CognitiveRadioNetworks: ImplementationandApplicationissues inIndia

By

LokeshChouhan UnderthesupervisionofProf.AdityaTrivedi
ABV IndianInstituteofinformation f f Technology&Management, Gwalior

Contents
Introduction LiteratureReview CRNArchitecture CRNA hi Challenges Issues Applications Conclusion&Issuesforfuturework References

Fig1Ref.fromwww.telcoma.in

Introduction
WirelessRadioSpectrumEnvironment FixedSpectrumAssignment SharedSpectrumConcept DynamicSpectrumAccess D i S A

NeXtGeneration(xG)Network i ( ) k DARPADynamicSpectrumAccess I lli IntelligentRadioN/w(CognitiveRadio) R di N/ (C i i R di )

HoleorWhiteSpaceConcept

Fig.1:CRNConcepts

CognitiveRadioNetwork
Wirelesscommunicationinwhichthetransmission orreceptionparametersarechangedtocommunicate efficientlywithoutinterferingwithlicensedusers. Parameterchangesarebasedontheactive monitoringoffseveralfactorsintheradio environment(e.g.radiofrequencyspectrum).

Thisapproachisenabledbysoftwaredefinedradio frequencyspectrum.

LiteratureReview
CRNwasfirstdescribedbyMitolainhisPh.DThesis,Cognitive radio:integratedagentarchitectureforsoftwaredefinedradioin2000.

FCC hasgiventhereportin2003.

DSAconceptwasfirstlyimplementedbyDARPA in2003.

Radiosceneanalysis,Channelstateestimation,predictivemodeling, Transmit powercontrol,dynamicspectrummanagementaredescribed Transmitpowercontrol dynamicspectrummanagementaredescribed extensivelybySimonHaykin inFeb.2005.

LiteratureReview
DynamicSharedSpectrumaccessconceptisdescribedbyI.F.Akyildiz in 2006andalsointroducedconceptofCognitiveRadioAdHocNetwork (CRAHN)whichisinfrastrurelesscognitiveradionetworkinJuly2009.

Wireless RegionalAreaNetwork (WRAN),alsoknownasIEEE802.22 g ( ), WorkingGrouponWirelessRegionalAreaNetworks.

BriefdetailofCRNplatforms:UniversalSoftwareRadioPeripheral (USRP),WirelessopenAccessResearchPlatform (WARP)and Sundance.

CRNArchitecture

Fig.2:CRNArchitecture

CRNFunctions
Spectrum sensing i Spectrum management t Spectrum mobility bilit Spectrum sharing h i

Detecting D t ti unused spectrumand sharingthe spectrum without harmful interference withother h h users.

Capturingthe bestavailable spectrumto meetuser communicati on requirements. requirements

Maintaining seamless communicati on requirements duringthe transitionto better spectrum.

Providingthe fairspectrum scheduling method among coexistingCR users. users

CognitiveCycle

Cognitivecapability

Reconfigurability

Fig3:CognitiveCycle

Challengesinspectrumsensing
Interferencetemperaturemeasurement

Spectrumsensinginmultiusernetworks Spectrumsensinginmulti usernetworks

Detectioncapability

Spectrummanagementchallenges
Decisionmodel. Multiplespectrumbanddecision. Cooperationwithreconfiguration. Spectrumdecisionoverheterogeneous p spectrumbands.

Challengesofspectrummobility
Spectrumhandoff. p

Spectrummobilityinmultipleusers. Spectrummobilityinmultipleusers

Spectrumsharingchallenges
Commoncontrolchannel(CCC).

Dynamicradiorange. Dynamicradiorange

Spectrumunit.

Implementationissues
ReadinessoftheCRNbackbone DefiningpointofInterconnectandInterface. DefinitionofUniformservicebasedpriorities. D fi i i fU if i b d i i i Defaultserviceandroutingrequirement. Defaultserviceandroutingrequirement ServiceauthenticationandAuthorization.

