Chapter 1: Collinear: three or more points on the same line Non-collinear: three or more points NOT on the same

me line Coplanar: three or more points on the same plane Segment: two points on a line and all the points in between Ray: a point on a line and all the points that fall to one side of that point Opposite rays: two rays with the same end point extending in opposite directions Distance: the length between two points Congruent: two line segments or angles with equal measures Midpoint: pint in the exact middle of a segment Bisector: a ray, line, plane, or segment that splits an angle or a segment in half o Segment: a line, ray, plane, or segment that intersects a segment at its midpoint o Angle: a ray that divides the angle into two congruent pieces Angle: two rays with a common endpoint o Obtuse: an angle that measures more than 90 but less than 180 o Right: an angle that measures exactly 90 and is formed by perpendicular lines o Acute: an angle that measures less than 90 o Straight: an angle that measures exactly 180 Adjacent: angles with a common vertex and a common ray between them Supplementary: two angles whose sum is 180 Complementary: two angles whose sum is 90 Vertical: the non-adjacent angles formed by the intersecting lines (congruent) Perpendicular: two lines that intersect to form 90 degree angles Point: simplest figure in geometry; refers to an exact location undefined term Line: represented by two points and extends infinitely in both directions; can choose different points on a line and its still the same line undefined term o Through any two points there is exactly one line Plane: flat surface that extends infinitely in both directions; true plane has no thickness; undefined term o Parallel lines make a plane o Intersecting lines make a plane o A line and a point not on the line make a plane o Three non-collinear lines make a plane o A line is either parallel to a plane, contained in a plane, or intersects a plane at exactly one point o Two planes are either parallel or the intersect in a line Parallel Lines: two lines in the same plane that dont intersect; same slope Perpendicular Lines: 2 lines that intersect at 90 angles; opposite reciprocal slopes Skew Lines: two lines that never touch and are in different planes SAP (Segment Addition Postulate) o 2 segments added together equal one larger segment

AAP (Angle Addition Postulate) o Two angles added together equal one larger angle

Chapter 2: Add, rename, substitute Midpoint Theorem o If M is the midpoint of AB than AM= AB and MB= AB Angle Bisector Theorem o If a ray bisects an angle than the two halves equal half the larger angle VAT (Vertical Angle Theorem) o The two opposite angles formed by intersecting lines are congruent Definition of Perpendicular Lines o If two lines are perpendicular than they form 90 degree angles o If right angle or 90 degree angles formed, lines are perpendicular If two lines are perpendicular, then they form congruent adjacent angles If two lines form congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular EST o If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles are perpendicular, the angles are complementary SAT (Supplementary Angle Theorem) o If two angles are supplements of the same or congruent angles, they are congruent CAT (Complementary Angle Theorem) o If two angles are complements of the same or congruent angles, they are congruent Chapter 3: Parallel Lines: coplanar lines that dont intersect Transversal: a line that intersects two or more coplanar lines at different points Alternate Interior Angles: Angles inside the parallel lines on opposite sides of the transversal (congruent) Same Side Interior Angles: Angles inside the parallel lines on the same side of the transversal (supplementary) Corresponding Angles: Angles in the same spot relative to the parallel lines PCAC (If parallel lines, corresponding angles are congruent) PAIC (If parallel lines, alternate interior angles are congruent) PSSS (If parallel lines, same side [interior] angles are supplementary) CACP (If corresponding angles are congruent, lines are parallel) AICP (If alternate interior angles are congruent, lines are parallel) SSSP (If same side [interior] angles are supplementary, lines are parallel) Two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel Two lines parallel to a third line are parallel to each other Scalene Triangle: no congruent sides Isosceles Triangle: two legs congruent

Equilateral Triangle: all sides congruent (all angles congruent) Acute Triangle: 3 acute angles Obtuse Triangle: 1 obtuse angle, two acute Right triangle: 1 right angle, two acute Third Angle Corollary o If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle than the third angle is also congruent EAT (Exterior Angle of a Triangle) o The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two remote interiors Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = (# of sides 2) 180 The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon = 360 A regular polygon has all sides equal and all angles equal One (regular) interior angle = 180 (n-2) n One (regular) exterior angle = 360 n # of sides = 360 1 exterior angle

