INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

MA in the ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST

G155: Course Handbook 2011-12 Issues in the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East

Programme Co-ordinator: Professor David Wengrow tel: 020 7679 4720 e-mail: d.wengrow@ucl.ac.uk Room 601 Turnitin Code: 298116, Password: IoA1112

INTRODUCTION This handbook contains information about the content and administration of the course. Queries about its objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation should be directed to the Course Co-ordinator. Further information can be found at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common and in the general MA/MSC handbook. It is your responsibility to read and act upon this information, which relates to originality, submission and grading of coursework; disabilities; communication; attendance; and feedback. AIMS The course explores themes and issues across the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, charting a chronological path from the end of the last Ice Age to the first millennium BC. The main aims are a) to develop a long-term, comparative perspective on the archaeology of these regions, and b) to situate their changing relationships over time within broader frameworks of culture history and social analysis, including those derived from other disciplines such as modern history, anthropology, and the history of art. OBJECTIVES On successful completion of this course a student should: have familiarised themselves with major, current issues of interpretation in the archaeology of the study region, and their historical and intellectual background be able to apply comparative and anthropological perspectives to the study of these issues have a sense of the long-term history of the study region, including changing patterns of interaction from prehistory to the present be aware of, and sensitive to, the variety of cultural claims placed on the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern past, both global and local LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate: advanced critical analysis of field studies and archaeological interpretations ability to compare and analyse data across traditional regional and disciplinary boundaries deployment of archaeological data to answer questions of wider anthropological and historical significance It is fully appreciated that no student will have a detailed command of the archaeology of the entire study region, and this is not an aim of the course. The emphasis throughout is on a) developing issues which are more productively addressed in a comparative framework than through regionally isolated studies; b) exploring the potential of inter-disciplinary and cross-cultural perspectives for future, innovative work within the archaeology of the regions concerned, including doctoral research. TEACHING METHODS The course is taught each week through a three hour session, comprising a lecture and group discussion (seminar). The lectures introduce key analytical topics as well as concrete case-studies. Lecture content ranges from general thematic overviews to detailed presentations of current research by specialists in a particular field of study. The discussions which follow provide an opportunity to apply comparative perspectives to material presented in the lectures, and to discuss issues arising in greater depth. All seminars have weekly readings, which should allow students to contribute actively to the discussion. In some cases, students may be asked to present their views on a particular text or body of material, or to prepare short exercises (non-examined) in advance of the seminar. We will also make use of objects from the UCL collections, where appropriate, and visits to particular collections in the British Museum may also be arranged. PREREQUISITES AND SITTING IN ON UNDERGRADUATE LECTURES The course does not have prerequisites, but given its broad range it is strongly advised that students sit in on undergraduate courses, particularly those relating to the archaeology of regions with which they are less familiar. Details of all undergraduate lectures can be obtained from the Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington. WORKLOAD There will be 40 hours of seminars for this course, plus the additional 20 hours of dedicated lectures. Students are expected to undertake around 240 hours of reading for the course, plus 80 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of approximately 360 hours.

ASSESSMENT This course is assessed by means of a total of 10,000 words of coursework, divided into three essays of 3,500 words each. Essay topics are to be chosen from the titles given at the end of each seminar summary, as below. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, or wish to propose an alternative title, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. The essential and recommended readings lists provided below are to be used as sources for writing the essay, but students are also encouraged to incorporate additional or alternative sources from their own reading. SUBMISSION DATES FOR COURSEWORK: Essay 1 Essay 2 Essay 3 9.12.2011 24.02.2012 5.05.2012

Word-length Strict new regulations with regard to word-length have been introduced UCL-wide with effect from the 2010-11 session. If your work is found to be between 10% and 20% longer than the official limit you mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a minimum mark of a minimum pass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your work is more than 20% over-length, a mark of zero will be recorded. The following should not be included in the word-count: bibliography, appendices, and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions. Submission procedures (coversheets and Turnitin, including Class ID and password) Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library). Please note that new, stringent penalties for late submission have been introduced UCL-wide from 2010-11. Late submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed. Date-stamping will be via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, students must also submit their work to Turnitin by the midnight on the day of the deadline. Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline in order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive the late submission penalty. If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or (preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF. Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree Handbook) for further details of penalties, and see your Degree Handbook for further information on Turnitin. Timescale for return of marked coursework to students. You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoAs Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington. Keeping copies Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the marker within two weeks. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these later. Citing of sources It is your responsibility to read and abide strictly by the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the Coursework Guidelines document at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/referencing.htm LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES Main Library (especially Ancient History section) Science Library (especially Anthropology section) SSEES Library (School of Slavonic and East European Studies) SOAS Library (School of Oriental and African Studies) Libraries outside of UCL which have holdings which may also be relevant to this degree are: British Museum Library Egypt Exploration Society Palestine Exploration Fund 3

TEACHING SCHEDULE Students following this course participate as a single group in course seminars and practicals. Further details of practical sessions or musuem visits will be provided well in advance or particular sessions. With four exceptions (see below, Weeks 6, 12, 14), lectures and seminars will be held 2pm 4pm on Thursdays, in room 209, with a short break inbetween; and note that Week 16 runs from 2pm 5pm. For British Museum sessions we will assemble promptly outside the Institute of Archaeology, 20 minutes before the seminar, and walk over together (so at 12:40pm on 6 th and at 1:40pm on 12th).

COURSE SYLLABUS Autumn Term 1. Concepts and regional traditions in studying the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern past (D. Wengrow, 6th October) 2. The significance of the Mediterranean region in Palaeolithic studies (A. Garrard, 13th October) th 3. Human ecologies and cultural transmission (M. Altaweel, 20 October) 4. Beginnings and spread of farming: global and local perspectives (D. Fuller, 27th October) 5. Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies: evolutionary trajectories and cultural diversification (D. Wengrow, 3rd November) (No session Thursday, 10th November: Reading Week) 6. British Museum Session 1: The domestication of humans: the importance of objects in the emergence of prehistoric social complexityGallery talk and object-handling session based on Mesopotamian material (A. Fletcher, 17th November) [please note this session runs from 1-3pm] 7. Emergence of urban economies and the ancient world system (D. Wengrow, 24th November) 8. Palatial economies and the social contexts of technological change and cultural transmission in the Middle Bronze Age (T. Whitelaw, 1st December) 9. Holocene environments, climate change and human impact (A. Rosen, 8th December) 10. Transformation of sacred and political landscapes (D. Wengrow, 15th December) Spring Term 11. Mercantile enterprise and regimes of value (D. Wengrow, 12th January) 12. British Museum Session 2: Enkomi and Cyprus in the Late Bronze AgeGallery talk and objecthandling session (T. Kiely, 19th January) [2-4pm] 13. The Bronze-Iron Age transition: continuity, change, and current controversies (C. Bell, 26th January) 14. Ancient empires and imperialism: themes and perspectives (M. Altaweel, 2nd February) [please note this session will take place from 9am-11am, in Room 612] 15. Rethinking the orientalising phenomenon in the first millennium BC (C. Riva, 9th February) (No session Thursday, 16 February: Reading Week) 16. Early forms of literacy and writing in archaeological and social contexts: an object-based approach (R. Sparks, 23rd February) [please note this session will be based around inscribed objects from the Institute collections, and will continue until 5pm] st 17. Exploring identities through objects: body techniques and rituals of the self (D. Wengrow, 1 March) 18. Economies of sacrifice: the social dispensation of life and wealth through consumption and burial th (D.Wengrow, 8 March) th 19. Art and imagery between worlds (D. Wengrow, 15 March) 20. Archaeology, heritage and the politics of the past (D. Wengrow, 22nd March)
th

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READING LISTS For essential readings information is provided below as to where in the UCL library system they are available; the location and status (whether out on loan) of all readings can accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Please note that many readings from major journals are now also available electronically via JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/) and other internet sources, to which you will have access via your college IS account. A full list of journals available from a UCL computer terminal is provided at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/ejournal/ejtitle.shtml and includes titles such as American Journal of Archaeology, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, World Archaeology, as well as many others. You may also find the Google Scholar search engine useful in location material from books and journals (including some not on the UCL list), to which your college IS account will often give access. The essential readings are those required to keep up with the topics covered in the course sessions, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the session under which they are listed. Where permitted by copyright, every effort has been made to ensure that multiple copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection of the Institute of Archaeology (TC), Science (STC) or Main (MTC) libraries, or are kept as reserved copies behind the issue desk of the Institute library (ISSUE DESK IOA). As a last resort the Course Co-ordinator (D. Wengrow) may also be consulted. Note: readings marked EGYPTOLOGY and YATES are located in the Institute library. Readings available electronically cannot be kept in the teaching collection, and are identified as ONLINE in the reading lists below. A clickable online reading list has also been supplied, and can be accessed at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/pg-elements/pg-elements/ARCLG155 Recommended readings are intended to provide a starting point for students to follow up particular issues in which they are interested and to give a broader range of references for those who want to write their essay on that particular topic. Again every effort has been made to ensure that these are present within the Institute library or another UCL library, or are accessible via the online list. MOODLE This course makes use of UCLs online teaching resource: Moodle. At the start of the course please log on at: http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/, and register for ARCLG155: Issues in the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Once registered you will find online materials such as weekly reading lists and lecture summaries that are available to you throughout your course, as well as links to important forms and documents. Moodle will also be used as a channel of communication between you and the Course Coordinator, so it is important that all students register and make use of the service. ATTENDANCE A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each students attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. INTERCOLLEGIATE AND INTERDEPARTMENTAL STUDENTS Anyone seeking to follow this course as an intercollegiate or interdepartmental student should seek advice from the Course Coordinator in advance of the start of teaching. DYSLEXIA If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please feel able to make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework. FEEDBACK In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee. If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Mark Lake). _______________ Seminar 1. Concepts and regional traditions in the study of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Past 5