Regulatoryissues
Migrationfromservicebasedlicensingtoserviceneutrallicensingregime. Issuesrelatedwithconvergedlicensing. Issuesrelatedwithconvergedlicensing Reclassificationofthelicenses. Pricingissuestoendusers. Migrationfromservicebasedpricingtoserviceneutralpricing. RevenuesettlementoftheoperatorsinCRNenvironment. RevenuesettlementoftheoperatorsinCRNenvironment

QoS issues
NeedtodefineQualityofservicesparametersinCRNenvironment. MonitoringQoSinvariousnetworksandensuringcompliancetodefined M i i Q Si i k d i li d fi d QoS parametersinCRNenvironment. EnsuringEndtoEndQoSacrossthenetworks. E i E d E dQ S h k

Needtodefineuniqueservicebasedpriorities. Needtodefineuniqueservicebasedpriorities

Reliabilityacrossdiverseapplications.

Securityissues
Protectionfromvariousprotocolattacks.

Applicationattacks.

Unauthorizeduserintroduction.

Unauthorizedaccesstosystemdata. U th i d t t d t

Denialofservices(DOS)andDistributedDenialofservicesattacks e a o se ces ( O ) a d s u ed e a o se ces a ac s (DDOS).

Issues
Routingchallenges
Commoncontrolchannel Intermittentconnectivity Rerouting Queuemanagement

Transportlayerchallenges
RTT SpectrumHandoffLatency d ff

Crosslayerchallenges
Challengesinspectrummanagement DynamicNatureandRerouting Challengesinspectrumhandoff SpectrumHandoffLatency RouteFailureandRecovery SpectrumHandoffLatency,RouteFailureandRecovery Challengesinspectrumsharing SpectrumSensingCapabilityandSharingDelay C a e ges uppe aye s Challengesinupperlayers DynamicFrequency,MultipleHopsandSpectrumhandoffs,

CRNApplications
Military Network Emergency Network CRMesh Network

Multimedia

Leased Network

CRN Applications

Cellular Networks

Conclusion
SpectrumAwarenessConcept.

VeryUsefulforB3GNetworks.

Spectrumsharingtechniquescanhelpusfilltheregulatory gapsinaparticularinterferenceenvironment.

Agreatdealofresearchstillneedstobedoneonsimulating andexploretheseintelligentnetworkideas. andexploretheseintelligentnetworkideas

C l i Conclusion
Cognitiveradiotechnologycansolvetheproblemofspectrum underutilization.

Channelassignmentincognitiveradionetworksisespecially g g p y challenginginCRN.

MainaimofthisresearchisCharacterizeandanalyze,andenhance thethroughputandprovidesecuritysolutions

24

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

Blayneh K. W, Gumel A. B, Lenhart S, Clayton T, 2009, Backward bifurcation and optimal control in transmission dynamics of West Nile Virus, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, DOI 10.1007/s11538009 94800. I.F. Akyildiz, Y. Altunbasak, F. Fekri, R. Sivakumar, AdaptNet: adaptive protocol suite for next ge e at o w e ess te et , generation wireless internet, IEEE Communications Magazine 42 (3) (2004) 128138. Co u cat o s aga e 4 ( 004) 8 38. FCC, ET Docket No 03222 Notice of proposed rule making and order , December 2003. DARPA XG WG, The XG Architectural Framework V1.0, 2003. DARPA XG WG, The XG Vision RFC V1.0, 2003. S. Haykin, Cognitive radio: brainempowered wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas i C A in Communications 23 ( ) ( i i (2) (2005) 201 220. ) R.W. Thomas, L.A. DaSilva, A.B. MacKenzie, Cognitive networks, in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005, November 2005, pp. 352360. F.K. Jondral, Softwaredefined radiobasic and evolution to cognitive radio, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and Networking 2005 g 5 M.M. Buddhikot, P. Kolody, S. Miller, K. Ryan, J. Evans, DIMSUMNet: new directions in wireless networking using coordinated dynamic spectrum access, in: Proc. IEEE WoWMoM 2005, June 2005, pp. 7885. O. Ileri, D. Samardzija, N.B. Mandayam, Demand responsive pricing and competitive spectrum allocation via spectrum server in: Proc IEEE DySPAN 2005 November 2005 pp 194 202 server, Proc. 2005, 2005, pp. 194202.

