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Industrial Electronics

Veriable Speed Derive


by
Naveed Mazhar
(fa09-bee-143)
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What is VSD???
A way to control and adjust the work
performed by a motor to meet changing
demands and energy requirements.
It converts the electrical power supplied by
the mains into mechanical power with a
minimum loss.
Solid State Technology in electronic
controllers is used to ensure the minimum
loss.
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What is VSD???(cont.)
This technology has several different
names:
Variable-Speed Drive (VSD)
Adjustable-Speed Drive (ASD)
Variable-Frequency Drive (VFD)
Adjustable-Frequency Drive (AFD)
Frequency Converter
Inverter (a term used by manufacturers)
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What is VSD???(cont.)
Any variable speed electrical drive system
comprises of the following components:
An electronic actuator - the controller.
A driving electrical machines - motor.
A driven machine (load) - pump, fan, blower,
compressor

DC Motor Control

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r.p.m.

R
a
I V
K N
N
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


b
E
DC Motor Control Methods
The speed of a d.c. motor is given by:




where R = Ra for shunt motor
& R= Ra + Rs. for series motor

So there are three main methods of controlling the speed of a
d.c. motor:
By varying the flux per pole().(Flux Control Method)
By varying the armature resistance (R).(Armature Control Method)
By varying the applied voltage (V). (Voltage Control Method)
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I-Flux Control Method
Sh
I
1

1
N






The shunt field rheostat reduces the shunt field current Ish and
hence the flux .
Generally, this method permits to increase the speed in the ratio 3:1.

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II-Armature Control Method

By varying the voltage available across the
armature, the back e.m.f and hence the speed of
the motor can be changed.
This method can only provide speeds below the normal
speed. The highest speed obtainable is that
corresponding to Rc= 0

( )
| |

c
R
a
R
a
I - V N +
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III-Voltage Contol Method
(THYRISTOR DC DRIVES)


Voltage is best controlled by Thyristor technique.
This is most expensive way to control the speed
of motor, but still used in industry due to its
efficient feed back control.
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DC Motor (Thyristor Control)
AC Motor Control

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AC Motor
The AC motor is made of two parts:
The Stator:
The stationary section that contain the windings.
The Rotor:
The rotating section that contains the conductors.
In a motor, the induction principle is
utilized in reverse
A live conductor is placed in a magnetic field
The conductor is influenced by a force which tries to
move it through the magnetic field
Speed = (frequency x 120) / # of poles
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Basics Construction of VFD
Inside the VFD there are 4 major sections:
rectifier (AC/DC Converter),
intermediate circuit (DC Link),
inverter (DC/AC Converter) and
control/regulation (for interface)
Inverter

VFD Block Diagram
Motor
Main
Power
Rectifier
DC Link
Motor
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Working of VFD
The operation of the drive is as follows :
Power first goes into the rectifier, where the 3-phase AC is
converted into a rippling DC voltage. The intermediate
circuits then smoothes and holds the DC Voltage at a
constant level or energy source for the inverter. The last
section, the inverter, uses the DC voltage to pulse the
motor with varying levels of voltage and current depending
upon the control circuit. The control section uses the
frequency, voltage and phase angle to control the inverter.
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AC Drive
DC Link
Rectifier
Converts AC line voltage
to Pulsating DC voltage
Inverter
Changes fixed DC to adjustable AC
Alters the Frequency of PWM waveform
Intermediate Circuit (DC Link)
Filters the pulsating DC to fixed DC voltage
V
T
T
V
V
V
T
AC Power
Supply
Rectifier Inverter
M
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Sine Weighted PWM
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Conclusive advantages of using a VFD
Energy Savings
Better Process Control
Reduced Maintenance
Higher System Efficiency
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