Professor David Wengrow The development of archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East cannot be adequately understood in isolation from the historical expansion of European populations, interests and institutions across the globe over the past few centuries. As in other parts of the world, archaeology and anthropology developed as complementary ways of classifying, describing and controlling unfamiliar people and landscapes encountered by Europeans in the context of colonisation and imperial expansion. Many of the spatial and temporal categories still used by archaeologists to analyse the past have their origin in such encounters. Moreover, the societies of the Mediterranean and Middle East occupied a uniquely ambiguous position within early European notions of social and cultural evolution, belonging neither to the primitive nor the modern worlds. They have often been viewed as points of origin for key aspects of Western civilizationboth technological and spiritualand yet the tendency to postulate a fundmantal difference in the historical character of Eastern and Western societies has remained a powerful feature of archaeological interpretation. Linked in many ways to this lumping and splitting of cultural and chronological types within our study area is alos part of a wider anthropological phenomenon that has been termed localising (Fardon ed. 1990: 26), referring to a process of cultural stereotyping, which renders particular societies emblematic of certain theoretical propositions and constructs: Regions become exemplars of type features and problems: lineage in Africa, exchange in Melanesia, caste in India, cultural elaboration in South East Asia, Eskimo adaptation, Aboriginal marriage systems and so on. Through ethnographic analogy, such localized accounts of the present have also been projected onto particular regions and phases of the remote past (consider, for instance, the prominence of Madagascan studies in interpretations of the Neolithic, of Melanesian models in Mediterranean archaeology, or Sudanese ones in Egyptology). Such stereotyping is considered to be at odds with the universalistic aims of anthropological archaeology, which in theory should allow for comparison and generalization across the whole range of human societies, past and present. In the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, archaeological interpretation grapples with its own localised view of the prehistoric past, determined to a significant extent by later literary sources (Biblical and Graeco-Roman). Ethnic identities and traits have been abstracted from these sources and projected onto prehistoric material assemblages (often in ways that reflect modern national aspirations and boundaries), just as historical events such as migrations and battles are sometimes mapped directly onto stratigraphic sequences that may be poorly suited to such precise interpretations. Furthermore, many conventional archaeological classifications of time, space and material culture are rooted in literary tradition: a fact which must now be reconciled with the universal timescale of calibrated radiocarbon dates. In this first session we will consider a number of readings that try to account for the prominent, but often highly ambivalent, place of the Middle East in the European historical imagination. Saids (1995) Orientalism, first published in 1979, was the first study to directly address the conceptual opposition between East and West as a central feature of modern European cultural identity. Scheffler (2003) examines the concrete economic and military circumstances that gave rise to contemporary territorial divisions in Southwest Asia, and the intellectual agendas that underpinned them. In addition, we will take the theme of localising the past as a framework for discussing the history of archaeological thought and practice in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, focusing upon the tension between the Great Tradition of western humanistic scholarshipcentred upon the Graeco-Roman world and its eastern neighboursand the more universal aims of modern, anthropologically informed archaeology. Sherratt's 1997 paper brings these issues into focus by considering the career and contribution of a major figure in th the 20 centuryV.Gordon Childe (a former director of this Institute). Triggers (1993) approach to the comparative study of early civilizations also provide an opportunity to reflect more widely upon the purpose and scope of comparative study in the archaeology of our study region. This has relevance for the often difficult relationship between archaeological theory and more established fields such as Classics, Biblical Studies, Egyptology and Assyriology, with the latter often assuming the consistency of the past groups they study (Greeks, Israelites, Egyptians, etc.). Fredrik Barths classic (1969) discussion of ethnic groups and boundaries in the modern world provides a good theoretical point of departure for critically assessing the archaeological evidence in this regard. Essential (in suggested order of reading): Said, E. (1995) Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. (4th ed. [first published in 1979]). London: Penguin. (Introduction, pp.1-28) [STC 4167, HISTORY 6 a SAI, ANTHROPOLOGY D 7 SAI, GEOGRAPHY H 26 SAI, SSEES Misc.XVIII SAI] Scheffler, T. (2003) Fertile Crescent,Orient,Middle East: The Changing Mental Maps of Southwest Asia. European Review of History 10(2): 253-72. [MAIN HISTORY PERS and ONLINE] Sherratt, A.G. (1997 [1989]) V. Gordon Childe: archaeology and intellectual history. In A.G. Sherratt, Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (chapter 1, pp.38-66) [TC 3197, ISSUE DESK IOA SHE 9, INST ARCH DA 100 SHE] And then at least ONE of: Barth, F. ed. (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Cultural Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (Introduction, pp.9-38) [TC 899, ANTHROPOLOGY D 5 BAR, SSEES Misc.XV ETH, STC 4842] 6

Trigger, B.G. (1993) Early Civilizations. Ancient Egypt in Context. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press (chapter 1, The unique and the general, pp.1-26) [INST ARCH BC 100 TRI, ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 6, TC 3179] Recommended: Archaeology, orientalism and the legacy of the Enlightenment: the changing shape of time MacCormack, S. (1995) Limits of understanding. Perceptions of Greco-Roman and Amerindian paganism in early modern Europe. In K. O. Kupperman (ed.) America in European Consciousness 1493-1750. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, pp.79-129. Rowlands, M.J. (1984) Conceptualizing the European Bronze and Early Iron Ages. In J. Bintliff (ed.) European Social Evolution. Bradford: University of Bradford, pp.147-155. Segal, D. (2000) Western Civ" and the Staging of History in American Higher Education. American Historical Review 105: 770-805. [MAIN HISTORY PERS and ONLINE] Trautmann, T.R. (1992) The revolution in ethnological time. Man (New Series) 27(2): 379-397. Venturi, F. (1963) Oriental Despotism. Journal of the History of Ideas 24: 133-42. Wengrow, D. (2010) What Makes Civilization? The ancient Near East and the future of the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Part II: Forgetting the Old Regime). Cultural transmission and the formation of identities: anthropological perspectives Amselle, J.-L. (1998) Mestizo Logics: Anthropology of Identity in Africa and Elsewhere. Stanford: Stanford University Press. (Preface to the English-Language Edition, pp.ix-xvii, and chapter 2, pp.25-42) Barth, F. ed. (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Cultural Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (Introduction, pp.9-38) Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London and New York: Routledge. (chapter 7, pp.115-129) Rowlands, M. (1994) Childe and the archaeology of freedom. In D. Harris (ed.) The Archaeology of V. Gordon Childe: Contemporary Perspectives. London: UCL Press, pp.35-50. Schlanger, N. (1998) The study of techniques as an ideological challenge: technology, nation, and humanity in the work of Marcel Mauss. In W. James and N. Allen (eds.) Marcel Mauss. A Centenary Tribute. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp.192-212. Steiner, F. (1999 [1944]) On the process of civilization. In J. Adler and R. Fardon (eds.) Orientpolitik, Value, and Civilization. New York and Oxford: Berghahn, pp.123128. Thomas, N. (1991) Entangled Objects. Exchange, Material Culture and Colonialism in the Pacific. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press. (Intoduction and chapter 1, pp. 1-34) Wengrow, D. (1999) The intellectual adventure of Henri Frankfort: a missing chapter in the history of archaeological thought. American Journal of Archaeology 103: 597-613 [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/507074.pdf ] Modern social identities between East and West: ethnographic perspectives Banks, M. (1996) Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions. London and New York: Routledge (chapter 6, pp.161-181, and Conclusions, pp.182-190) Butler, B. (2003) Egyptianizing the Alexandrina: the contemporary revival of the ancient Mouseion/Library. In J.-M. Humbert and C. Price (eds.) Imhotep Today: Egyptianizing Architecture. London: UCL, pp.257-280. Herzfeld, M. (1992) The Social Production of Indifference. Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, pp.48-51, 127-157. Herzfeld, M. (1995) Hellenism and Occidentalism: the permutations of performance in Greek Bourgeois Identity. In J. G. Carrier (ed.) Occidentalism. Images of the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.218-233. Questioning orientalism: alternative trajectories from past to present? Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities. Verso: London and New York. (Introduction and chapter 1, pp.1-36, chapter 5, pp.67-82; ideally also chapters 10-11, pp.163-206) Bagnall, R.S. (2005) Egypt and the concept of the Mediterranean. In W.V. Harris (ed.) Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.339-347. 7

Bowerstock, G.W. (2005) The East-West Orientation of Mediterranean studies and the meaning of North and South in Antiquity. In W.V. Harris (ed.) Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.167-178. Cannadine, D. (2001) Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire. London: Penguin (Preface, and pp. 3-24, 71-82) Chakrabarty, D. (2000) Provincializing Europe. Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. (chapter 1, pp.2746, and chapter 4, pp.97-113) Goody, J. (2006) Gordon Childe, the Urban Revolution, and the Haute Cuisine: an anthropoarchaeological view of modern history. Comparative Studies in Society and History 48: 503-519. Horden, P. (2005) Mediterranean excuses: historical writing on the Mediterranean since Braudel. History and Anthropology 16(1): 25-30. Horden, P. and Purcell, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell. (chapter 1, pp.9-25) Jardine, L. and Brotton, J. (2000) Global Interests. Renaissance Art between East and West. London: Reaktion. (Preface and chapter 1, pp.11-62) Mitchell, T. (1988) Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press (chapter 1, pp.1-33) OConnor, D. and Reid, A. (eds.) Ancient Egypt and Africa. London: UCL. (Introduction, pp.1-21) Turner, B.S. (1994) Orientalism, Postmodernism and Globalism. London and New York: Routledge. (chapter 3, pp.36-50, and chapter 7, pp.95-104) Exporting the idea of prehistory: Europe in search of its origins Daniel, G. (1978) 150 Years of Archaeology. London: Duckworth, pp.132-227. Schnapp, A. (1996) The Discovery of the Past. The Origins of Archaeology. London: British Museum Press. (chapters 2 and 4, pp.121-177 and pp.221-274) Trigger, B.G. (1989) A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 5, pp.148-206) Wengrow, D. (2006) The idea of prehistory in the Middle East, in R. Layton et al. (eds.) A Future for Archaeology. London: UCL Press, pp.187-198. Between text and object: Biblical and Homeric archaeology Bar-Yosef, O. and Mazar, A. (1982) Israeli archaeology. World Archaeology 13(3): 310-325. Bennet, D.J.L. (1997) Homer and the Bronze Age. In I. Morris and B. Powell (eds.) A New Companion to Homer. Leiden: Brill, pp.511-34. Finkelstein, I. (2005) Archaeology, bible, and the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.207-222. Fitton, J.L. (1995) The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age. London: British Museum. Garnard, B.K. (2002) From infant sacrifice to the ABCs: ancient Phoenicians and modern identities. Stanford Journal of Archaeology 1 (online resource) Leriou, N. (2002) Constructing an archaeological narrative: the Hellenization of Cyprus. Stanford Journal of Archaeology 1 (online resource) Moorey, P.R.S. (1991) A Century of Biblical Archaeology. Cambridge: Lutterworth. Papadopoulos, J.K. (2005) Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest for European identity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18(1): 87-149. Sherratt, E.S. (1990) Reading the texts: archaeology and the Homeric question. Antiquity 64: 807-824. Silberman, N.A. (1991) Desolation and restoration: the impact of a biblical concept on Near Eastern archaeology. Biblical Archaeologist 54: 76-86. Silberman, N.A. (1998) The Sea Peoples, the Victorians, and Us: modern social ideology and changing archaeological interpretations of the Late Bronze Age collapse. In S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds.) Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp. 269-275 History and memory: the development of Egyptology, Assyriology, and Classical Archaeology Larsen, M.T. (1994) The appropriation of the Near Eastern past: contrasts and contradictions. In The East and the Meaning of History (International Conference, 23-27 November 1992, Rome: University of Rome La Sapienza, pp.1-16. Liverani, M. (1994) Voyage en Orient: the origins of archaeological surveying in the Near East. In The East and the Meaning of History: International Conference 8