Chapter 4: Congruent shapes have the same size and shape When naming congruent triangles, congruent angles have to correspond CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent) SSS (side, side, side) o If three sides of a triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent SAS (side, angle, side) o If two sides and their included angle are congruent to two sides and their included angle of another triangle, the triangles are congruent ASA (angle, side, angle) o If two angles and their included side are congruent to two angles and their included side of another triangle, the triangles are congruent ITT (Isosceles Triangle Theorem) o If two sides (legs) of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are congruent CITT (Converse Isosceles Triangle Theorem) o If the two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite those angles are congruent An equilateral triangle is also equiangular (Three 60 angles) The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base at its midpoint AAS (angle, angle, side) o If two angles and a non-included side of a triangle are congruent to two angles and a non-included side of another triangle, the triangles are congruent HL (hypotenuse, leg)

o If the hypotenuse and leg of one right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and leg of another right triangle, the triangles are congruent Median is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side o Every triangle has three medians Altitude is a perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line containing the opposite side o Every triangle has three altitudes o In an acute triangle, the three altitudes are inside the triangle o In a right triangle, two of the altitudes are the legs o In an obtuse triangle two of the altitudes are outside of the triangle Perpendicular Bisector is perpendicular to a segment at its midpoint PBT (Perpendicular Bisector Theorem) o If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then it is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment CPBT (Converse Perpendicular Bisector Theorem) o If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, it is on the segments perpendicular bisector If a point lies on the bisector of an angle, it is equidistant from the sides of the angle If a point is equidistant from the sides of angle, it lies on the bisector of the angle

Chapter 5: Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, its a parallelogram If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel and congruent, its a parallelogram If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent parallelogram If the diagonals of quadrilateral bisect each other, its a parallelogram If two lines are parallel, then all the points on one line are equidistant from the other line If three parallel lines cu off congruent segment on one transversal, they cut off congruent segments on every transversal A line that contains the midpoint of one side of a triangle and is parallel to another side passes through the midpoint of the third side The segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half as long as the third side A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all four sides congruent A square is a quadrilateral with four right angles and all four sides congruent The diagonal of a rectangle are congruent The diagonals of rhombus are perpendicular

Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects two angles of the rhombus The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equidistant from the three vertices If an angle of a parallelogram is a right angle then the parallelogram is a rectangle If two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent, then the parallelogram is a rhombus A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides (called bases). The other pair of sides are called legs o An isosceles trapezoid has congruent legs The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent The median of a trapezoid is the segment that joins the midpoints of the legs MOT (Median of Trapezoid) o Median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and its length is the average of the bases

Chapter 6: The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side The third side of a triangle I greater than the difference of the other two sides The longest side of a triangle is opposite the biggest angle of a triangle The biggest angle of a triangle is opposite the longest side of a triangle The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is the shortest segment from the point to the line The perpendicular segment from a point to a plane is the shortest segment from the point to the plane Chapter 7: The ratio of one number to another is the quotient when the first number is divided by the second number Ratios can be used to compare any two numbers as long as they are in the same units of measure A proportion is a set of two equal ratios The means are the top number on the left ratio and the bottom number on the right ratio The extremes are the bottom number of the left ratio and the top number on the right ratio Means Extremes Property o Product of the means equals the product of the extremes (cross multiplying) a/b = c/d = e/f = a +c +e /b +d + f Two figures that have the same shape but NOT the same size are similar For similar polygons: o Corresponding angles must be congruent o Corresponding sides have to be in proportion (sides have same ratio)

When naming similar polygons, corresponding vertices have to be in the same order For similar polygons, the lengths of two corresponding sides are in a ratio called the scale factor o Use the scale factor to set up a proportion for find the length of other sides Ratio of perimeters = scale factor AA (Angle, angle, similar) o If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, the triangles are similar SAS (Side, angle, side, similar) o If an angle is congruent to an angle of another triangle and the sides including the angle are in proportion, the triangles are similar SSS (side, side, side, similar) o If the sides of two triangles are in proportion, the triangles are similar When comparing sides of a triangle: o Smallest to smallest o Largest to largest o Remaining to remaining Divided proportionally means two different segments are divided into equivalent proportions Triangle Proportionality Theorem o If a line is parallel to one side of triangle intersects the other two sides then it divides those sides proportionally If three parallel lines intersect two transversals, they divide the transversal proportionally o a/b = c/d Triangle Angle-Bisector Theorem: o If a ray bisects a angle of a triangle, it divides the opposite side into segments proportional to the other two sides a/c = b/d

Chapter 8: If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the two triangles formed are similar to the original triangle and each other When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of the altitude is the geometric mean between the segments of the hypotenuse When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse, each leg is the geometric mean between the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse it is adjacent to In 45-45-90 triangles, the legs are a and the hypotenuse is a root 2 In 30-60-90 triangles, the short leg is a, the hypotenuse is 2a and the long leg is a root 3 A 2 + B 2 = C2 o 3, 4, 5 o 5, 12, 13

