Boundary Layer Theory

-
Prof. Dr. Norbert Ebeling

Boundary Layer Theory
Lecture notes
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 1 -
Contents :
1) General fluid mechanics / Newton fluids
1.1) Euler's law of hydrostatics
1.2) Friction
1.3) Dimensionless numbers
1.4) Laminar flow in a tube
2) Conservation equations
2.1) Mass balance for = const.
2.2) Euler's and Bernoulli's equations
2.3) Navier-Stokes equations
3) Boundary layers
3.1) Boundary layers on a flat plate
3.2) Friction forces on a plate
3.3) Boundary layer on an obstacle
4) Potential and stream functions
5) Law of Kutta-Joukowski
6) Exact calculation of the Boundary layer thickness
6.1) Conservation of mass (continuity equation)
6.2) Navier-Stokes and Blasius equations
6.3) Friction
7) Thermal Boundary layer

8) Mass Transfer Boundary layer equation
9) Turbulent Boundary layer
10) Burbling
11) Bibliography
12) Acknowledgment
(dz) dy
dx
-
Du
= dm
Dt
i
dF
= 0
u
t
-
u
= u
x
Du
Dt
i
f
= dx dy dz dm - - -
x
y
z
i e x u
j e y v general definitions
k e z w
)
,
,
,
1) General fluid mechanics / Newton Fluids

General definitions

Acceleration :

stationary :

frequently :

volume force: (e.g. g )

- - -
u u u u
= + u + v + w
t x y z
Du
Dt
1
dF
2
dF
x
F
f dx dy dz = dx
x
- - - - -
dp dy dz dF = - -
x
p
f =
x
-
x 1 2
f dV + dF = dF - -
1.1) Euler's law of hydrostatics

x
x
f
= +
u
y

-
u
=
y

-

inertial force
friction force
+ dy
y
,
,
( )
= dy dx dz
FR
F
y
dA

- - -
_
{

1.2) Friction
Moving fluid : ( Couette - flow )

Newton fluid

Schlichting :

1.3) Dimensionless numbers :
Reynolds number
Re ~

u
dx dy dz u
x
Re ~
dx dy dz
y
dm
- - - - -
- - -
u u
~ ; =
y y
u
x d y
| |

|

\
-
u
~
y d y

| |
|

\
-
v d
Re =
-
with =

or any comparable
speed v else
laminar flow : high friction forces,
low inertial forces

avoided by friction

deciding
2
V
v
v d
d
Re = =
v

d
- -
- -
-
A
A
F
C =
p s -
2
1
u
2
p
- -
( or ) analogous
w
C
( )
R
2
m
d dp
= or
dx
u
2

-
-
Froude -
number
v
Fr
g d
=
-
R
w
F
C =
p s -
ascending force
s
Bernoulli :

Pipe :

Gravity influence :

64
=
Re
R
r dp du
= = -
2 dx dr
- -
2
2
R dp r
u(r) = - 1
4 dx R
(
| |
(
|
\
(

- -
1.4) Laminar flow in a tube

extremely high
nearly no initial forces, no influence of dm or !

Hagen-Poisseulle :

Derivation :

Integration with u (r = R) = 0 leads to :
2
d dp 64 64
= =
dx v d v d
v
2

- -
-
- - -
-
2 2
dp
p r - p + dx r - 2 r dx = 0
dx
| |

|
\
- - - - -
v
+ = 0
y
u
x

R
0
V = u (r) 2 dr
`
- -
4
R dp
V = -
8 dx
| |
|
\
-
`
-
-
2
2
V R p
u = =
R 8 l

`
-
- -
( )
u 2R
Re =
- -
64
= laminar !!
Re

2) Conservation equations
Important conservation equations for describing
continuous flow ( cartesian coordinates ) :

2.1) Mass balance for = const.

