Computer Networks

Instructor: Bruhadeshwar Monsoon 2007

Design Motivation
While highly survivable and reliable communications systems are of primary interest to those in the military concerned, (for automated decision making),, the basic notions are also of interest to communications systems planners and designers having need to transmit digital data Paul Baran, August 1964

The Necessity: Time Sharing

Time sharing tried to make it possible for research institutions to use the processing power of other institutions computers when they had large calculations to do that required more power, or when someone else's facility might do the job better -Ian Peter (www.nethistory.info)

Networking History
Origins of Internet are hazy, visit www.nethistory.info for interesting reading 1961: Kleinrock - queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military applications for survivable networks 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: First ARPAnet node operational Prof.Kleinrock sends a message across from UCLA to Stanford
1972:

ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol First e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes

Networking History...
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii (CSMA developed), later connects to ARPANet 1973: Bob Metcalfes PhD thesis proposes Ethernet (CSMA/CD developed) 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks: the word Internet makes its appearance from Cerfs writings

Networking History...
Time sharing became difficult since different machines had different operating systems, versions and programs however, these led to development of Internet Vinton Cerf. Bob Kahn, Bob Braden and Jon Pestel developed TCP/IP Cerf and Kahns internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define todays Internet architecture

Networking History...
1978: TCP/IP v4 was released
Aimed to interconnect different kinds of networks

1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes 1983: deployment of TCP/IP in ARPAnet 1983: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: FTP protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

Networking History...
Early 1990s: ARPAnet decommissioned Early 1990s: WWW Hypertext (1945 Bush: As We May Think article, Ted Nelson, Engelbert, Andries in 1968 ) HTTP: Tim Berners-Lee develops WWW an Internet based hypermedia initiative at CERN, specifies URLs, HTTP and HTML which became basis for todays WWW 1994: Mosaic (Univ. of Illinois), later Netscape the major browsers until late 1990s late 1990s: commercialization of the WWW, with introduction of HTTPS ecommerce is realized Late 1990s: est. 50 million computers on Internet est. 100 million+ users backbone links running at 1 Gbps

The ARPANET

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970. (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.

Hosts on the Web

Over the past year, the UK added a net increase of 6.1 subscribers per 100 inhabitants. The US added 4.7 subscribers, while Japan added 2.6. The UK's superior growth rate propelled it past the US and Japan to become second only to Canada among G7 countries surveyed in broadband penetration.

Source: http://www.websiteoptimization.com/bw/0611/

Total Broadband Subscribers

Over the past year, the US has maintained its lead with 31% of total broadband subscribers worldwide.
Source: http://www.websiteoptimization.com/bw/0611/

Course Overview
Aimed to impart
Fundamentals of Networking principles Application of these principles in Internet Understanding of Issues in Theory and Practical Design of networking hard ware and software Understand some network programming principles Practice of using standard networking tools

Some Pre-requisites
Brush up on your probability and statistics concepts, especially, probability distributions Revise a bit of operating systems (memory addressing in CAMs, TCAMs etc) Bit of processor architecture Try to learn C++ in the first two weeks before the labs/programming assignments begin

Grading Overview
Homework Assignments: 20% Programming Assignments: 20% Mid-terms: 40% Final Exam: 15% Class Participation: 5% Anyone sent out of class even once for causing disruption will receive not receive this credit Important: Minimum pass mark for the course is 50% of overall marks achievable (in absolute sense) Any copied * will get 0 marks for * and anyone caught more than once fails the course One lab and/or tutorial per week, schedule will be announced soon

Course Textbook and References

Text Book Jim Kurose and Ross Internetworking: A topdown Approach Bertsekas and Gallagher Data Networks References S.Keshav An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking Radia Perlman Interconnections: Bridges and Routers