References
10. S.A. Zekavat, X. Li, Usercentral wireless system: ultimate dynamic channel allocation, in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 11. 12. 12

13.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

2005, November 2005, pp. 8287. I. F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran, S. Mohanty, NeXt generation/ dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey, Computer Networks, vol. 50, no. 13, Sep. 2006, pp. 21272159. Yuan Zhang Gaochao Xu Xiaozhong Geng Security Threats in Cognitive Radio Networks, The 10th IEEE Zhang, Xu, Geng, Security Networks International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications HPCC 2527 Sept. 2008 , pp. 1036 1041 . T. Charles Clancy, Nathan Goergen,Security in Cognitive Radio Networks: Threats and Mitigation, 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, CrownCom May 2008 , pp. 18. Ossama Younis, Latha Kant, Kirk Chang, and Kenneth Young,Cognitive MANET Design for MissionCritical Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2009 , pp. 6471. Allen B. MacKenzie, Peter Athanas, R. Michael Buehrer, and Claudio R. C. M, CognitiveRadio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 97, No. 4, April 2009, pp. 660688. Tech , 660 688. Zlkf Gen, Umar H. Rizvi, Ertan Onur, Cooperative Communications in Future Home Networks, Wireless Pers Commun,Springer, March 2010, pp. 349364. MICHAEL J. MARCUS, SPECTRUM ISSUES IN FCCS NATIONAL BROADBAND PLAN, IEEE Wireless Communications, April 2010. Simon Haykin,David J. Thomson,Jeffrey H. Reed,, Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio, Proceedings of the IEEE,Vol. 97, No. 5, May 2009, pp. 849877 .

ThankYou Th kY

xGNetworkArchitecture
xGnetworkfunctions xGnetworkonlicensedband xGnetworkonunlicensedband

xGNetwork
xGnetworkapplications

LeasedNetwork CognitiveMeshNetwork EmergencyNetwork MililatryNetwork Spectrumpolling CORVUS DIMSUMnet DRiVE OC OCRA

E i ti hit t Existingarchitectures

SpectrumSensing
Inordertoavoidinterferencethespectrumholesneed tobesensed
primaryuserdetectionthemostefficientway. i d i h ffi i

SpectrumSensing
Transmitterdetection

(noncooperativedetection) Matchedfilterdetection Energydetection Cyclostationaryfeaturedetection Cooperativedetection Interferencebaseddetection Spectrumsensingchallenges

SpectrumSensing
TransmitterDetection

whetherthesignalfromaprimarytransmitter islocallypresentinacertainspectrumornot Threedifferentapproaches matchedfilterdetection atc ed te detect o energydetection Cyclostationarydetection CooperativeDetection methodwhereinformationfrommultipleusers areincorporatedforprimaryuserdetection

S t S i SpectrumSensing

Fig.5.Classificationofspectrumsensingtechniques

SpectrumManagement
Neededtocapturethebestavailablespectrumtomeet

usercommunicationrequirements C Cognitiveradiosshoulddecideonthebestspectrum i i di h ldd id h b bandtomeettheQoSrequirementsoverallavailable spectrumbands. spectrumbands managementfunctionsclassifiedas spectrumanalysis spectrumdetection Spectrummanagementchallenges. p g g

SpectrumMobility
Theprocesswhereacognitiveradiouserexchangesits

frequencyoffoperation. Targettousethespectruminadynamicmannerby T h i d i b allowingtheradioterminalstooperateinthebest availablefrequencyband. availablefrequencyband Seamlesscommunicationrequirementsduringthe transitiontobetterspectrummustbemaintained. p Spectrumhandoff SpectrummobilitychallengesinxGnetworks

SpectrumSharing
Providingthefairspectrumschedulingmethod Sharingisamajorchallengeinopenspectrumusage. CorrespondstoMACproblemsinexistingsystems.

SpectrumSharing

Fig6ClassificationofspectrumsharinginxG networks basedonarchitecture,spectrumallocationbehavior,and spectrumaccesstechnique