should behave in the group. In this first stage some members may leave the group due to anxiety in talking in the group or the therapists' refusal to solve their problem. Second stage The remaining members begin to know each other better, they discuss their problems and try to seek answers to their problems. During this period maximum change can be expected. The therapist encourages looking into current problems and relationships. Third Stage The group in this stage can become dominated by the residual problems of the members who have made least progress and shows most dependency. These points are discussed before ending the group. Encounter groups In encounter groups the interaction between members is made more intense and rapid in the hope that this will lead to greater change. The encounter can be entirely verbal, like using challenging language, or it can include touching or hugging between the participants. Sometimes the experience is further intensified by prolonging the group session for whole day or even longer. This is not suitable for people with emotional problems. Psychodrama In psychodrama, the group enacts events from the life of one member in scenes reflecting either current relationships or those of the family in which the person grew up. This provokes strong feelings in the person represented. The drama is followed by discussion. Instead of personal experiences of one member the drama can also focus on problems that all participants share, for e.g.. how to deal with authority. This method is called sociodrama. INPATIENT GROUP THERAPY Group therapy is an important part of hospitalized patients' therapeutic experiences. Groups may be organized in many ways in a ward. The goals of each group vary, but they all have common purpose to increase patients' awareness of themselves through interaction with other group members who provide feedback about their behaviour, to provide patients with improved interpersonal social skills and decrease isolation. Lazell (1921) is credited with founding inpatient group therapy.

He developed group treatment of schizophrenia patients. On the basis of this experience he listed the following advantages of group therapy in schizophrenia: 1. Patients become more socialized than in the past 2. They become aware that they are not alone with their problems 3. They become more comfortable in the hospital setting 4. They continued to discuss the topics with each other for sometime even after the session ended. This improved their interaction pattern. Marsch (1931) used lecture approach with patients but supplemented his lectures with other techniques like music, dance and inspirational reading. VARIOUS MODELS PSYCHOTHERAPY OF INPATIENT GROUP

Contemporary models of inpatients group psychotherapy share several features. Most models establish highly specific goals according to the particular needs of the patients. 1.Skills development model This includes educative model, problem solving model, social skill model, etc. Educative model This was developed by Maxmen (1978). Problems discussed are specifically related to those problems for which members were hospitalized. Patients are helped to recognize circumstances that lead to an exacerbation of symptoms, strategies of coping, etc. Problem solving model This approach, based on work of Spivack & Shure (1974), assumes that psychiatric patients are deficient in problem solving, and helps members to acquire good interpersonal problem solving skills. Group members are taken through a series of problem solving steps: Clarifying the problem Generating alternatives Evaluating alternatives Role playing Reporting back to the group on the outcome of different solutions

Social skills model The behaviorally oriented social skill

model fosters acquisition of various interpersonal skills by dividing each skill into multiple behavioral components. For e.g. the skill of initiating a conversation may be divided into basic components as standing on appropriate distance from another person, greeting him/her, formulating questions and listening to the response. 2.Interpersonal model The model emphasizes on the social isolation of the inpatients and the difficulties they face in interacting with other people. Focus is placed on the patients' current interpersonal problems and the here and now interaction during each session. Within each session, members set an agenda related to an interpersonal problem that can be addressed within a single session. Some problems faced in group therapy Formation of sub-groups - some members may form a coalition based on age, class shared values or other characteristics. This disrupts the therapeutic process. 1. Members who talk too much - some members in a group are too talkative, and does not allow other members to talk. As meetings continue, group is likely to become dissatisfied. 2. Members who talk too little - some members are too silent and talk very less. They are generally awkward in company, some may be afraid of talking and revealing problem. 3. Conflict between members - many times conflict between members can develop. It can be due to disagreement with others' views, criticism of one group member by another, etc. 4. The usual focus of a group is on current problem of the members. The past experiences of members only assist in understanding. Sometimes group members talk excessively about past and avoid their present difficulties. HOW TO CHOOSE A GROUP-PSYCHOTHERAPIST When choosing a group psychotherapist you should look for a well-trained, reliable, and ethical professional. If you are in individual therapy you should consult your therapist and be sure that your group and individual therapists can collaborate. Reputable group psychotherapists usually belong to professional associations. In the U.S.A, for example, membership in AGPA (the American Group Psychotherapy

