LMEN SIE

2005
IN AU
A IASI CR

5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROMECHANICAL AND POWER SYSTEMS October 6-8, 2005 - Chisinau, Rep.Moldova
IO VA

IS CH

PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR FOR SMALL WIND TURBINE

Ion Sobor, Nucolai Kobileatkii Technical University of Moldova
Abstract For direct driven small wind turbine (2-50 kW) it is necessary to use permanent magnet generators with rotational rated speed respectively 500 100 rev/min. For Moldova Republic, at the first phase of the wind power utilisation, it is reasonable to remanufacture standard electrical machines into low speed permanent magnet generators. The technical characteristics of two redesign and build permanent magnet generators are presented. 1. INTRODUCTION or 1:50. An alternative variant consists in utilisation of a low-speed generator the rotor of which rotates at the same speed as the rotor of the turbine. For the medium size and megawatt turbines this scheme started to be used in the 90s of the XXth century [5,6] and is called Direct Driven Wind Turbine (DDWT). The main advantages of the DDWT are following: It is decreased the transmission costs, noise and the vibration. Increases the wind energy conversion efficiency. Increases the availability and reliability. Decreases the nacelle mass weight and dimensions Decreases the maintenance costs. The power characteristics P(V) moves in moderate speed zone. A specific characteristic of electric generators directly coupled with wind turbine consists of small rotational speed. In this case, to obtain the standard frequency 50 Hz, is necessary to place on the rotor a great number of magnetic poles. As a result increases the diameter and the generator mass. In addition, rotational speeds which are the small power wind turbine, will be determined as function of rated power. These speeds will determine the rotation speed scale for the generators direct coupled with respective turbines. The variations of the rotational speed and wind turbine diameter as a power function are presented in figure 1. The data were obtained from the publications concerning turbines technical characteristics with three blades, tip speed ratio 6 and wind speed 12 m/s [3, 7]. For the rated power scale 2-50 kW, the rotational speed varies from 500 to 100 rev/min, turbine diameter increases from 2.8 to 14 m. Poles number of the direct driven generators must correspond to those indicated in the Table 1. Table 1- Rated power, diameter and rotational speed of small wind turbine. Generator number of poles
P D n 2p KW M rev/min 2 2,8 500 12 5 4,5 300 20 10 6,4 200 30 25 10,0 150 40 50 14,0 100 60

The year of 1993 was marked as the starting of a new wind boom, being characterised by annual increase over 20% of installed power capacity. Thus, in 1999 the world capacity has increased with 3695 MW being a record for wind sector and for the first time has exceeded the installed nuclear capacity in the world in the same year [1-3]. In 2003 has been registered a new recordthe world capacity has increased with 7950 MW. On the wind energy market appear new players our neighbours Ukraine with 57 MW and Romania with 1 MW installed wind power [4]. Republic of Moldova (RM) is at the initial phase of wind energy utilization. It is very important to identify the most modern technologies in this field and through the technological transfer or trough local elaborations, speeding up the wind potential utilization. This study is an attempt to identify what kind of generator is rational to be used for wind turbine with the power of 2-50 kW. Moreover, are presented the studies results of two samples generators with permanent magnets with power of 1,0 and 3,0 kW, rotational speed 500 rev/min designed and built at Electromechanical department of Technical University of Moldova (TUM). 2. WHAT TYPE OF GENERATOR IS RATIONAL TO BE USED FOR SMALL POWER WIND TURBINE? To answer this question well appeal to European and world statistics presented in [3]. The typical scheme of the power generating unit consists of three main elements: turbine, gearbox and electric generator. Rotational speed of electric generator is usually 1000 or 1500 rev/min, but turbine speed rotation with a power of 500 kW has only 30 rev/min. Thus, the gearbox should have the transmission coefficient 1:33

All direct driven generators may be divided in two groups: with electromagnetic excitation and exited by permanent magnets (PMG). The first group includes:

600 500 Rotational speed, Rev/mi 400 300 200 100 0 2 3 5 10 25 50 R a te d p o w e r . k W

16

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Rotor deameter, m

14

Fig. 2 The PMG redesigned from the induction motor

R o ta tio n a l s p e e d R o to r d ia m e te r

Fig. 1 Rotational speed and rotor diameter of the small wind turbine Induction generator with arc stator; Synchronous generator excited by a traditional field winding; 3. A variable-reluctance generator. The second group includes: 1. Radial-Flux permanent magnet generator; 2. Axial Flux permanent magnet generator; 3. Transverse-Flux permanent magnet generator; Accordingly to [3] about 100 % of wind turbines at ratings up to 50 kW have direct drive generators with permanent magnets. There is of course an exception, for example, manufacturer Atlantic Orient Corporation designed a 20 kW variable-reluctance generator. The variable-reluctance generator is the simplest generator of all with only laminated iron on the rotor. It is necessary to mention that the price of low-speed generator with permanent magnet is 1200 - 1500 $US/kW [8,9]. This price is not acceptable for RM. In this situation it is timely to remanufacture the standard electrical machines, in particularly, induction motors or synchronous generators excited by field winding, into generators with permanent magnets. Of course, such generator doesnt have an optimal design, but the cost is 2-3 time smaller. In addition, the characteristics of two redesigned on standard electrical machines base PMG, will be done. 3. REMANUFACTURED PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATORS In Figure 2 and 3 are presented the two PMG. For the first was used the standard induction motor, type 4A100L6 and for the second standard synchronous generator with electromagnetic excitation, type 34,5/4. The main data of these standard machines are given in Table 2. In Figure 4 and 5, for the first PMG, are presented graphical illustration of the rectified 1. 2.