2
1
2
p d
=
u l
-
- -
1
y z u - -
2
= u y z - -
2
+ v x z - -
( )
1 2 2
u - u y = + v x - -
u p
u = -
x x

- -
x
Du u
dV = dV u = + dF
Dt x
- - - - -
u v
+ = 0
x y


2.2) Euler's and Bernoulli's equations
Eulers equation ( one direction, pipe ):

Integration : W = F l leads to Bernoulli's equation

x
u - p
u = + f
x x

- - -
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
u
= p - g h
2
- - -
( )
= dy dx dz
R
dF
y

- - -
u u p
u + v = -
x y x
Du
Dt
| |
|

\
- - -
v
Mechanical energy balance : Bernoulli incl. hydrostatics

Euler (2 directions ):

v leads to a higher
value of u
2.3) Navier - Stokes - equation
Bernoulli and Euler neglect friction
u

y

=
-
2 2
x
2 2
u u p
u + v = f - + +
x y x
u u
y x

| |
| |
|
|

\
\
- - - -
2 2
y
2 2
p
v + u = f - + +
v v v v
y x y y x

| |
| |
|
|

\
\
- - - -
Navier - Stokes - Equations
( Can be simplified in a boundary layer (later))
3) Introduction to Boundary layers

3.1) Boundary layers on a flat plate
No influence of the viscosity but directly on the wall
Boundary layer phenomena :
( Schlichting )
2 2
2 2
u
= +
y
R
u
f
x
| |

|

\
-
x Rx
Du p
= f - + f
Dt x

- -
2
2
u u
~
x

- -
x
~
u
-
2
u u
~ ; ~
u
x x y

-
2 2
2
u
u = =
u
x y y

- - -
99 (x)
x
= 5
u
-
-
Thickness of a boundary layer, laminar on a plate
inertial force = friction force ( Navier -Stokes )
( )
= f x
u
( )
i
y = 0
(x) = U - u(x,y) dy U
- -
value low
99
is arbitrary
99 (x)
5 x
=
l
Re
l
-
Dimensionless :

A non - arbitrary value : displacement thickness

3.2) Friction forces on a plate :
high value
99
1

3
i

-
u
( ) =
y
w
w
x
| |
\
-
W W
w
2
S
(Surface)
F F
= c = =
E
u b l
2

- -
( )
l
W W
0
F = b x dx
- -
l 1

3
2
W
0
F ~ b u x dx
- - - - -

x
u
~ with ~
u
w
-
-
3
u
~
w
x

- -
1
3
2
W
F ~ b u 2 l
- - - - -
3
2
4 2
b 2 u l
~
b u l
4
w
c

- - - - -
- - -
l
~
Re
w
c
1,1328
=
Re
w
c

3.3) Boundary layer on an obstacle :
Navier - Stokes :

Far away from the obstacle (stream line) :
( )
dU l dp
U = - no friction
dx dx
- -
dU dp
and are related to Bernoulli
dx dx
= w ds

4) Potential and Stream functions
For describing vortex streams ( and comparable ) :
Circulation :
Potential streams (no friction ) :
no rotation
Mass balance ; conservation equation :
1
1
2
2
v
= =
t x
= = -
t
1 v u
= -
2 x y
u
y

| |
|

\
v u
= 0 ; - = 0
x y

v
+ = 0
y
u
x

u = ; v = -
y x

+ - = 0
y x x y
| |

| |
|
|

\
\
2 2
2 2
+ = 0
x y

= ; v =
y
u
x

Stream function (definition ) :

Conservation equation :
No rotation :
Potential function :
Potential streams

1 v u v u
= - ; - = 0
2 x y x y
| |
|

\
-
2 2
2 2
u u
+ = 0
x y

( )
p = f u, v
2
2
v u u v
- - + = 0
y x y x x x y
| |
| | | |
| | |

\ \
\
u u p
u + v = - + 0
x y x
| |
|

\
- - -
Streams without any rotation :

also conservation equation :

Insert in Navier - Stokes :

leads to Bernoulli for v = 0
- no friction ! -
no rotation - no friction

v u
- = 0
x y

u v
+ = 0
x y

2 2
v u
- = 0 - = 0
x y x y x y

2 2
2 2
+ = 0
x y

Model frequently used :
On the obstacle : boundary layer
in the vicinity , but outside the layer :
no friction
potential function :

No rotation :

Conservation equations :

Stream function :
Conservation equations o.k.