Association), and certification as a Group Psychotherapist by AGPA assures some degree of expertise. An experienced group therapist will usually interview you before your entering the group and will answer your questions about the group and his/her experience without being uneasy. You can also ask the prospective therapist how many years experience (s) he has in the particular modality and as a therapist generally. Make sure you clarify fees (including costs for missed sessions). Above all, trust your feelings: If you do not feel you can trust the therapist, find another. Role of the therapist The therapist should actively structure the discussion in a way that encourages the group members to stay in a topic. 1. Decision to establish a group Determine setting and size of the group Choose frequency and length of the group sessions Decide on open Vs closed groups Select a co-therapist for the group Formulate policy on the group therapy with other therapeutic modalities 2. Act of creating a therapy group Formulate appropriate group Select patients who can perform the group task Prepare patient for group therapy 3. Construction and maintenance of the therapeutic environment Build the culture of the group explicitly and simplicity Identify and resolve common problems (membership turn over, sub-grouping, conflict) 4. Therapist should take cue from the process of the group. 5. When members interact spontaneously around an appropriate issue, the therapist should be quiet and allow the patients to feel a sense of mastery. 6. If members are trying to form some sub-groups, therapist should discourage them by asking the group to discuss the reasons for their formation or try to find some similarity with all members. 7. Therapist should try to include all members in the group discussion by asking each one to express their views and feelings. Therapist should assist silent members to speak and should understand their reasons for silence. 8. When there is conflict between members then

therapist should not take sides rather encourage whole group to discuss issue in a way that leads them to understand why conflict has arisen. 9. Above all, it is the therapist's task to help the group develop into a cohesive unit with an atmosphere maximally conducive to the operation of curative factors and where confidentiality and non judgmental approach can be communicated to the group members.

WHY IS GROUP THERAPY HELPFUL?

1. When people come into a group and interact freely with other group members, they usually recreate those difficulties that brought them to group therapy in the first place. Under the direction of the group therapist, the group is able to give support, offer alternatives, and comfort members in such a way that these difficulties become resolved and alternative behaviors are learned. 2. The group also allows a person to develop new ways of relating to people. 3. During group therapy, people begin to see that they are not alone and that there is hope and help. It is comforting to hear that other people have a similar difficulty, or have already worked through a problem that deeply disturbs another group member. 4. Another reason for the success of group therapy is that people feel free to care about each other because of the climate of trust in a group. 5. As the group members begin to feel more comfortable, you will be able to speak freely. The psychological safety of the group will allow the expression of those feelings which are often difficult to express outside of group. You will begin to ask for the support you need. You will be encouraged tell people what you expect of them. Limitations of group therapy 1. Not suitable when patient suffers from severe depression and suicide is a risk. 2. Similarly, manic patients are difficult to manage in the group setting. They tend to display excessive elation, talkativeness and irritability which are often difficult to control. 3. Patients with sub-normal intellectual level may

not get adequate benefit from the group situation ROLE OF NURSE IN GROUP THERAPY Nurse participates in the group activities on a daily basis. In health care setting the nurse serves on or led task groups that create policy, describe procedures and plan client care. They are also involved in a variety of other groups aimed at the institutional efforts of serving the clients. Nurses are encouraged to use the steps of the nursing process as a framework for task group leadership In psychiatry nurses may lead various types of therapeutic groups such as client education, assertiveness training, support , parent and transition to discharge groups among others. To function effectively in the leadership capacity for these groups, nurses need to be able to recognize various process that occur in the groups such as phases of group development. They also should be able to select appropriate leaderships style for the type of groups being lead. Nurses may develop these skills as a part of their training or they may pursue additional studies. Leading therapeutic group is with in the realm of nursing practice because group work is such a therapeutic approach. Nurses working in this field should continuously strive for expanding their knowledge and use of nursing process for the effective therapeutic approach. REFERENCES 1. Kaplan HI, Sadok BJ. Synopsis of psychiatrybehavioural science or clinical psychiatry.9th edn. Hong Kong.William and Wilkinsons publications. 1998. 2. GelderM, Gath D, Mayou R, Cowen P. New oxford text book of psychiatry. 4th edn.Oxford. Oxford university press.2004 3. Kay J, Tasman A, Lieberman J A. Text book of psychiatry. Vol II. 3rd edn. New York. John Willey and sons ltd.2003. 4. Stuart GW. Laraia MT. Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. 1st edn. Noida. Mosby publishers.2001 5. Townsend MC. Psychiatric mental health nursing. 3rd edn. Philadelphia. FH Davis publishers. 6. Boyd MA. Psychiatric nursing contemporary practice. 1st edn. Philadelphia. Lippincot publishers.2002 7. Ahuja N.A short text book of psychiatry. 5th edn. New Delhi. Jaypee brothers medical publishers.2004. 8. Mohr WK. Psychiatric mental health nursing.

New York . 6th edn . Lippincot Williams and Wilkins. 2006. 9. Reynolds W and Cormack D. Psychiatric and mental health nursing theory and practice. 1st edn. London. Chapman and Hall publishers. 1990 10. Rawlins rp, Willams SR, BeckCK. Mental health psychiatric nursing. 3rd edn. Philadelphia. Mosby publications 11. Howard B. Roback, Ph.D. Adverse Outcomes in Group Psychotherapy. Jour psychotherapy pactice. July 2003.9:113-118 12. Franco Veltro, Ian Falloon, Nicola Vendittelli, Ines Oricchio, Antonella Scinto. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural group therapy for inpatients. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2006; 2: 16.