Health: A state of complete Physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health, in relation to work, indicates not only the absence of disease or infirmity; it includes physical, mental elements affecting health which are directly related to safety and hygiene at work. OSHC (C155), ILO.

Safety: Absence of Danger of Physical harm. Includes equipment, structure and materials. A state in which or a place where you are safe and not in danger or at risk.

Welfare: Facilities for work place comfort. Relates to the provision of eating, washing, first aid, and toilet facilities etc.,

Hazard: Something that has the potential to cause Harm. The potential to cause Harm, including ill health and injury, damage to property, plant, products or the environment.

Risk: The likelihood of a given loss occurring in defined circumstances. The likelihood of a specific event happening and the severity of the consequences. Likelihood x severity.

Environmental protection: Measures to prevent harm to the environment of the world. Protection of the environment through a series of disciplined and controlled procedures. Accident: An unplanned, uncontrolled event which led to harm.

Incident / Near miss: An accident that results in no apparent loss An event whilst not causing harm has the potential to cause injury or ill health.

Dangerous occurrence: An accident not resulting in personal injury, but reportable to the national competent authority.

Readily identifiable event as defined under national law and Regs, with potential to cause injury or disease to persons at work or the public.

Work related ill health : harm to workers health caused by their work. Illness or injury directly attributable to specific work activities.

Commuting accident : is an accident occurring on the direct way between the place of work and Workers residence Where the worker usually takes their meals Where the worker usually receives their remuneration

Which results in death or injury involving loss of working time.

Moral: Injury and accidents result in pain and suffering for those affected A workers life or limb should not be at risk by going to work Others should not be adversely affected by the workers undertaking.

Legal: Moral reason reinforced by civil and criminal law Without the potential for punishment employers may not act Many countries have specific legal requirements to safeguard health and safety.

Economic: Accidents cost Money. Lost production Reduced quality of products Environmental Investigation costs Legal fees, fines, compensation Increased insurance cost

Loss of goodwill Reduced morale Temporary staff

International labour organization Health and safety convention c155 Employers shall be required to ensure so far is reasonably practicable the work space, machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to health. Employers shall be required to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under their control are without risk to health when appropriate measures of protection are taken. Implementation of C155 by UK- Health and safety at work etc., Act 1974 USA- Occupational safety and Health act 1970 Malaysia- Occupational safety and Health act 1994

General Duty:
HSWA- Section 2.1: It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees.

HSWA- Section 2.2: Specific duties to provide: Safe plant and equipment Safe systems of work Safe use handling storage and transportation or articles and substances. Information, instruction, training and supervision Safe place of work with safe access and egress Welfare facilities.

US OSH Act Section 5 Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees. Malay OSH act- Section 15: General duty: It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable the safety, health and welfare at work of all of his employees. Specific duties to provide: Safe plant and equipment Safe systems of work Safe use, handling storage and transportation or articles and substances. Information, instruction, training and supervision A safe working environment Welfare facilities Safe place of work with safe access and egress.

Two types of costs of Accident 1. Direct cost 2. Indirect cost Direct costs: Lost time of injured workers Damage to equipment and tools, property, plant or materials Medical or first aid Time and materials to clean up Insurance, indemnity, or compensation Legal costs- courts, fines Indirect costs Lost time of other workers who stop or reduce performance

Lost time for supervisors or other managers Interference with production Loss of good name Loss of morale Four levels of Duty Absolute Practicable Reasonably practicable Reasonable

Absolute duty No choice. No allowance for the effort required to achieve it. Shall and must Practicable Requirements carried out to the extent that only limited by the current state of knowledge and invention. Have to be met even though implementation may be difficult, inconvenient, and expensive.

Reasonably practicable There is a risk / benefit trade off Implies that a computation must be made. Means that the degree of risk in a particular activity can be balanced against the time, cost, and effort of taking measures to avoid the risk. Reasonable That which might normally be expected of an average person To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of any other person who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.

Improvement notice: If an inspector is of the opinion that a person A Is contravening one or more of the relevant statutory provisions or B-has contravened one or more of those provisions in circumstances that make it likely that the contravention will continue or be repeated. He may serve on him a notice stating that he is of that opinion specifying the provisions or provisions giving particulars of the reasons why he is