u = ; v =
x y

u = ; v = -
y x

= w ds
,
,
-

from definition :
Stream line : ( no v : ) -> = constant

Circulation :
Example :

here : = 0
( all possible ways )

airfoil :
high speed

low speed
u + v = 0
x y

- -
0
( )
= 2 r r - - -
Potential- and flowfunctions as well as velocitys for some elementary potential flows
flow streamline
translational flow
source flow
( productiveness E )
potential vortex stream
( circulation I' )
source-drain flow
( productiveness E, distance h )
dipole flow
( dipole moment M )
( ) x, y ( ) x, y ( ) u x, y ( ) v x, y
U x + V y

E
ln r
2

2
1
2
E r
ln
2 r
2
M x

2 r
U y - V x

E

2
ln r
2
( )
1 2
E
-
2

2
M y

2 r
2
E x

2 r
2
y

2 r
2 2
1 2
E x + h x
-
2 r r
| |
|
\
2 2
4
M y - x

2 r
V
2
E y

2 r
2
x

2 r
2 2
1 2
Ey 1 1
-
2 r r
| |
|
\
4
M 2xy

2 r
l
r
w ~ = 0

assumption : ; obviously :

One exception : including the centre :
(see also: Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 130 )
rad
yield : E = w 2 r - -
for x = r : E = u 2 x - -
E
u =
2 x ( or r )
2 2
E
= ln x + y
2
-
2 2 2 2
E 1 1 1
u = = 2x
x 2 2
x + y x + y

- - - -
2
E x
u =
2 r
-
E E y
= = arctg
2 2 x
| |

|

\
- -
E y
u = = arctg
y 2 y x
| |
| |
| |

\
\
-
rad
spring : V = w 2 r h
`
- - -

Spring :

2
1
arctg x =
x 1 + x
( )
( )
y
x
y
x
u =
x

-

Bronstein :

the rest is the same
For application :
airfoil :

( )
2
2 2
y
x
E 1 1 x
u =
2 x x
1 +
- - -
2
E x
u =
2 r
-
stream = of model streams

A
F =b l p - -
( )

2
A
1
F =b l 2u
2

- - - -
2
A
F = 2 l b u
- - - -
5) Law of Kutta - Joukowski
simple example :
flat plate :

Kutta - Joukowski
= 2 u l
- -
A
F = b u
- - -
: u = U y

2
2
u u
+ v =
x y
u
u
y

- - -
= 0 : u = 0, v = 0 y

u
y
x
-
6) Exact calculation of the Boundary layer
thickness
Boundary layer on a plate :

For similarity y/ (x) is important

v
+ = 0
y
u
x

( )
x v
x ~
u
-
m
= =
y m y
u

-
( )
= u f m u

-
( )
1 1
= 2 u f m
2
x
x
- - - - -
= y
2 x
u
m
-
- -
( )
= 2 x f m
2 x
u
u u

- - - - -
- -
Definition :

( the factor 2 is arbitrary but helpful )
Idea :
Stream function :

= -
x
v

( )
= 2 x u f m

- - - -
( )
Schlichting
says
dimensionless
stream function
= 2 x u f m
- - - -
( )
m
2 x u f m
x
+
(

- - - - -
3
-
2
u 1
= y - x
2 2
m
x
| |
|
\
- - -
-
3
-
1 2
2
u u
= f - y x x
x 2 x 2 x

| |

|
|

\
-
- - - - -
- - -
( )
u
v = - = m f - f
x 2 x
-
- -
-
( )
3
-
2
1
= u f m y - x
2 2
u u
x
| |
\
- - - - -
-
u
v
= m f - f
2 x y 2 x
u
y y

( (

( (

( (

- -
- - -
- -
( )
1
= f m -
2 x
u
u m
x

| |
\
- - -
-
( )
2 x u f m

- - - - -

6.1) Conservation of mass (continuity equation)
u u u u u v
= f + y f
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
m
y

- -
- - - - -
- - - - - - - -
u v
+ = 0
x y

( )