(23-27 November 1992), Rome: University of Rome La Sapienza, pp.1-16. Lloyd, S. (1980[1947]) Foundations in the Dust: the Story of Mesopotamian Exploration. London: Thames and Hudson. Masry, A.H. (1981) Traditions of archaeological research in the Near East. World Archaeology 13: 222-239. Montserrat, D. (2000) Akhenaten. History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt. London and New York: Routledge. (chapter 3, pp.55-94) Morris, I. (2000) Archaeology as Cultural History. Oxford: Blackwell. (chapter 2, pp.3776) Reid, D.M. (2002) Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley: University of California Press. (chapters 1 and 4, pp.21-63 and pp.139-171) Renfrew, C. (1980) The Great Tradition versus the Great Divide: archaeology as anthropology?. American Journal of Archaeology 84(3): 287-298. Snodgrass, A. (1985) The New Archaeologist and the Classical Archaeologist. American Journal of Archaeology 89(1): 31-37. [TC 489, IOA PERS] Whitley, J (2001) The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 1 and 2, pp.3-41) Wilson, J.A. (1964) Signs and Wonders upon Pharaoh. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The comparative method and ancient civilizations: changing paradigms Dumont, L. (1975) On the comparative understanding of non-modern civilizations. In Wisdom, Revelation, and Doubt Perspectives on the First Millennium BC. (Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol.104/2), pp.153-172 Frankfort, H. (1951) The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (chapter 1, pp.15-31) Frankfort, H. (1952) The ancient Near East as an historical entity. History (October, 1952): 1-200 Mace, R. and Pagel, M. (1994) The comparative method in anthropology. Current Anthropology 35(5): 549-564. Renfrew, A.C. (1972) The Emergence of Civilization. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen. (Preface and chapters 1 and 3, pp.314 and pp.38-44) Smith, A.T. (2003) The Political Landscape. Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Societies. Berkeley: University of California Press. (chapter 1, pp.30-77) Trigger, B. (2003) Understanding Early Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 2-3, pp.15-52) Yoffee, N. (2005) Myths of the Archaic State. Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 1 and 8, pp.4-21, and pp.180-195) Suggestions for discussion: What alternative trajectories from past to present are masked by the opposition between East and West? Is cross-cultural comparison an inevitable feature of archaeological interpretation and, if so, how should we determine the reliability of the comparisons we are making? Why is the study of ancient Egypt, Assyria, China and India an -ology, while that of Europe, Greece and Rome is not? In what ways have written sources determined the questions asked of the prehistoric archaeological record in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? To what extent does prehistoryas currently practiced in these regionsstill bear the hallmarks of its European origins? How far can the existence of past ethnic groups and boundaries be established in the archaeological record? Essay questions Is the opposition East versus West (or Orient versus Occident) an inevitable feature of archaeological thought and practice in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? What factors best account for the current fragmentation of archaeological thought and practice in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, and how might we respond to them?

Seminar 2.

The Significance of the Eastern Mediterranean region in Palaeolithic Studies

Dr Andrew Garrard The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern region has been centre-stage in many of the recent debates concerning the first hominin colonisation of the Old World, the relations between Neanderthals and early Modern Humans, the beginnings of the symbolic revolution, and the background to the emergence of village-based farming communities. This seminar explores a number of questions relating to these developments (see further below, suggestions for discussion). Essential: Derricourt, R. (2005) Getting Out of Africa: Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations. Journal of World Prehistory 19: 119-132. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Bar-Yosef, O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 8 (2): 141-63. [TC 1674, IOA PERS] Broodbank, C. (2006) The origins and early development of Mediterranean maritime activity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19(2): 199-230 [INST ARCH PERS] and pdf. available ONLINE at: http://equinoxjournals.com/ojs/index.php/JMA/article/viewFile/3190/2073 Kaufman, D. (1999) Archaeological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. A view from the Levant. Westport: Bergin & Garvey (chapter 3, pp.17-29; other chapters provide useful syntheses of the current evidence and debatesread selectively) [TC 3187, INST ARCH BB1 KAU] Nadel D. & Werker E. (1999) The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19, 000 BP). Antiquity 73 (282): 755-64. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Also highly recommended both as a beginners guide to the human evolution and an original perspective on cognitive aspects of culture change: Mithen, S. (1996) The Prehistory of the Mind. The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames and Hudson. (for an overview of the Palaeolithic record, see especially chapter 2, pp.17-32; for evolutionary perspectives on the human mind, chapters 3-4, pp.33-72; for the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition, see chapters 7-10, pp.115-194) For an index of stone tool types: Inizan, M-L. (1999) Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone. Nanterre: CREP. Recommended: Arsebk, G. (1985) Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene man in Anatolia: a concise review. In Studi Di Paletnologia In Onore Di Salvatore M. Puglisi (eds. M. Liverani, A. Palmieri and R. Peroni). Rome: Universita Di Roma La Sapienza 137-140. BIAA A6(f). Akazawa, T. et al. eds. (1998) Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York: Plenum Press (read selectively) Bnesz, L. (1998) Consideration of the Aurignacian in Anatolia and the Near East. In Prhistoire d'Anatolie, Gense de Deux Mondes. Vol. 2. (ed. M. Otte). Lige: ERAUL 599-603. BIAA F. Bar-Yosef, O. (1994) The Lower Palaeolithic of the Near East. Journal World Prehistory 8 (3): 211-66. Bar-Yosef, O. (1997) Symbolic expressions in later prehistory of the Levant: why are they so few?. In M.Conkey et al. (eds.) Beyond Art. Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. Bar-Yosef, O. (1998) Early colonizations and cultural continuities in the Lower Palaeolithic of western Asia. In M.D. Petraglia and R. Koriselter (eds.) Early Human Behaviour in Global Context. The Rise and Diversity of the Lower Palaeoilthic Record. London and New York: Routledge, pp.221-279. Bar-Yosef, O. (2000) The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and neighbouring regions. In O.Bar-Yosef & D.Pilbeam (eds.) The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean. Cambridge: Harvard University, Peabody Museum Bulletin 8, pp.107-56. Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2001) From Africa to Eurasia early dispersals. Quaternary International 75: 19-28. Callander, J. (2004) Dorothy Garrods excavations in the Late Mousterian of Shukbah Cave in Palestine reconsidered. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70: 207-232. Gamble, C. (2004) Materiality and symbolic force: a Paleolithic view of sedentism. In E. DeMarrais et al. (eds.) Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the Material World. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.85-96. 10

Garrard, A. (1998) Palaeolithic and Neolithic survey at a south-eastern "gateway" to Turkey. In Ancient Anatolia; Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (ed. R. Matthews) : BIAA 7-16. BIAA F Goring-Morris, N. (1995) Complex hunter/gatherers at the end of the Paleolithic (20,00010,000 BP). In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, pp.141-68. Goring-Morris, N. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1997) Articulation of cultural processes and late Quaternary environmental changes in Cisjordan. Palorient 23(2): 71-93. Goring-Morris N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2003) Structures and dwellings in the Upper and EpiPalaeolithic (ca 42-10 k BP) Levant. Profane and symbolic uses. In S.A.Vasilev et al. (eds.) Perceived Landscapes and Built Environments. Oxford, BAR S1122: 65-81. Harmankaya, S. and Tannd, O. eds.(1996) TAY-Trkiye Arkeolojik Yerlemeleri 1: Palaeolithic/Epipalaeolithic. Istanbul: Ege Yaynlar (Ege Yaynlar 4). BIAA F(f) Hendrickx, S. and Vermeersch, P. (2000) Prehistory: from the Palaeolithic to the Badarian culture. In I. Shaw (ed.) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.17-43. Hovers E. et al. (1995) Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic. Palorient 21(2): 47-62. Kuhn, S. L. (2002) Paleolithic archeology in Turkey. Evolutionary Anthropology 11, 198-210. Joukowsky, M. (1996) Early Turkey: an Introduction to the Archaeology of Anatolia from prehistory through the Lydian Period. Kendall: Dubuque. Krzyaniak, L., Kobusiewicz, M., and Alexander, J. (eds.) 1993. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium BC. Poznan: Archaeological Museum. Krzyaniak, L., Kroeper, K. and Kobusiewicz, M (2000) Recent research into the Stone Age of northeastern Africa. Poznan: Archaeological Museum. Lieberman, D.E. (1993) The rise and fall of seasonal mobility among hunter-gatherers. Current Anthropology 34: 599-631. Marshack A. (1997) Palaeolithic image making and symboling in Europe and the Middle East: a comparative review. In M. Conkey (ed.) Beyond Art. Pleistocene Image and Symbol. California Academy of Sciences, pp.53-92. Midant-Reynes, B. (2000) The Prehistory of Egypt. From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs. Oxford: Blackwell (chapter 1, pp.15-22, sets the ecological scene and chapter 2, pp.23-66, covers the main cultural transitions of the Palaeolithic in Egypt) Minzoni-Droche, A. (1993) Middle and Upper Paleolithic in the Taurus-Zagros region. In The Palaeolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus. Vol. V. (eds. D. I. Olszewski and H. L. Dibble). Philadelphia: The University Museum University of Pennsylvania (University Museum Symposium Series), 147-158. BIAA E. Otte, M. ed. (1998) Prhistoire d'Anatolie, Gense de Deux Mondes vol 1-2. Lige: ERAUL tudes et Recherches Archologiques de L'Universit de Lige BIAA F. Runnels, C. (1995) Review of Aegean prehistory IV: The Stone Age of Greece from the Palaeolithic to the advent of the Neolithic. American Journal of Archaeology 99: 699-728. Shea J. (1998) Neanderthal and early modern human behavioural variability: a regionalscale approach to lithic evidence for hunting in the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropology 39, Supplement: S45-78. Shea, J. (2005) Bleeding or breeding? Neanderthals vs. Early Modern Humans in the Middle Palaeolithic Levant. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.129-151. Speth J. and Tchernov E. (1998) The role of hunting and scavenging in neandertal procurement strategies. In T. Akazawa et al. (eds.) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York: Plenum, pp.223-39. Suggestions for discussion: What new environments and features did the early hominins encounter in South-West Asia and how did they adapt to them? What is the significance of diversity in the Lower Palaeolithic record? What was the contribution of this region to the revolution in symbolic behaviour which appears across Europe at the start of the Upper Palaeolithic? How did advanced hunter-gatherer populations of the early Epi-Palaeolithic adapt to the coldest and driest stages of the last glacial in the Mediterranean region? Is there any evidence for semi-sedentism or for the close cultural control of animal and plant populations in the Epi-Palaeolithic, prior to the Natufian? Essay question To what extent is South-West Asia simply an extension of North-East Africa in the Lower Palaeolithic colonisation process? OR: How has archaeological research in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East altered wider perceptions of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition? 11