o 8, 15, 17 o 7, 24, 25 2 If c > a2 + b2 obtuse If c2 < a2 + b2 acute

Chapter 9: Circle: set of points in a plane that are a given distance (radius) from a given point (center) in the plane Radius: any segment that joins the center to a point on the circle Chord: a segment whose endpoints lie on a circle Secant: a line that contains a chord Diameter: a chord that contains the center of a circle Tangent: a line in the plane of a circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point Point of tangency: the one point that the tangent intersect the circle at Sphere: the set of all points in space that are a given distance form a given point Congruent circles or sphere: circles or sphere that have congruent radii Concentric Circles: circles that lie in the same plane and have the same center (bulls eye) Concentric spheres: sphere that have the same center Inscribed in a circle/circumscribed about a polygon: when each side of a polygon is tangent to the circle, the circle is circumscribed about the polygon If a line is drawn tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency Tangents to a circle from a point are congruent Common internal tangent intersects the segment that joins the center of the circle and is tangent to each circle Common external tangent doesnt intersect the segment that joins the center of the circle but is tangent to each circle Central angle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle o Equal to the corresponding arc Minor arc = measure of central angle Major arc = 360 minor arc Semicircle = 180 AAP (Arc Addition Postulate) o Two arcs added together equals one larger arc In the same or congruent circles, minor arcs are congruent if the central angles are congruent Congruent chords have congruent arcs Congruent arcs have congruent chords A diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arc In the same or congruent circles, chords equidistant from the center are congruent In the same or congruent circles, congruent chords are equidistant from the center

An inscribed angle = intercepted arc If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc they are congruent An angle inscribed in a semicircle always = 90 If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, its opposite angles are supplementary An angle formed by a chord and a tangent equals the intercepted arc An angle formed by two chords that intersect inside the circle equals the sum of the intercepted arcs An angle formed by two secants, two tangents, or a secant and a tangent = difference of the intercepted arcs

Chapter 11: Area of a square = side2 If two figures are congruent, they have the same area The area of a region = the sum of the areas of its non-overlapping parts Area of a rectangle = (base)(height) Area of a parallelogram = (base)(height) Area of a triangle = (base) (height) Area of an equilateral triangle = (side2 root 3) 4 Area of a rhombus = (base)(height) or (diagonal1 diagonal2) Area of a trapezoid = height (base1 + base2) or (median)(height) Apothem = the perpendicular distance from the center of the polygon to a side Area of a polygon = (apothem)(perimeter) Area of central angle = 360 # of sides Circumference of a circle = 2(radius) or (diameter) Area of a circle = r2 Ratio of circumference to diameter = Area of a sector = r2 (x 360) Length of an arc = 2r(x 360) Area of a sliver = area of sector area of triangle Comparing areas: o Triangles with equal heights ratio of bases o Triangles with equal bases ratio of heights o Similar triangles square of scale factor Ratio of perimeters = scale factor Ratio of areas = (scale factor)2 Ratio of volumes = scale factor cubed Chapter 12: Prism: three dimensional solid that has two bases (top and bottom) Length of altitude: segment joining the two bases (perpendicular to both bases) Lateral faces: faces of the prism that arent bases (# of faces = # sides of base) Lateral edges: segments that connect lateral faces together Right prism: all the lateral faces are rectangles, all lateral edges are perpendicular

Oblique prism: all the lateral faces arent rectangles (parallelograms) Each pyramid has triangular faces with the vertex in common o Triangles are lateral faces o Intersect at lateral edges Regular pyramids: o Bases are regular polygons o All lateral edges are congruent o All lateral faces are congruent, isosceles triangles o Height of the lateral faces = slant height o Altitudes meets the base at the center Cylinder is like a prism but the bases are circles instead of polygons Altitude is the segment joining the centers of the circles (height) Radius of the cylinder is the radius of the base A cone is like a pyramid but with a circular base A sphere is a set of points that are a given distance from a given point (center) Similar solids: solids with the same shape but not the same size Ratio of side lengths = scale factor Ratio of perimeters = scale factor Ratio of base area, lateral area, and total area = (scale factor)2 Ratio of the volumes = scale factor cubed LAprism = perimeter of base height TAprism = LA + 2BA Vprism = BA height LApyramid = perimeter slant height TApyramid = LA + BA Vpyramid = 1/3 BA height LAcylinder = 2r(height) TAcylinder = LA +2BA Vcylinder = r2h LAcone = r(slant height) TAcone = LA +BA Vcone = 1/3 r2h Asphere = 4r2 Vsphere = 4/3 r^3

Chapter 13: Distance formula = square root of (x1 x2)2 + (y1 y2)2 Circle equation = (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2 Slope = m= y1 y2 x1 x2 Midpoint formula = x1 + x2 2 , y1 + y2 2 Parallel lines: same slope Perpendicular lines: opposite reciprocal slope Vertical lines: no slope

Horizontal lines: 0 slope To find equation of line o Slope and y intercept o Slope and point Plug point into equation to find y intercept o Two points Find slope Use one point to find the y intercept o 2 intercepts Use intercepts as points Find slope Plug in y intercept o Point and a parallel line Take slope from parallel line Use point to find y intercept