Fig. 3 The PMG redesigned from the synchronous generator with excited coil tension Ud and efficiency as functions of power output. The characteristics of the second PMG are given in Figure 6 and 7. Table 2 Dimensions of standard electrical machines Technical date & Machine type 4A100L6 3-4,5/4 dimensions Rated power, kW or kVA 2,2 4,5 Rotational synchronous 1000 1500 speed, rev/min Efficiency, % 81 76 Power factor 0,73 0,8 Active length, mm 120 60 Stator outer diameter, mm 168 313 Stator inner diameter, mm 113 220 Air gap length, mm 0,3 1,0 Number of poles 6 4 Number of stator slots 48 36 Slot opening width, mm 3,0 3,5 Excitation Field coil In both remanufactured generators were used NdFeB permanent magnets: for first arcs shape magnets and for second 4 block shape magnets per one pole. The main PMG characteristics resulted from test data are presented in Table 3.

280 Ud, V 240 200

350 300 250

Tension, V
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 160 P, W 800 Rev/mun 600 Rev/min 500 Rev/min 400 Rev/min 300 Rev/min 200 tur/min

160 120 80 40

200 150 100 50

0
0 0 1 2 3 4

Current, A

600 Rev/min 400 Rev/min

500 Rev/min 300 Rev/min

Fig.4 The characteristics Ud (P) for PMG redesigned from induction motor
Efficiency, % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 250 500 1000 1250 1500 1750 Output power, W 600 Rev/min 500 Rev/min 200 Rev/min 750

Fig.6- Volt ampere characteristics of PMG redesigned from generator with excited coil
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

800 Rev/min 400 Rev/min

Efficiency, %

Fig. 5- Efficiency of PMG redesigned from induction motor Table 3- Remanufactured PMG characteristics Main characteristics Generator type
PMG/4A PMG/3

600 Rev/min 400 Rev/min

Output power, W 500 Rev/min 300 Rev/min

Fig.7 Efficiency of PMG redesigned from generator with excited coil 8. CONCLUSIONS 1. The rotational speed of the direct driven PMG for the small wind turbines (2 - 50 kW) must be between 500 and 100 rev/min. This means that the rotor must have respectively 12 60 numbers of poles. 2. At the initial phase of small wind implementation in Moldova Republic it is reasonable to remanufacture the standard electrical machines in to low speed permanent magnet generators. In this case the costs decrease 2-3 time. 3. The redesigned and build PMG have satisfactory technical characteristics: efficiency more than 80 % for rated output 1,0 kW and 90 % for rated

Rated rotational speed, 600 500 rev/min Rated power, kW 1.0 3,0 Efficiency, % 80* 90 Number of poles 1 12 Air gap length, mm 1,0 1,0 Phase number 2 3 Slots number per pole and 2 1 phase * - Including the losses in the two phase rectifiers.

output 3,0 kW. For the rotational range speed about 2,0 the maximal efficiency remain the same. 4. It is recommended to choose for remanufacturing the standard induction motor with small rated rotational speed, for instance 750 or 600 rev/min. In this case we can redesign it into PMG with rated rotational speed with 375 or 300 rev/min. The slots number per pole and phase qin this case is equal to 1. For obtaining rotational speed less than 300 rev/min it is necessary to design the generator with q<1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project has been performed with the financial support of the Supreme Council for Science and Technological Development, contract number 5/1-11.

REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Le baromtre de lnergie olienne. Systmes solaires Le jourmal des nergies renouvelables, nr. 141, Janvier Fvrier 2001, pag. 21 29. Le baromtre de lolien. Systmes solaires Le jourmal des nergies renouvelables, nr. 135, Janvier Fvrier 2000, pag. 29 36. Wind Energy. The facts. European Wind Energy Association. Luxembourg, 1999. Baromtre de lolien. Systmes solaires Lobservateur des nergies renouvelables, nr. 159, JanvierFvrier 2004, pag. 55 71. Andreas Grauers. Design of Direct-diven Permanent-magnet Generators for Wind Turbines. Technical Report nr. 292. Chalmers University of Technology. Sweden, Goteborg.-1996, 133 p. Petri Lampola. Directly Driven, Low-Speed Permanent-Magnet Generators for Wind Power Applications. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, Electrical Engineering Series, nr. 101, Espoo.2000, 62 p. . , . , , . . .: . 1990. 392 . www.windstreampower.com/generators/PMA.html http://www.solardyne.com

[6]

[7] [8] [9]

Ion Sobor was born in Mereeni, R. Moldova, on 17 January 1947. Graduate in Electrical Machines and Apparatuses in 1970 (Polytechnic Institute of Chisinau); Ph.D. in Electrical Machines in 1979 (Harkov Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine). From 1972 working, first assistant, lector now associate professor, in Technical University of Moldova. Major field of study: permanent magnet electrical machines, electromagnetic devices, wind potential assessment, solar pumping. Nicolai Kobileatkii was born in Cigizin, Cercasi, Ukraine, on 18 may 1939. Graduate in Electrical Engineering in 1962 (Harkov Institute for Agricultural Mechanisation and Electrification, Ukraine); Ph.D. in Electrical Machines in 1971 (Harkov Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine). From 1965 working, first assistant, lector, now associate professor, in Technical University of Moldova. Major field of study: electromagnetic drives, ferromagnetic converter, permanent magnet electrical machines, solar pumping.