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2
) (
2
2
+
=
the static error coefficients are given by
0
) ( lim
= =
s
s G K
p
0
2
) ( lim
= =
s
s sG K
n
v
0
0 ) ( lim
2
= =
s
s G s K
a
Since E(s)/R(s) can be expanded as:
2 2
2
2
2
) (
) (
n n
n
s s
s s
s R
s E
+ +
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
n n
n n
s
s
s s
+ +
+
=
....
4 1 2
2
2
2
+
(
]
1
+ = s s
n n
The dynamic velocity error coefficient is equal to the static velocity error coefficient; namely
v
n
K K = =
2
2
The dynamic acceleration error coefficient is given by
2
2
3
4 1
=
n
K
If a similar analysis is made for higher order systems, we can show that for a type N system the
dynamic error coefficients are given by:
N n for K
n
< =
+1
N n for s G S K
N
n
= =
+
) ( lim
1
Where n=0, 1, 2, .. the values of
1 + n
K for n>N are determined by the results of the
expansion of E(s)/R(s) near the origin.
ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC ERROR COEFFICIENTS:
An advantage of the dynamic error coefficients becomes clear when E(s) is written in the
following form:
.... ) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
) (
2
3 2 1
+ + + = s R s
K
s sR
K
s R
K
s E
The region of convergence of this series is the neighborhood of s=0. This corresponds to = t
in the time domain. The corresponding time solution or the steady state error is given, assuming
all initial conditions are zero and neglecting impulses at t=0 , as follows:
(
]
1
+ + =
t t
t r
K
t r
K
t r
K
t e ) ( "
1
) ( '
1
) (
1
lim ) ( lim
3 2 1
The steady state error due to the input function and its derivatives can thus be given in terms of
the dynamic error coefficients. This is an advantage of the dynamic error coefficients.
From the foregoing analysis, it can be seen that if E(s)/R(s) is expanded around the origin into
a power series, successive coefficients of the series indicate the dynamic error of the system
when it is subjected to a slowly varying input. The dynamic error coefficients provide a simple
way estimating the error signal to arbitrary inputs and the steady state error, without requiring
us actually to solve the system differential equation.
A REMARK ON DNAMIC VELOCITY ERROR COEFFICIENTS:
It is important to point out that the dynamic velocity error coefficient
2
K can be estimated from
the time constant of the first order system which approximates the given closed-loop transfer
function in the neighborhood of s=0 .
Consider a unity feedback control system with the following closed-loop transfer function :
..... 1
...... 1
) (
) (
2
2 1
2
+ + +
+ + +
=
s T s T
s T s T
s R
s C
b a
In the neighborhood of s=0:
.... ) ( 1
1
) (
) (
lim
1
+ +
=
s T T s R
s C
a
The dynamic velocity error coefficient
2
K is given by:
a
T T
K
=
1
2
1
This can be verified by expanding the function E(s)/R(s) about the origin as follows:
.... ) ( .... ) ( 1 1
) ( 1
1
1
) (
) (
1
) (
) (
1 1
1
+ = + + =
+
= = s T T s T T
T T s R
s C
s R
s E
a a
a
The dynamic velocity error coefficient
a
T T
K
=
1
2
1
From the preceding analysis, we may conclude that if C(s)/R(s) is approximated by:
1
1
1
) (
) (
<
+
= s for
s T s R
s C
eq
Then the dynamic velocity error coefficient
2
K is:
eq
T
K
1
2
=
Note that the dynamic velocity error coefficient
2
K thus obtained is the same as the static
velocity error coefficient. Since C(s)/R(s) can be written:
) ( 1
) (
1
1
1
1
1
) (
) (
s G
s G
s T
s T
s T s R
s C
eq
eq
eq
+
=
+
=
+
=
The static velocity error coefficient
v
K is:
0 0
1 1
lim ) ( lim
= = =
s s
T s T
s s sG K
eq eq
v
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