Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 7 2/4/13 Let R = Z[ 5].

5]. If p 1, 3, 7, 9 (mod 20), then p decomposes p = P 1 P 2 . If p 1, 9 (mod 20), then p = (a + b 5)(a b 5) where the terms are principal. If p 11, 13, 17, 19, p does not decompose, i.e. (p) is a prime ideal in R. All primes (prime ideals) of R arise this way. Two approaches to proving these 1. General theory of ideals in Dedekind domains. 2. Embed Z[ 5] into a cyclotonic extension of Q, in fact Q[20 ], where 20 is a generating 20th root of unity (let it be ei/10 . The non-decomposing elements are easier to prove. Suppose a2 + 5b2 = 11, then 5 is a square mod 11, but the squares mod 11 are 1, 4, 9, 5, 3. Using quadratic reciprocity solves this for other primes 11 (mod 20). Minkowski: There is a bound B such that every class in the ideal class group of R (ring of algebraic integers in any number eld) contains an ideal I with N (I) B. Unsolved Problem: Are there innitely many real quadratic elds with class number h equal to 1? There are 9 imaginary quadratic elds with class number 1. (Shown in 1960s.) Results are known about the product hR, where R is the regulator, which comes from the density of the units of the number eld. R = 1 for Q, Q( d). Check (7) = (7, 1 + 2 5)(7, 1 2 5). Note (7, 1 + 2 5)(7, 1 2 5) (49, 21, 7(1 2 5),

 where 7 = 49 2(21). The other direction is obvious. But, (7, 1 + 2 5)(7, 1 2 5) does not have principal terms, as that would imply 7 = a2 + 5b2 . Also, Z /7 R/ P i . = Fractional ideals. Writing I = P e1 P ek , with ordinary ideals we have ei 0, for fractions 1 k we let ei Z. There is a subgroup P consisting of principal fractional ideals. Ideal group of Q as Z with one copy for each prime p. Ideal class of a eld. (7, 1 + 2 5)(3, 1 + 5) = (21, 3(1 + 2 5), 7(1 + 5), 9 + 3 5), this is principal.

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