= m f - f
2 x
u
v

-
- -
-
( )
= f m u u

-
( )
1
= f m m -
2 x
u
u
x

| |
\
- - -
-
( )
u u
= u f m
y 2 x

- -
- -

Conti - equation

6.2) Navier-Stokes and Blasius equations
Navier-Stokes for the boundary layer on a flat plate :

f
2 x 2 x
u u

-
- -
- - -
( )
1
= m f m
2 x
v
u
y

- - -
-
( )
2
2
= f m
2 x 2 x
u u u
u
y

- - -
- - - -
2
2
u u u
u + v =
x y y

- - -
f + f f = 0
Blasius - Equation

-
m = 0 f = 0 , f = 0
m : f = 1

( )
m = 0 i.e. y = 0 u = 0 and f = 0
( )
m i.e. y u = u and f = 1

( )
u
v = m f - f
2 x
-
- -
-
for y = 0 v and f have to be 0
with :
Inserting and differentation leads directly to :

side
conditions :
( )
u = u f m

-
characteristic parameters for the boundary layer on a
longitudinal flown plate
0,4696
1,2168
0,4696
0,7385
( )
1
= lim - f
(

w
f
( )
2
0
= f 1 - f d

There is a function f(m), but there is no equation.
description of f(m) :
Thickness of the boundary layer :
(see also : Schlichting, H. , Gersten, K. (2006): Grenzschicht - Theorie, Springer , 10th Ed., page 158 )
(nach : Schlichting, H. , Gersten, K. (2006): Grenzschicht - Theorie, Springer , 10th Ed., page 159 )
2
99
= y for u = 0.99 u
-
99
= y for f = 0.99

(see also : Incropera, F.P.; DeWitt, D.P.: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Wiley, 4th Ed., page 352 )
Attention : f and deviate from Schlichting in factor !
Flat plate laminar boundary layer functions
0,0 0,0000 0,000 0,470
0,4 0,0191 0,133 0,468
0,8 0,0750 0,265 0,462
1,2 0,1683 0,394 0,448
1,6 0,2970 0,517 0,420
2,0 0,4596 0,630 0,378
2,4 0,6520 0,729 0,322
2,8 0,8704 0,812 0,260
3,2 1,1095 0,876 0,197
3,6 1,3647 0,923 0,139
4,0 1,6306 0,956 0,091
4,4 1,9035 0,976 0,055
4,8 2,1814 0,988 0,031
5,2 2,4621 0,994 0,016
5,6 2,7436 0,997 0,007
6,0 3,0264 0,999 0,003
6,4 3,3086 1,000 0,001
6,8 3,5914 1,000 0,000
f
u
m = y
x
df u
=
dm u
2
2
d f
dm
u
u = u f y
2 x
| |
|
|
\
-
- -
w
w
u u
= u f
y 2 x
| |
|

\
- -
- -
w
u u 0,4696
= u
y x
2
| |
|

\
- -
-
l
w w
0
F = b dx
- -
l 1
2
w
0
u
F = 0,332 u b x dx

- - - - - -
l 1
2
0
with x dx = 2 l
-
6.3) Friction :
Plate ( 1 side ) :
w
u
= 0,332 u
x
- - -
-
w
w
F
c
u b l
2

=
- - -
( see also 3.2 )
7) Thermal boundary layer

Conservation equation for heat :

convection :

2
2
p
2
T u
c u + v = +
x y
T T
y y

| | | |
| |

\ \
- - - - - -
w
1.328
c
Re
=
( )
T
dx dz dy
y
| |

|
\
- - -
( )
c p
Q = m c T
`
`
- -
( )
p
T
c dy dz u dx
x
| |
\
- - - - - -
u
dP = dx dz dy
y

- - - -
u
=
y

-
convection :
> 0

conduction :
< 0

friction :

> 0
Compare the conservation equations for heat with Navier-Stokes !
T
A
y
| |
\
- -
2
p 2
T T T
c u + v =
x y y
| |

|

\
- - - -
2
2
u u u
+ v =
x y y
| |

|

\
- - -
2
2
p
2
2
u u
u
u + v
c
x y
y
=
T
T T
u v
y
x y
| |

|

\
| |
|

\
- -
- -
-
- - -
2
2
2
2
u u
u
u + v
x y
y
=
T
T T
u v
y
x y
Pr
| |

|

\
| |
|

\
- -
-
- - -
( heat from friction neglected )
Navier-Stokes adapted to a boundary layer (see also 6) )
( )
w
q = T - T
`
-
w
T
q = -
y
| |
\
`
-
u
w
T
-
y
=
T - T
| |
-
( )
T
T
w
w
-
y
=
T
- 1
T
| |
|
\
-
For gases Pr 1.
Independent from the condition u and T behave equal.
w
u
u
=
y
| |
| |
|
|
\
|

|
|
|
\
-
u
= 0,4696
2 x
- -
- -
l
1
0
2
1
b dx
u
x
= 0,4696
2 b l
- -
- - -
- -
2
u 4 l
= 0,4696
2 l
- -
- -
- -
1
+
2
= 0,664 Re
l
- -
Nu = 0,664 Re -
w
with u = 0