Seminar 3. Human ecologies and cultural transmission in the Mediterranean and Middle East Dr Mark Altaweel The Mediterranean and Middle East represent a varied ecological setting that presents both opportunities and constraints to the development of cultures in the region. While much emphasis has been put on the aridity of the region, the picture is far more complex, ranging from humid and temperate climates to very hot and extremely dry deserts that are encountered today. While the ecological setting has constantly changed over the millennia since modern humans first established permanent settlements in the region, the current setting does remind us of the ecological complexities of this region. Critical to the discussion in understanding the development of cultures in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East are the types of flora and fauna encountered. These include plants and animals that have shaped settled and nomadic lifestyles, trade, and other social institutions that have come to symbolize the region's past. The geographic and environmental setting in the Mediterranean and Near East direct the flow of people and objects and the production of goods in specific directions, with important effects on the structure of inter-regional contact and on long-term strategies for trade and subsistence. Major settlements have developed along areas that facilitate the movement of goods, via land and riverine routes, and provide access to water for subsistence. Such areas were influential, for example, in the precocious socio-economic development of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian states. Two large expanses of sea, the eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea/Persian Gulf respectively, also play a crucial connective role, providing the critical means by which otherwise disparate communities could be connected into much larger maritime networks. Furthermore, the appearance of transport technologies such as paddled boats, sailing ships, equids, camels, and the establishment of overland trade routes add a dynamic quality to the region's social development. Despite the relevance of the region's ecology in the development of its social systems, we cannot simply look at this setting and determine environmental or simply economic factors always played a dominant part is shaping the region's culture. Considerations of dynamic social change must consider a suite of factors that incorporate social and environmental variables with certain characteristics being more relevant as vectors of change in different periods. This week's lecture and seminar considers how local environmental change and cultural transmission played a role in shaping the region's societies. Implicit in this type of discussion is the question of explanatory scale: how do we reconcile the very different spatial and temporal scales at which we might describe archaeological phenomena in the Mediterranean and Near East? In discussing these matters, we will briefly consider the methodological foundations laid down by Fernand Braudel in his seminal study of the Mediterranean in later medieval times (1972; first published in 1949) before proceeding to consider two established features of the archaeological landscape that have recently been subject to new perspectives as treated in Wilkinsons (2003) work on Mesopotamia, and islands, explored through Broodbanks (2000) comparative analysis of the prehistoric Cyclades. Andrew Sherratts (1997) definition of the secondary products revolution, first published in 1981, introduces a key distinction between primary and secondary forms of plant and animal exploitation which revolutionised the study of prehistoric economy and society in Europe and the Middle East, although its implications for Africa (including Egypt) and Central Asia are still only beginning to be explored. Blondel (2006) provides us with a research perspective that incorporates social and ecological drivers in viewing the larger Mediterranean as a landscape that has been significantly transformed by its human inhabitants. Essential: Blondel, J. 2006. The 'design' of Mediterranean landscapes: A millennial story of humans and ecological systems during the historic period. Human Ecology 34:713-729. [pdf posted on Moodle site, or access via the web] Braudel, F. (1972 [1949]) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. (translated by S.Reynolds). London: Collins. (Volume 1, Preface to First Edition, pp.17-22) [MTC 3214, INST ARCH TYLECOTE BRA, INST ARCH BRA 9, GEOGRAPHY H 55 BRA, SSEES Misc.IX.d.1 BRA, HISTORY 41 h BRA and HISTORY ISSUE DESK 41 h BRA] Sherratt, A. (1997 [1981]) Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution (with foreword). In A.Sherratt, Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp.155-198. [TC 523; INST ARCH DA 100 SHE, ISSUE DESK SHE 9] Broodbank, C. (2000) An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (excerpts from chapters 1 and 2, pp. 6-25, 38-48) [TC 3239, INST ARCH DAG 10 BRO, ISSUE DESK IOA BRO 9] Wilkinson, T.J. (2003) Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson: Arizona Press (chapter 4, Elements of Landscape, pp.100-127) [INST ARCH DBA 100 WIL, TC 3184] Recommended: (note: use books and edited volumes selectively with reference to the primary study region) Astour, M.C. (1995) Overland trade routes in Ancient Western Asia. In J.M.Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribers, pp.1401-1420. Bass, G.F. (1995) Sea and river craft in the Ancient Near East. In J.M.Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribers, pp.1420-1431. 12

Bevan, A. (2002) The Rural Landscape of Neopalatial Kythera: a GIS perspective. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15.2: 217-256. [IoA Pers] Bulliet, R.W. (1975) The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge, Mass; London: Harvard University Press. Bowman, A.K. and Rogan, E.L. eds. (1999) Agriculture in Egypt, from Pharaonic to Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. (Introduction, pp.1-32) Butzer, K. (1995) Environmental change in the Near East and human impact on the land. In J.M.Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribers, pp.123-51. Casson, L. (1995) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Curtin, P.D. ed. (1984) Cross-cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Graham, A. (2005). Plying the Nile: not all plain sailing. In K. Piquette and S. Love (eds.), Current Research in Egyptology 2003, 41-56. Oxford: Oxbow. Hassan, F. (1997) The dynamics of a riverine civilization: a geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt. World Archaeology 29(1): 51-74. Horden, P. and Purcell, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell. (chapter 3, pp.51-88, and read selectively within Part II). Issar, A.S. And Zohar, M. (2007) Climate Change: Environment and History of the Near East. 2nd edition. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. (See Chapters 6 and 7; read earlier chapters, if needed, for necessary background). Lambrou-Phillipson, C. (1991) Seafaring in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: The parameters involved in maritime travel. In Laffineur, R., editor, THALASSA. LEge Prhistorique et la Mer. Lige: Universit de l'Etat, pp.11-21. Littauer, M.A. and Crouwel, J.H. (1979) Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill. Oates, J. 1993. Trade and power in the fifth and fourth millennia BC: New evidence from northern Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 24(3):403-422. Piggott, S. (1983) The Earliest Wheeled Transport. From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea. New York: Cornell University Press. Redmen, C. and Kinzig, A. 2003. Resilience of past landscapes: Resilience theory, society, and the longue dure. Ecology and Society 7(1):14. (focus on the Near East example provided and general theoretical perspective advanced). Rosen, A.M. (2007) Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Chapter 7, Early Complex Societies: Climate Change and Collapse of Early Bronze Age Societies. Lanham, MD; Plymouth, UK: AltaMiraPress. Sherratt, A. (1997) The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World(1983, revised). In A.Sherratt, Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp.199-228. [ISSUE DESK IOA SHE 9, INST ARCH DA 100 SHE] Thompson, W.R. (2004) Complexity, diminishing marginal returns, and serial Mesopotamian fragmentation. Journal of World-Systems Research 10(3):613-652. Warnock, P. (1998) From plant domestication to phytolith interpretation: The history of paleoethnobotany in the Near East, Near Eastern Archaeology 61(4): 238-52. Wolf, E. (1997) Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley; London: University of California Press. (especially Part One, chapters 1-4, pp.1-72) Suggestions for discussion: What does the changing configuration of trade routes, nodes and paths of interaction tell us about the long-term development of societies in the Mediterranean and Middle East? What are the main theoretical and research perspectives that archaeologists, geographers, and others have used in understanding social and environmental change in the Mediterranean and Middle East? Essay question Scholars have selected a variety of methods and perspectives in arguing for key drivers, including social (e.g., trade, religious influence, etc.), ecological, or applying both these perspectives together, that explain social transformations (e.g., rise of agriculture, rapid economic transformations, collapse of societies, migration of populations, etc.). Choose a specific case study involving significant cultural change, formulate your own argument(s) as to what social and/or ecological drivers that may have caused such change, and provide evidence supporting your position.

13

Seminar 4.

The beginnings and spread of farming: global and local perspectives

Dr Dorian Fuller This session will cover current thinking and evidence concerning the processes that led to the domestication of plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent of western Asia, and the subsequent spread of farming practices to the greater Eastern Mediterranean region. Any account of these processes must take into account a range of factors, including changes both in non-human plant and animal species, and in the human social and cultural practices that made domestication possible, desirable and sustainable. Environmental and cultural factors that enabled and constrained the spread of domesticates and farming lifestyles across an increasingly wide range of habitats must also be considered. Current studies vary considerably in the emphasis they place upon climatic, ecological, social and cultural factors in explaining these processes. Willcox (2005) summarises and interprets recent botanical evidence for the initial domestication of cereals in the Middle East, while Colledge et al. (2004) use similar data to characterise the spread of farming into the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe. Focussing on the Greek mainland, Van Andel and Runnels (1995) consider logistical and environmental constraints that may have acted both to limit and propel the advance of farming communities between specific environmental niches. A constrasting approach is taken by Hodder (1990), who stresses the primacy of social and cultural factors (encapsulated in the physical institution of the sedentary household or domus) in the domestication process. Similar factors are considered by Wengrow (2006) with regard to the appearance of domesticates in the Nile valley, where pastoralism seems to precede the widespread adoption of cereal cultivation, and where the bodies of people and animals (rather than houses) may have served as the primary cultural frameworks for the adoption of a Neolithic economy. A holistic perspective on the spread and diversification of Neolithic lifestyles is also provided by Asouti (2006), who integrates a wide range of archaeological and environmental data in order to consider the role of social exchange and cultural identity in the spread of farming. Essential: Willcox, G. (2005) The distribution, natural habitats and availability of wild cereals in relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14: 534-541 [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6m76170x8133425/ ] Zeder, M.A. (2008) Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. PNAS 105(33): 11597-11604. [ONLINE at: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597.full.pdf+html ] Colledge, S., Conolly, J., and Shennan, S. (2004) Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread of farming the eastern Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45: 35-58 [TC 3189, IOA PERS and ONLINE; also available at: http://naxos.tuarc.trentu.ca/~jconolly/papers/colledge_et_2004.pdf] Hodder, I. (1990) The Domestication of Europe. Structure and Contingency in Neolithic Societies. Oxford: Blackwell. Introduction and chapters 1-2, pp.1-43. [INST ARCH DA 140 HOD, ISSUE DESK IOA HOD 8] OR: Hodder, I. (1992) The domestication of Europe. In I. Hodder, Theory and Practice in Archaeology. London and New York: Routledge, pp.241-53. [TC 1016, INST ARCH AH HOD, ISSUE DESK IOA HOD 10] And read at least one of the following: van Andel, T.H. and Runnels, C.N. (1995) The earliest farmers in Europe. Antiquity 69(264): 481-500. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.13-31, 41-71 [EGYPTOLOGY B11 WEN and ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7] Asouti, E. (2006) Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic-B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory 20: 87-126. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Richard P. Evershed, R.P. et al. 2008 'Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding' Nature 455.25: 528-31. For detailed consideration of the early spread of farming to island environments, see also the following: Broodbank, C. and Strasser, T. (1991) Migrant farmers and the Neolithic colonization of Crete. Antiquity 65(247): 233-245. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Peltenburg, E.J. et al. (2001) Neolithic dispersals from the Levantine Corridor: a Mediterranean Perspective. Levant 33: 35-64 (or: Peltenburg, E.J. et al. (2000) Agro-pastoralist colonization of Cyprus in the 10th millennium BP. Antiquity 74: 844-853). Recommended: Comparative and theoretical perspectives (Read for general approach rather than factual details, many of which are now out of date) Bender, B. (1978) Gatherer-hunter to farmer: a social perspective. World Archaeology 10: 204-222. Carsten, J. and Hugh-Jones, S. (1995) About the House: Lvi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Introduction, pp.1-46. 14

