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Lecture 4
Open Wire
Open wire
Relatively low attenuation Useful for long, rural customer loops Keeping wires separate is a problem Large diameter High copper consumption
Paired Cable
Paired Cable
Introduced in 1883 6-2700 wire pairs in a single cable. Underground cable distribution.
AWG
Lower gauge (Higher diameter) are used for longer distances. Cable pairs are capable of carrying much higher frequencies than required by a telephone quality voice signal (3.4 kHz)
From economic point of view, subscriber loop lengths should be as large as possible to cover a large area. But two factors limit their length: Signaling and Attenuation limits. Exchanges are designed to accept a maximum loop resistance.
Example
An exchange uses a -40 V battery to drive subscriber lines. A resistance of 250 is placed in series with the battery to protect it from short circuits. The subscribers are required to use a standard telephone set which offers a dc resistance of 50 . The microphone requires 23 mA for proper functioning. Determine the farthest distance from the exchange at which a subscriber can be located if 26 AWG conductor is used.
Solution: 23 mA = 40/(250+50+R); R = 1439 Loop Length = 1439/133.89 = 10.74 km Farthest Distance = 10.74/2 = 5.37 km
Unigauge Design
48 V
72/96 V
Loading Coils
Attenuation constraint is usually overcome by the use of loading coils. Typical Inductance value = 88 mH and typical spacing interval is 1.8 km. Loading coil std convention: 26-H-88
Letter Code A B C D E F H X Y Spacing (Km.) 0.21 0.92 0.28 1.37 1.7 0.85 1.83 0.2 0.65
Loading coils
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Party Lines
Useful for satisfying new service requests on routes with no spare wires. Objectionable due to lack of privacy and lack of availability.
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TASI
Time Assignment Speech Interpolation Dynamically assigns a channel after sensing voice activity on channel. A conversation is active for only 40% of time, which indicates that excess activity can be accommodate during inactive period in a direction. If a source becomes active when all channels are occupied, the speech segment is clipped until a channel becomes free.
TASI
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FDM
For long distance telephone connections, 20th century telephone companies used Lcarrier and similar co-axial cable systems carrying thousands of voice circuits multiplexed in multiple stages.
L-carrier
System Year Frequency Coax Distance per between cable repeaters 4 4 8 20 22 8 miles 16 miles 4 miles 2 miles 2 miles Capacity per coax
600 voice circuits 360 voice circuits 5,580 voice circuits 32,400 voice circuits 132,000 voice circuits
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FDM Hierarchy
FDM is based on channel groups. The channel groups are based on multiples of the voice channel, as shown below: The basic channel is called the Voice Channel (VC) and it has a bandwidth of 0-4 kHz. Group is made of 12 Voice Channels. Supergroup (60 VCs) is made of 5 Groups. Mastergroup (600 VCs) = 10 Supergroups. Jumbogroup (3600 VCs) = 6 Mastergroups.
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FDM Hierarchy
Multiplex Level Voice Channel Group Supergroup Mastergroup Jumbogroup VCs 1 12 60 600 3600 Freq Band(kHz) 0-4 60 - 108 312 - 552 564 - 3,084 564 - 17,548 BW(kHz) 4 48 240 2520 16984
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