5
Re = 5 10 -
, sudden
There is evidence that for Pr 1 :

see also : Vauck, W.R.A., Mller, H.A.: "Grundoperationen chemischer Verfahrenstechnik" , Wiley, 11th
Edition (2001)
8) Mass transfer boundary layer equation
9) Turbulent Boundary layer
Plate : turbulent from on

virtual friction
turbulent layer : 2 layers

viscous sublayer
1 1
3 2
Nu = 0,664 Re Pr - -
2
A A A
AB
2
c c c
u + v = D
x y y

- - -
f
x
50
=
c
Re
2
v
x
-
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
u x,y,t = u x,y + u x,y,t
v x,y,t = v....
u = average ; u = 0
p (x,y,t) = p (x,y) + p (x,y,t)
u u u u
u + u + u + u + v.....
x x x x

| |

|

\
- - - - -
Viscous sublayer :

Turbulent boundary layers

Conservation equations :
Navier - Stokes ( for boundary layers ) :
u u v v u v
+ + + = 0 ; + = 0
x x y y x y

u u u u
u + u + v + v
x x y y
.....
| |

|

\
=
- - - -
( )
2
2
u u du u
u + v = u + - u v
x y dx y y
| |

|

\
- - - - - -
_
u u
u = 0 , u = 0
x x

- -
2 2
2 2
d u u
- + +
dx y y
| |
=
|

\
Average :
2 2
2 2
dp u u
- + +
dx y y
| |
=
|

\
-
( )
dp dU
- U Bernoulli
dx dx
= - -
( )
u u
u + v u v
x y y

- - -
l
u
=
y
-
( )
t
= - u v
is usually negative

u v

- -
-
t
- u v
= + with =
u
y
u

y

-
- -
~ l
u

y
u

-
2
t
u u
= l
y y

- - -
laminar sheer stress :
turbulent sheer stress :

: turbulent kinematic viscosity

l = length of mixing way
l = f ( distance to the wall )
laminar sublayer
v ~ u

dp
Flat plate : = 0
dx
du dp
U = -
dx dx
-
Degree of turbulence :
10) Burbling

Stream line along a body different from a flat plate outside
the boundary layer ( no friction : )

( see Bernoulli and Navier-Stokes )
( )
2 2 2
1
3
u
u + v + w
T =
u
-
2
2
u u dp u
u + v = - +
x y dx y
| |
| |

|
|

\
\
- - - -
low speed - high pressure
When friction and pressure increase, debonding occurs.
In the layer :

2
2
dp u
If has a high value, must
dx y
become positive

Result :


burbling from
point A on
Turbulent flow : + instead of :
burbling occurs later
(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 110 )
(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 111 )

w
c = 0
u D u D
Re = =

- - -
laminar
laminar, but burbling
}
turbulent
w
w 2
2
sphere :
F
c =
u
D
2 4

- - -
w
c = 0
creeping flow :
d'Alembert :
no friction
(and no burbling)
(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik,
Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 114 )

(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik,Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 112 )
f d
=
u
Sr
-
Periodic stream due to debonding :

Strouhal - Number :

11) Bibliography
- Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Shaker; 1st edition
(2003), ISBN-13: 978-3832210397
- Schlichting, H., Gersten, K. : Grenzschicht - Theorie, Springer Verlag,
10th edition (2006), ISBN-13: 978-3540230045
- Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P.: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Wiley, 5th edition (2001) , ISBN-10: 9755030654
- Vauck, W.R.A., Mller, H.A.: "Grundoperationen chemischer Verfahrens-
technik" , Wiley, 11th Edition (2000), ISBN -10: 3527309640
- Bronstein, I.N., Semendjajew, K.A., Musiol, G., Muehlig, H. : Taschenbuch
der Mathematik, Deutsch, 7th edition (2008) , ISBN-13: 978-3817120079
12) Acknowledgment
I would like to thank my student assistant Matthias Kemper
for his contribution to this work.

Boundary Layer Theory

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