Helms, M. (2004) Tangible materiality and cosmological others in the development of sedentism. In E. DeMarrais et al. (eds.) Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the Material World. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.117-127. Ingold, T. (2000) From trust to domination: an alternative history of human-animal relations. In T. Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London and New York: Routledge, pp.61-76. Lvi-Strauss, C. (1966) The Savage Mind (La Pense sauvage). (Translation anon.). London: Weidenfield & Nicolson (chapter 1, pp.1-33). Pfaffenberger, B. (1988) Fetishized objects and humanized nature: towards a social anthropology of technology. Man (N.S.) 23: 236-52. Renfrew, C. (1998) Mind and matter: cognitive archaeology and external symbolic storage. In C. Renfrew and C. Scarre (eds.) Cognition and Material Culture. The Archaeology of Symbolic Storage. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.1-6. Runnels, C. and van Andel, Tj.H. (1988) Trade and the origins of agriculture in the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1: 83-109. Sherratt, A.G. (1997b) Climatic cycles and behavioural revolutions: the emergence of modern humans and the beginning of farming. Antiquity 71: 271-87. Ecology of early farming Baird, D. (2002) Early Holocene settlement in Central Anatolia: problems and prospects as seen from the Konya Plain. In F. Grard and L. Thissen (eds.), The Neolithic of Central Anatolia: Internal Developments and External RelationsDuring the 9th 6thMillennia Cal BC. Proceedings of the International CANeW Table Ronde, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp.140-159. Butzer, K. W. (1995) Environmental change in the Near East and human impact on the Land. In J. Sasson et al. (eds.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribners, pp.123-51. Halstead, P. (1996) Pastoralism or household herding? Problems of scale and specialization in early Greek animal husbandry. World Archaeology 28: 20-42. Kostakis, K. (1999) What tells can tell: social space and settlement in the Greek Neolithic. In P. Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.66-76. Sherratt, A.G. (1980) Water, soil and seasonality in early cereal cultivation. World Archaeology 11: 313-30. (also available in A.G. Sherratt (1997) Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe, pp.85-101) Steadman, S.R. (2000) Spatial patterning and social complexity on prehistoric Anatolian tell sites: models for mounds. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19: 164-199. Beginnings of sedentary life in the Fertile Crescent: social, economic, and cognitive aspects Bar-Yosef, O. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1989) The origins of sedentism and farming communities in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 3: 447-498. Bar-Yosef, O. and Meadow, R.H. (1995) The origins of agriculture in the Near East. In T.D. Price and A.B. Gebauer (eds.), Last Hunters, First Farmers. New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, 39-94. Sante Fe: School of American Research Press, pp.39-94. Boyd, B. (1995) Houses and hearths, pits and burials: Natufian mortuary practices at Mallaha (Eynan), Upper Jordan Valley. In S. Campbell and Green, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.17-23. Byrd B. and Monahan C.M. (1995) Death, mortuary ritual and Natufian social structure. Journal Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-87. Garrard A. (1999) Charting the emergence of cereal and pulse domestication in South-West Asia. Environmental Archaeology 4: 67-86. Hillman G. (1996) Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press, pp.159-203. Kuijt, I. & Goring-Morris, N. (2002) Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Southern Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 16: 361-440. Legge, A.J. 1996. The beginning of caprine domestication in Southwest Asia. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press, pp.238-262. Peters J. et al. (1999) Early animal husbandry in the northern Levant. Palorient 25 (2): 27-48. Rosenberg, M. & Redding, R.W. (2000) Hallan emi and early village organisation in eastern Anatolia. In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer: pp.39-62. Watkins, T. (2004) Architecture and Theatres of Memory in the Neolithic of South West Asia. In E. DeMarrais et al. (eds.) Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the Material World. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.97-106. 15

The spread of farming in the Eastern Mediterranean: pattern and process Bellwood, P. and Renfrew, C. eds. (2003) Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute. (read selectively:chapters by Renfrew, Bellwood, Cavalli-Sforza, and Ehret offer a representative variety of approaches, exploring language families, genetics and demic diffusion) Blench, R.M. and MacDonald, K.C. eds. (2000) The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography. London: UCL. (again, read selectively: chapters by Bradley and Loftus, MacDonald, Hassan, and Grigson are particularly relevant to recent debates over indigenous cattle domestication in North East Africa) Broodbank, C. (1999) Colonization and configuration in the insular Neolithic of the Aegean. In P Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 2). Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.15-41. Esin, U. (1999) Introduction The Neolithic in Turkey: a general review. In M. zdoan and N. Bagelen (eds.) Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization. New Discoveries. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yaynlar, Istanbul, pp.13-23. Grard, F. and Thissen, L. eds. (2002) The Neolithic of Central Anatolia: Internal th th Developments and External Relations during the 9 6 Millennia Cal BC. Proceedings of the International CANeW Table Ronde, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. (chapters by zdoan, pp.253-261, Matthews, pp.91-103, and Grard, pp.105-117) Goring-Morris, A.N. (1993) From foraging to herding in the Negev and Sinai: the Early to Late Neolithic transition. Palorient 19: 65-89. Kuper, R. and Kroepelin, S. (2006) Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution. Science 313: 803-7. Russel, N. and Martin, L. (2005) The atalhyk mammal remains. In I. Hodder (ed.) atalhyk, Volume 4: Inhabiting atalhyk: reports from the 19951999 seasons. Cambridge and London: McDonald Institute. (see especially section on cattle, pp.46-57) Sherratt, A.G. (2004) Fractal Farmers: patterns of Neolithic origins and dispersal. In J. Cherry, C. Scarre and S. Shennan (eds) Explaining Social Change: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. Cambridge: MacDonald Institute, pp.53-63. Martin, L. et al. (2002) Animal remains from the Central Anatolian Neolithic. In F. Grard and L. Thissen (eds.), The Neolithic of Central Anatolia: Internal Developments and External RelationsDuring the 9th6thMillennia Cal BC. Proceedings of the International CANeW Table Ronde, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp. 193-216. Vigne, J.-D et al. (2000) Predomestic cattle, sheep, goat and pig during the late 9th and 8th millennium cal BC on Cyprus: preliminary results of Shillourokambos (Parekklisha, Limassol). In M.Mashkour et al. (eds.) Archaeozoology of the Near East IVa. Grningen: ARC, pp.83-106. Wendorf, F. and Schild, R. (2002) Implications of incipient social complexity in the Late Neolithic in the Egyptian Sahara. In R. Friedman (ed.) Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert. London: British Museum, pp.13-20. (presents an argument for independent cattle domestication in the Sahara, critically reviewed by Wengrow in Antiquity 77(297) 2003: 597-599) Wengrow, D. (2003) Landscapes of knowledge, idioms of power: the African foundations of ancient Egyptian civilization reconsidered. In OConnor, D. and A. Reid (eds.) Ancient Egypt in Africa. London: UCL, pp. 121-35. Wetterstrom, W. (1993) Foraging and farming in Egypt: the transition from hunting and gathering to horticulture in the Nile valley. In Shaw, T., Andah, B., Sinclair, P. and Okpoko, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals, and Towns. London: Routledge. pp.165-226. Trade and exchange in early Neolithic societies Bar-Yosef, D.E. (1991) Changes in the selection of marine shells from the Natufian to the Neolithic. In Bar-Yosef, O. and Valla, F.R. (eds.) The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 629-36. Binder, D. (2002) Stones making sense: what obsidian could tell us about the origins of the Central Anatolian Neolithic. In F. Grard and L. Thissen (eds.) The Neolithic of th Central Anatolia: Internal Developments and External Relations During the 9 th 6 Millennia Cal BC: 7990. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp.79-90. Cauvin, M.-C. and Chataigner, C. (1998) Distribution de lobsidienne dans les sites archologiques du Proche et Moyen Orient. In M.-C. Cauvin et al. Lobsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan loutil. Oxford: BAR, pp.325-50. Perls, C. (1992) Systems of exchange and organization of production in Neolithic Greece. 16

Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 5: 115-164. Renfrew, C. et al. (1966) Obsidian and early cultural contact in the Near East. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 32: 30-72. Wright, K.I. and Garrard, A.N. (2003) Social identities and the expansion of stone bead-making in Neolithic Western Asia: new evidence from Jordan. Antiquity 77: 267-84. Art, ritual and domestication in early Neolithic societies Cauvin J. (2000) The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Press, chapters 3, 7, 18, and conclusion; see also Review Feature on Cauvins work by Hodder, Rollefson, Bar-Yosef and Watkins, in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11 (2001) INST ARCH DBA 100 CAU Last, J. (1998) A design for life: interpreting the art of atalhyk. Journal of Material Culture 3(3): 355-378. Talalay, L.E. (1987) Rethinking the function of clay figurine legs from Neolithic Greece: an argument by analogy. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 161-169. Voigt, M.M. (2000) atal Hyk in context. Ritual and early Neolithic sites in central and eastern Turkey. In I. Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity and Differentiation. New York: Kluwer Academic, Plenum, pp.253-293. Wengrow, D. (2001) Rethinking cattle cults in early Egypt: towards a prehistoric perspective on the Narmer Palette. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 91-104. Suggestions for discussion: How important were environmental conditions in determining and constraining the spread of farming from the Middle East into the Eastern Mediterranean? When is it appropriate to evoke demic diffusion (i.e. population movements) as an explanation for the spread of farming practices? How did the distribution of pre-existing Mesolithic (fisher-gatherer-hunter) populations influence the spread and impact of farming communities within the study region? What implications do the distribution patterns of obsidian, shells, and other traded items have for our understanding of the origins and spread of farming? How do you account for the remarkable cultural transformations (e.g. in the areas of ritual behaviour and visual representation) that took place in early Neolithic societies, and for the different form of these transformations across time and space? How useful a metaphor is domestication for the social changes that accompanied the adoption and spread of domesticates? Should the term be restricted to its biological sense? Essay question How do you account for the broad spectrum of social, symbolic, and technological innovations that accompanied the adoption and spread of domesticates in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean?

17

Seminar 5. diversification

Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies: evolutionary trajectories and cultural

Dr David Wengrow

The millennia following the initial emergence and expansion of primary agriculture, and before the rise of largescale Bronze Age urban and palatial societies, were of decisive importance for the shape of things to come, but also offer a bewildering range of trajectories. This period encompasses the key changes that led from Neolithic societies to dynastic states in the alluvial plains that extend between the Tigris and the Euphrates, where developments towards social complexity appear to have been most precocious during the later Neolithic (HassunaSamarra-Halaf) and Ubaid periods, and along the Nile adjacent to the expanding pastoral world of the Sahara both regions that would go on to dominate economic and political relations in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East down to the Iron Age. In the Levant, the collapse of PPN farming communities was the context for the gradual crystallization of a new set of practices that would result, during the Chalcolithic, in the first sophisticated and full exploitation of the potential of the diversity of the Mediterraneans ecological zones, while in the Aegean and central Mediterranean later Neolithic communities domesticated an-ever increasing proportion of the insular and maritime world. As Henri Frankfort (1952: 198) pointed out, this dominating role of Egypt and Mesopotamia makes the differences existing between them of particular importance. In attempting to understand the sources of those differences, we will trace the roots of early state formation back into later prehistory, in order to consider how the large-scale transformations of the Bronze Age were rooted in small-scale alterations of village life, economic relations and ritual practices. Complexity, however, is a vague term, and in the seminar we will seek to define more closely the distinctive features of Mesopotamian social evolution through comparison with contemporaneous developments in elsewhere, thereby raising the further question of how far developments in these regions should be considered as interrelated phenomena or as isolated transformations. Against the common background of a widespread adoption of metallurgy, a further theme is the increasing differentiation of practices in the Mediterranean zone from those in alluvial areas, creating intriguing interfaces in the Nile Delta and northern Syria.

Essential: Akkermans, P.M.M.G. and Duistermaat, K. (1996) Of storage and nomads: the sealings from Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. Palorient 22(2): 17-44 (with discussion by Bernbeck and others). [TC 2571, INST ARCH PERS]. Levy, T.E. (1995) Cult, metallurgy and rank societiesChalcolithic period (ca.4500-3500 BC). In T.E. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, 226-24. [INST ARCH DBE 100 LEV, ISSUE DESK IOA LEV 3]. Marshall, F. and Hildebrand, E. 2002. Cattle before crops: the beginnings of food production in Africa, Journal of World Prehistory 16: 93-143. [UCL eJournals] Wengrow, D. (1998) The changing face of clay: continuity and change in the transition from village to urban life in the Near East. Antiquity 72: 783-95. [TC 3191, IOA PERS, and ONLINE: http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/072/0783/Ant0720783.pdf ] For an overview of the Mediterranean: Broodbank, C. 2008. The Mediterranean and its hinterland, in B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 677-722, especially for today 68892. [INST ARCH AH CUN, and pdf available on Moodle site] Recommended: The breakdown and reconfiguration of early farming communities in the Levant (c.7000-4000 BC) Galili, E., et al. (2002) The emergence and dispersion of the eastern Mediterranean fishing village: evidence from submerged Neolithic settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15: 167-98. Garfinkel, Y. (1993) The Yarmukian culture in Israel. Palorient 19(1): 115-134. Garfinkel, Y. (2004) The Goddess of Sha'ar Hagolan. Excavations at a Neolithic site in Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. Gilead, I. (1988) The Chalcolithic period in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 2: 397-443. Gopher, A. (1995) Early pottery-bearing groups in Israelthe Pottery Neolithic Period. In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, 205-225. Martin, L. (2000) Mammalian remains from the eastern Jordanian Neolithic, and the nature of caprine herding in the steppe. Palorient 25: 87-104. Rollefson, G.O. and Khler-Rollefson, I. (1989) The collapse of Early Neolithic settlements in the southern Levant. In I. Hershkovitz (ed.), People and Culture in Change. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Populations of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford: 18

BAR, 73-90. Key transformations in village life: Mesopotamia and Anatolia (c.7000-4000 BC) Akkermans, P.M.M.G. and Verhoeven, M. (1995) An image of complexity: the burnt village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. American Journal of Archaeology 99(1): 5-32. Bernbeck, R. (1995) Lasting alliances and emerging competition: economic developments in early Mesopotamia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 1-25. Campbell, S. (2000) The burnt house at Arpachiyah: a re-examination. BASOR 318: 1-40. Charvt, P. (1994) The seals and their functions in the Halaf- and Ubaid-cultures (A case study of materials from Tell Arpachiyah and Nineveh 2-3). In R.-B. Wartke (ed.), Handwerk und Technologie im Alten Orient. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Technik im Altertum. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 9-16. Dring, B. (2002) Cultural dynamics of the Central Anatolian Neolithic: The Early Ceramic Neolithic - Late Ceramic Neolithic transition. In F. Grard and L. Thissen (eds.), The Neolithic of Central Anatolia: Internal Developments and External RelationsDuring the 9th6thMillennia Cal BC. Proceedings of the International CANeW Table Ronde, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 219-236 (available at: http://www.canew.org/lecduringbox.html) Esin, U. (1989) An early trading centre in eastern Anatolia. In K. Emre et al. (ed.) Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of Tahsin zg. Ankara: Trk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 135-142. Hodder, I. (2006) atalhyk. The Leopards Tale. London: Thames & Hudson (chapter 11, Changing material entanglements, and the origins of agriculture), .233-258 [INST ARCH DBC 10 HOD, TC 3198] Merpert, N.Y. and Munchaev, R.M. (1981) Yarim Tepe (I-III). In N. Yoffee and J.J. Clark (eds.) Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 73-114, 128-224. Moorey, P.R.S. (1982) The archaeological evidence for metallurgy and related technologies in Mesopotamia, c.5500-2100 BC. Iraq 44: 13-38. Oates, J. (1973) The background and development of early farming communities in Mesopotamia and the Zagros. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 39: 147-81. Roaf, M.D. (1984) Ubaid houses and temples. Sumer 43(1-2): 80-90. Voigt, M.M. (1983) Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: the Neolithic settlement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. (read selectively for summaries, regional analysis and interpretive sections) Jasim, S.A. and Oates, J. (1986) Early tokens and tablets in Mesopotamia: new information from Tell Abada and Tell Brak. World Archaeology 17: 348-361. Yener, K.A. (2000) The Domestication of Metals. The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia. Leiden: Brill. (chapter 1, pp.1-12, and chapter 2, upto p.43). Perspectives on later Neolithic development in the Aegean and Cyprus (c.5500-3500 BC) Broodbank, C. (2000). An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades, Chapters 2-5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 68-174. Clarke, J with C. McCartney and A. Wasse (2007). On the Margins of Southwest Asia: Cyprus During the 6th to 4th Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow. Halstead, P. (1995) From sharing to hoarding: the Neolithic foundations of Aegean Bronze Age society?. In R. Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia, society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age : proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference/5e Rencontre genne internationale, University of Heidelberg, Archologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994. Bruxelles: Universit de Lige, Histoire de l'art et archologie de la Grceantique; Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory, 11-22. Halstead, P. (1999) Neighbours from hell? The household in Neolithic Greece. In P. Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 77-95 (paper by Kotsakis also useful). Isaakidou, V. (2008). The fauna and economy of Neolithic Knossos revisited, in V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds.), Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8). Oxford: Oxbow, 90-114. Muhly, J. 2002. Early metallurgy in Greece and Cyprus. In, U. Yalcin (ed.) Anatolian Metal II. (Der Anschnitt 15) Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum: 77-82. Nakou, G. (1995) The cutting edge: a new look at early Aegean metallurgy. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8: 1-32. Perls, C. and Vitelli, K.D. (1999) Craft specialization in the Neolithic of Greece. In P. Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 96-107. Robb, J. E. and Farr, R. H. 2005. Substances in motion: Neolithic Mediterranean trade, in Blake and Knapp (eds.), The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, Oxford: Blackwell, 24-45. Issue desk BLA 9; DAG 100 BLA. Sherratt, A.G. (1994) The transformation of early agrarian Europe: the later Neolithic and Copper Ages 4500-2500 BC. In B. Cunliffe (ed.) Prehistoric Europe. An Illustrated History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167-201. (a pan-European view of large-scale trends) And for general summaries see: Cullen, T. (ed.) Aegean Prehistory. A Review. (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1). Boston: 19

Archaeological Institute of America. (chapters by Davis, Watrous, and Andreou et al.; also available in the American Journal of Archaeology 96: 699-756; 98: 695-753; 100: 537-597). Kassianidou, V. and Knapp, A. B. (2005). Archaeometallurgy in the Mediterranean: the social context of mining, technology, and trade, in Blake and Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, 215-51. Suggestions for discussion: General How far can ethnographic data (and models derived from them) make good the gaps in our knowledge about the later prehistory of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean? Why has so much emphasis been placed by archaeologists upon evidence for specialized storage facilities in late Neolithic communities? What are we to make of the fact that systematic sealing practices appear to have been a feature of late Neolithic village life in Mesopotamia, but not elsewhere? What do late Neolithic developments in ceramic technology tell us about the social changes then underway in various parts of the study region? How aquatic was the later Neolithic of the Middle East and Mediterranean, and why does this matter? Region-specific How would you account for the collapse of Pre-Pottery Neolithic societies in the Levant, and what does this tell us about the societies that succeeded them? Which developments in the villages of Mesopotamia before about 3500 BC would you identify as significant for the precocious development of towns in Sumer and Susiana thereafter? Can the development from Neolithic societies in mainland Greece be adequately explained in terms of ecological factors and local practices of subsistence and wealth management? Essay question What was the impact of sealing practices or developments in metallurgy upon late prehistoric societies in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? Discuss in relation to one or more areas of the study region. OR How did small-scale alterations in patterns of social life during later prehistory contribute to the subsequent rise of large-scale Bronze Age polities? Discuss in relation to one or more areas of the study region. OR To what extent can we differentiate between Mediterranean and alluvial (Mesopotamian and Nilotic) trajectories in the socio-economic development of the 6th through 4th millennia BC?

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Seminar 6. British Museum Session 1: The domestication of humans? The importance of objects in the emergence of prehistoric social complexity [1-3pm] Dr Alexandra Fletcher This session will examine developing social complexity across the later prehistory of the Middle East through the material culture record. The domestication of plants and animals and sedentarisation of the Neolithic population enhanced and accelerated existing religious, technological and cultural development, much of which can be traced through material cultural remains. We shall view a range of domestic, luxury and religious objects from the PrePottery Neolithic B period (c. 8-7000 BC) through to the Chalcolithic period (c. 4000 BC) on display at the British Museum and discuss the role played by objects in the creation and manipulation of social identities. This will be followed by a handling session focussed on a collection of artefacts recovered from the so-called Burnt House at Arpachiyah, a site dating to the later Halaf period in north Iraq. The Burnt House presents a number of interpretative challenges not least because it was excavated in 1933. Nevertheless, the context of disposal and the objects found within the building give interesting insights into social relationships and practices of the Later Neolithic period. Essential reading: Campbell, S. (2000) The Burnt House at Arpachiyah: A Re-examination. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 318: 1-40. [INST ARCH PERS, pdf available via JSTOR and on Moodle site] Mallowan, M. E. L. and J. C. Rose (1935) Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah, 1933. Iraq 2: 1-178. [INST ARCH PERS] Frangipane, M. (2007) Different types of egalitarian societies and the development of inequality in early Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 39(2): 151-176. [INST ARCH PERS, pdf available via JSTOR and on Moodle site] Fletcher, A., Pearson J and Ambers J. (2008) The manipulation of social and physical identity in the Neolithic. Radiographic evidence for cranial modification at Jericho and its implications for the plastering of skulls. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18(3): 309-325. [INST ARCH PERS, pdf available via JSTOR and on Moodle site] Recommended reading: Pre-pottery Neolithic and skull cult Bienert, H. -D., 1991. Skull cult in the prehistoric Near East. Journal of Prehistoric Religion 5, 9-23. Bonogofsky, M., 2003. Neolithic skulls and railroading epistemologies. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 331(3), 1-10. Cauvin, J., 2000. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. translated by T. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Garfinkel, Y., 1994. Ritual burial of cultic objects: the earliest evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4(2), 159-88. Kuijt, I., 1996. Negotiating equality through ritual: A consideration of Late Natufian and Pre-Pottery A mortuary practices. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15(4), 313-36. Kuijt, I., 2008. The regeneration of life. Neolithic structures of symbolic remembering and forgetting. Current Anthropology 49/2, 171-197. Kuijt, I., & Goring-Morris, A.N., 2002. Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal of World Prehistory 16(4), 361-440. Meiklejohn, C., Agelarakis, A., Akkermans, P.A., Smith, P.E.L., & Solecki, R., 1992. Artificial cranial deformation in the Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Near East and its possible origin: evidence from four sites. Palorient 18(2), 8397. Moore A.M.T., Hillman G.C., & Legge A. J., 2000. Village on the Euphrates. From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. zdoan, M., & zdoan, A., 1989. ayn, a conspectus of recent work. Palorient 15(1), 65-74. Rollefson, G., 1983. Ritual and ceremony at Neolithic Ain Ghazal (Jordan). Palorient 9(2), 29-38. Rollefson, G., 1986. Neolithic Ain Ghazal (Jordan): Ritual and ceremony II. Palorient 12(1), 45-52. Schmidt, K., 2006. Sie Bauten die ersten Tempel. Das rtselhafte Heiligtum der Steinseitjger. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck. Verhoeven, M., 2002. Ritual and ideology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Levant and southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12(2), 233-58. Articles in: Kuijt I (ed) 2000 Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. Social Organization, Identity and Differentiation. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Bagelen N. & zdoan M. (eds) 1999, Neolithic in Turkey : the cradle of civilization : new discoveries. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yaynlar.

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Ceramic Neolithic and Chalcolithic Akkermans P.M.M.G. 1989, Halaf mortuary practices: A survey. in O.M. Chaex, H.H. Curvers and P.M.M.G. Akkermans (eds) To the Euphrates and beyond. Archaeological studies in honour of Maurits N. Van Loon. Rotterdam, Brookfield, A.A.Balkema. Akkermans, P. M. M. G. 1993, Villages in the Steppe: Later Neolithic settlement and Subsistence in the Balikh valley, northern Syria. Ann Arbor, International Monographs in Prehistory. Akkermans, P. M. M. G. 2000, Old and New Perspectives on the Origins of the Halaf Culture in : O. Rouault and M. Wafler (eds.), La Djzir et lEuphrate syriens de la Protohistoire la fin du IIe millnaire av. J.-C. Tendances dans linterprtation historique des donnes nouvelles. Turnhout : Brepols, 43-54. Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and G. Schwartz (2003) The Archaeology of Syria. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Akkermans P.M.M.G. and Verhoeven M. 1995, An Image of Complexity: The Burnt Village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. American Journal of Archaeology 99, 5-32. Breniquet, C. 1996, La Disparition de la culture de Halaf: Les origines de la culture d'Obeid dans le nord de la Msopotamie. Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. Campbell, S. 1998, Problems of Definition: The origins of the Halaf in North Iraq. Subartu IV, Vol I, Landscape, Archaeology, Settlement. M. Lebeau. Brussels, Brepols, 39-52. Campbell, S., Carter, E., Healey, E., Anderson, S., Kennedy, A. and Whitcher, S. 1999, Emerging complexity on the Kahramanmaras Plain, Turkey: The Domuztepe Project 1995-1997. American Journal of Archaeology 103, 395-418. Carter, E., Campbell, S. and Gauld, S. 2003, Elusive Complexity : New Data from late Halaf Domuztepe in South Central Turkey. Palorient 29(2), 117-133. Cauvin, J. 1985, Les Cultures Villageoises et Civilisations Prurbaines DAsie Antrieure. La Protohistoire De LEurope. J. Lichardus and M. Lichardus-Itten. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 156-206. Cruells, W. and O. Nieuwenhuyse 2004, The Proto-Halaf period in Syria. New sites, new data. Palorient 30(1), 4768. Davidson, T. E. And McKerrell H. 1976, Pottery Analysis and Halaf Period Trade in the Khabur Headwaters Region. Iraq 38 (1), 45-56. Davidson, T. E. And McKerrell H. 1980, The Neutron Activation Analysis of Halaf and Ubaid Pottery from Tell Arpachiyah and Tepe Gawra. Iraq 42 (2), 155-167. Duistermaat K. 1996, The Seals and Sealings in P.M.M.G. Akkermans (ed) Tell Sabi Abyad The Late Neolithic Settlement Volume II. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Istanbul, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden, 339-401. Kansa, S. W. and Campbell S., 2004, Feasting with the dead? - a ritual bone deposit at Domuztepe, south eastern Turkey (c. 5550 cal BC) in S. J. O'Day, W. van Neer and A. Ervynck (eds.), International Council of Archaeozoology; Behaviour behind bones the zooarchaeology of ritual, religion, status and identity. Durham. Oxbow: 2-13. Kansa, S. W., S. C. Gauld, S. Campbell & E. Carter 2009 "Whose Bones are those? Preliminary Comparative Analysis of Fragmented Human and Animal Bones in the Death Pit at Domuztepe, a Late Neolithic Settlement in Southeastern Turkey", Anthropozoologia 44(1), 159-172. Mallowan M.E.L. 1936, The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region, 1934-1935. Iraq 3: 1-59. Mallowan M.E.L. 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. Iraq 9: 1-259. Merpert N.I. and Munchaev R. M. 1993a, Yarim Tepe II: The Halaf Levels. in N. Yoffee and J.J. Clark (eds) Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilisation. Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq. University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London, 129-162. Merpert N.I. and Munchaev R. M. 1993b, Burial practices of the Halaf culture in N. Yoffee and J.J. Clark (eds) Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilisation. Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq. University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London, 207-223. Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. 2007 Plain and Painted Pottery. The rise of Late Neolithic ceramic styles on the Syrian plains. Brussels: Brepols Oates, J. 1960, Ur and Eridu, the Prehistory. Iraq 2, 32-50. Oates, J. 1993, Trade and power in the fifth and fourth millennium BC: new evidence from Northern Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 24: 403-422. Stein, G. J. and R. zbal 2006, A Tale of Two Oikumenai: Variation in the Expansionary Dynamics of 'Ubaid and Uruk Mesopotamia. Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams E. C. Stone. Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 329-342. Verhoeven, M., 2000, Death, fire and abandonment. Archaeological Dialogues 7, 46-65. Yoffee N. 1993, Early stages in the evolution of Mesopotamian civilization : Soviet excavations in northern Iraq. Tucson : University of Arizona Press.

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Seminar 7.

The emergence of urban economies, states, and the ancient world system

Professor David Wengrow During the late 4th and 3rd millennia BC the societies of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean region underwent a period of profound restructuring. Its earliest phase is dominated by the emergence of the worlds first literate polities in the great river valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt, the former exhibiting a strong emphasis upon urbanisation and the latter taking the form of a unified territorial state. The key features of their development, as well as some of their most consistent and durable characteristics, are outlined in a comparative study by Baines and Yoffee (1998), which forms the background to the present seminar. The main focus of our discussion will then turn to the wider inter-regional context within which the emergence and early development of these polities may be understood. Central to any such discussion is the expansion of urban trade and colonial networks that took place during the late fourth millennium BC (now often referred to as the Uruk expansion) which linked the development of lowland Mesopotamia to a surrounding hinterland that supplied it with metals and other valued commodities. The impact of urban expansion upon these neighbouring regions was not uniform, and Sherratt (1997) suggests how world systems theory might be adapted to account for the observed variability of responses between societies along the northern periphery of Mesopotamia. Further to the south, Egyptian state formation appears to be similarly associated with a relatively brief phase of expansion, this time into the southern Levant, growing evidence for which is summarised in Wengrow (2006), while Marfoe (1987) offers a broader model of changing maritime relations along the northern Levantine coast during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. These political and economic developments were to determine the basic configuration of inter-regional contacts in the Middle East for centuries to come, and set in motion the westward proliferation of urban culture towards the Aegean, recent evidence for which is brought together and analysed by aholu (2005). Essential: Baines, J. and Yoffee, N. (1998). Order, legitimacy and wealth in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In G.M. Feinman and J. Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp.199-260. [TC 2297, INST ARCH BD FEI, ISSUE DESK IOA FEI 3] Sherratt, A.G. (1997) Troy, Maikop, Altyn Depe: Early Bronze Age urbanism and its periphery. In A.G. Sherratt, Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp.457-470. [INST ARCH DA 100 SHE, ISSUE DESK SHE 9] aholu, V. (2005) The Anatolian Trade Network and the Izmir region during the Early Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24(4): 339-361. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118695733/PDFSTART ] Marfoe, L. (1987) Cedar forest to silver mountain: social change and the development of long-distance trade in early Near Eastern societies. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1987: 25-35. [INST ARCH AB ROW, ISSUE DESK IOA ROW 3] Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp.33-40, 135-150) [EGYPTOLOGY B 11 WEN and ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7] Recommended: World systems theory: debating the Uruk expansion in the fourth millennium BC Algaze, G. (1993) The Uruk World System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (read selectively) Eckholm, K. and Friedman, J. (1979) Capital imperialism and exploitation in ancient world systems. In M.T.Larsen (ed.) Power and Propaganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. Akademisk Forlag: Copenhagen, pp.41-58. Frangipane, M. (1997) A 4th-millennium temple/palace complex at ArslantepeMalatya: north-south relations and the formation of early state societies in the northern regions of Greater Mesopotamia. Palorient 23(1): 45-73. Matthews, R.J. and Fazeli, H. (2004) Copper and complexity: Iran and Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. Iran 42: 61-75. Nissen, H.J. (2001) Cultural and political networks in the ancient Near East during the fourth and third Millennia BC. In M. Rothman (ed.), Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbours: Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation, pp.149180. Oxford, Santa Fe: James Currey, School of American Research Press. Oates, J. (1993) Trade and power in the fifth and fourth millennia BC: new evidence from northern Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 24 (3): 403-22. Stein, G. (1999) Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. (read selectively for the implications of Hacinebi in eastern Anatolia)

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Further reading on world systems theory Kohl, P. (1987) The ancient economy, transferable technologies and the Bronze Age world system: a view from the northeastern frontier of the ancient Near East. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.13-24. Rowlands, M.J. (1987) Centre and periphery. A review of a concept. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, pp.1-12. Schneider, J. (1977) Was there a pre-capitalist world system?. Peasant Studies 6(1): 20-29. Sherratt, A.G. (1993) What would a Bronze Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 1-57. (note: much of the descriptive focus is on temperate nd st Europe during the 2 and 1 millennium BC, but the overall approachas laid out on pp.1-18, is directly relevant here) Sherratt, A. (2000) Envisioning global change: a long-term perspective. In R.A. Denemark et al. (eds.) World System History. The Social Science of Long-Term Change. London and New-York: Routledge, pp.115-132. Wolf, E. (1982) Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Introduction, pp.3-23, for the genesis of world systems theory in work on the origins of modern capitalism and the global economy) Secondary innovations in farming: contexts and consequences Algaze, G. (1995) Fourth millennium BC trade in Greater Mesopotamia: did it include wine?. In P.E. McGovern et al. (eds.) The Origins and Ancient History of Wine. Gordon and Breach: Amsterdam, pp.89-96. Halstead, P. (1995) Plough and power: the economic and social significance of cultivation with the ox-drawn ard in the Mediterranean. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 8: 11-22. Lipschitz, N., Gophna, R., Hartman, M. and Biger, G. 1991. The beginning of olive (Olea europaea) cultivation in the Old World: a reassessment. Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 441-53. McGovern, P.E. et al. (1997). The beginnings of winemaking and viniculture in the Ancient Near East and Egypt. Expedition 39 (1): 3-21. Peltenburg, E. (1996) From isolation to state formation in Cyprus, c.3500-1500 B.C.. In V. Karageorghis & M. Michaelides (eds.) The Development of the Cypriot Economy from the Prehistoric Period to the Present Day. Nicosia: University of Cyprus/Bank of Cyprus, 17-37. Pullen, D.J. (1992) Ox and plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. American Journal of Archaeology 96: 45-54. Sherratt, A.G. (1997) Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (chapters 6-7, pp.158-228) Sherratt, A.G. (1999). Cash-crops before cash: organic consumables and trade. In C. Gosden and J.G. Hather (eds.), The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. London: Routledge, pp.13-34. [INST ARCH HA GOS, and ISSUE DESK IOA] Stager, L.E. (1985) The first fruits of civilization. In J.N. Tubb (ed.), Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Papers in Honour of Olga Tufnell, 172-88. London: Institute of Archaeology, pp.172-188. Early urbanisation in Syro-Mesopotamia: economic and cultural aspects Akkermans, P.M.M.G. and Schwartz, G.M. (2003) The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies, 16,000-300 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 8, pp.233-288) Chazan, M. and Lehner, M. (1990) An ancient analogy: pot baked bread in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Palorient 16(2): 21-35. Jasim, S.A. and Oates, J. (1986) Early tokens and tablets in Mesopotamia: new information from Tell Abada and Tell Brak. World Archaeology 17: 348-361. Joffe, A.H. (1998) Alcohol and social complexity in Ancient Western Asia. Current Anthropology 39: 297-310. McCorriston, J. (1997) The fiber revolution. Textile extensification, alienation, and social stratification in ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 38 (4): 519-49 (with comments by Liverani and others) Nissen, H.J. 1988. The Early History of the Ancient Near East, 9000 2000 BC. (Translated by E. Lutzeier and K. J. Northcott). Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press (chapters 4 and 5, pp.65-164) Oates, J. (1996) A prehistoric communication revolution. (Review article) Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(1): 165-173. 24

Pettinato, G. (1991) Ebla. A New Look at History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Pollock, S. (1992) Bureaucrats and managers, peasants and pastoralists, imperialists and traders: research on the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Periods in Mesopotamia. Journal of World Prehistory 6(3): 297-336. Potts, T.F. (1993) Patterns of trade in Third-Millennium BC Mesopotamia and Iran. World Archaeology 24(4): 379-402. Yoffee, N. (1995) Political economy in early Mesopotamian states. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 281-311. Zagarell, A. (1986) Trade, women, class, and society in ancient western Asia. Current Anthropology 27(5): 415-430 (with discussion by Brentjes and others). Egyptian state formation: internal process and external contacts (c.4000-2500 BC) Baines, J. (1995) Origins of Egyptian kingship. In OConnor, D. and Silverman, D.P. (eds.) Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden: Brill, pp.95-156. Baines, J. (2003) Early definitions of the Egyptian world and its surroundings. In T. Potts et al. (eds.) Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey. Oxford: Griffith Institute, pp.27-57. Ben-Tor, A. (1991) New light on the relations between Egypt and southern Palestine during the Early Bronze Age. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 281: 3-10. Faltings, D. (1998a) Canaanites at Buto in the early fourth millennium BC. Egyptian Archaeology 13: 29-32. Hendrickx, S. and Bavay, L. (2002) The relative chronological position of Egyptian predynastic and Early Dynastic tombs with objects imported from the Near East and the nature of interregional contacts. In E.C.M. van den Brink and T.E. Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the early 3rd Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, pp.58-80. Joffe, A.H. (2000) Egypt and Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium: implications of the New Chronology. Current Anthropology 41: 113-23. Moorey, P.R.S. (1987) On tracking cultural transfers in prehistory: the case of Egypt and lower Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36-46. Oren, E.D. (1989) Early Bronze Age settlement in North Sinai: a model for EgyptoCanaanite interconnections. In P. de Miroschedji (ed.), Lurbanisation de la Palestine lge du bronze ancien: bilan et perspectives des recherches actuelles. Oxford: BAR, pp.389-405. Philip, G. (2002) Contacts between the Uruk world and the Levant during the fourth millennium BC: evidence and interpretation. In J.N. Postgate (ed.) Artefacts of Complexity. Tracking the Uruk in the NearEast. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp.207-35. Seidlmayer, S. (1996). Town and state in the early Old Kingdom. A view from Elephantine. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, pp.108-27. Shaw, I. ed. (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (chapters 5 and 6, covering the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Periods, pp.89-147) van den Brink, E.C.M. and Levy, T.E. eds. (2002) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the early 3rd Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press. (chapters by Levy and van den Brink, pp.3-38, Levy and Kansa, pp. 190-212, and Ilan pp.306-22) The Early Bronze Age Levant Ben-Tor A. (1992) The Early Bronze Age. In A. Ben-Tor (ed.), The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.81-125. Esse, D.L. (1991) Subsistence, Trade and Social Change in Early Bronze Age Palestine. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Golden, J. (2002) The origins of the metals trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: social organization of production in the early copper industries. In E.C.M. van den th Brink and T.E. Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4 rd through the early 3 Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, pp.225-38. Grigson, C. (1995) Plough and pasture in the early economy of the southern Levant. In T.E. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, pp.245-68. 25

Joffe, A.H. (1993) Settlement and Society in the Early Bronze I and II Southern Levant. Complementarity and Contradiction in Small-Scale Complex Society. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Joffe, A.H. (2001) Early Bronze Age seal impressions from the Jezreel Valley and the problem of sealing in the Southern Levant. In S. Wolff (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighbouring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp.355-75. Levy, T.E. and Shalev, S. (1989) Prehistoric metalworking in the southern Levant: archaeometallurgical and social perspectives. World Archaeology 20(3): 352372. Lovell, J. (2002) Shifting subsistence patterns: some ideas about the end of the Chalcolithic in the southern Levant. Palorient 28(1): 61-88. Philip, G. (2001) The Early Bronze I-III Ages. In B. MacDonald et al. (eds.), The Archaeology of Jordan, 163-232. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.163232. Shalev, S. (1994) The change in metal production from the Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age in Israel and Jordan. Antiquity 68: 630-7. Social and technological change in the Early Bronze Age of the Aegean and Western Anatolia Broodbank, C. (2000) An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapters 7-10, pp.211-349) Day, P.M. and Wilson, D.E. (2002) Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In Y.Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.143-166. Erkanal, H. (1996) Early Bronze Age urbanization in the coastal region of Western Anatolia, In Y. Sey (ed.) Tarihten Gnmze Anadolu'da Konut ve Yerlesme [Housing and Settlement in Anatolia: A Historical Perspective], pp. 31-42. Gale, N.H. et al. (1985) Alloy types and copper sources of Anatolian copper alloy Artifacts. Anatolian Studies 35: 143-173. Mellink, M (1986) The Early Bronze Age in West Anatolia: Aegean and Asiatic Correlations. I n G. Cadogan (ed.) The End of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean. Leiden, pp. 139-152. Muhly, J.D. (1985) Sources of tin and the beginnings of Bronze Metallurgy, American Journal of Archaeology 89: 275-291. Peltenburg, E. (2000) From nucleation to dispersal: late third millennium B.C. settlement pattern transformations in the Near East and Aegean. In O. Rouault and M. Wfler (eds.) La Djzir et l'Euphrate syriens de la protohistoire la fin du IIe millnaire av. J.-C.: Tendances dans l'interprtation historique des donnes nouvelles. [Subartu VII] Brepols, pp. 183-206. Phillips, J. (1996) Egypto-Aegean relations up to the 2nd millennium BC. In L.Krzyzaniak et al. (eds.) Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan: Archaeological Museum, pp.459-470. Renfrew, A.C. (1972) The Emergence of Civilization: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen. (chapters 14-21, pp.225-504read selectively and bear in mind the amount of new evidence available since its publication) aholu, V. (2004) Interregional contacts around the Aegean during the Early Bronze Age: new evidence from the Izmir Region Anadolu/Anatolia 27: 97-120. Warren, P.M. (2000) The Early Bronze Age. In D. Huxley (ed.) Cretan Quests. British Explorers, Excavators and Historians. London: British School at Athens, pp.86-99. Weingarten, J. (1997) Another look at Lerna: an EHIIB trading post?. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 147-166. Whitelaw, T. (2004) Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean. In J.C. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilization Revisited. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp.232-56. Wiencke, T. (1983) Change in Early Helladic II. American Journal of Archaeology 93: 495-509. The case of Cyprus Held, S.O. (1993) Insularity as a modifier of cultural change: the case of prehistoric Cyprus. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 292: 25-33. Keswani, P.S. (1996) Hierarchies, heterarchies, and urbanization processes: the view from Bronze Age Cyprus. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9.2: 211-250. Knapp, A.B. (1994) The prehistory of Cyprus: problems and prospects. Journal of World Prehistory 8: 377-453. Peltenburg, E. J. (1993) Settlement discontinuity and resistance to complexity in Cyprus, c.4500-2500 BC. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 292: 9-23. Suggestions for discussion: General: To what extent does the emergence of centralised polities in Mesopotamia and Egypt during the late 4th 26

millennium BC need to be understood as part of a single, interrelated set of processes? How should we account for the different forms taken by these polities? What was the impact of changes in dietsuch as increased use of fermented cereal and processed treecrop productsupon patterns of trade and social development in the study region during the 4th-3rd millennia BC? How did the growth of maritime transport influence Early Bronze Age trade and urban development in the Eastern Mediterranean? To what extent does the increased circulation of metals account for the greater articulation of Aegean and western Anatolian societies, both with each other and the outside world, during the third millennium BC? Essay question Discuss the impact of either polyculture1 or secondary products2 (or both) upon at least two different areas of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. OR How far does world systems theory allow us to explain the startling transformation of societies in the Middle East and neighbouring regions during the fourth and third millennia BC? OR To what extent do changes in the use and trade of metals account for the development of any one part of the study region during the third millennium BC?

1 2

As discussed, for instance, by Renfrew (1972: 280ff.) As defined by Sherratt (1997, chapters 6-7, and elsewhere) 27

Seminar 8. BC

Palatial economies, technological change and cultural transmission in the 2

nd

millennium

Professor Todd Whitelaw The initial impetus for tracing interconnections between cultures of the Bronze Age Mediterranean often derived from the desire to establish chronological linkages. In recent years this enterprise has been increasingly informed by scientific techniques for establishing the provenance of raw materials and finished goods. Far less attention has been given, however, to the social mechanisms through which such interactions and transfers took place. Antidiffusionary perspectives down-played the importance of such interactions during the 1970s and 1980s, but with explorations of world systems theory their nature has been re-problematised, and the role of social and ideological factors in transfers of knowledge is now increasingly recognised and explored. This session will review differences in approaches to intercultural interactions, focussing upon evidence from the second millennium BC, which demonstrates the movement of restricted materials and specialised craft knowledgeartistic, military, and otherwisebetween distinct political and social contexts. Using a variety of theoretical templates and possible case-studiescovering the exploitation of metals (Keswani 1996), stone (Bloxham 2006), vitreous materials (Shortland et al. 2001), ceramics (Whitelaw 2001), and human resources (Zaccagnini 1987)we will seek to evaluate the explanatory models currently used to account for transfers of craft skills and technology, considering in particular the degree to which such interactions were, or needed to be, centrally organised by palace-based authorities, a theme directly addressed in an important study by Philip Kohl (1989). Essential: Zaccagnini, C. (1987) Aspects of ceremonial exchange in the Near East during the late second millennium BC. In, M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.57-65. [ISSUE DESK ROW 3, INST ARCH AB ROW] Keswani, P. (1996) Hierarchies, heterarchies and urbanization processes: the view from Bronze Age Cyprus. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9(2): 211-50. [TC 3184, INST ARCH PERS] Bennet, D.J. (2008) 'PalaceTM: speculatiions on palatial production in Mycenaean Greece with (some) reference to glass'. In C. Jackson and E. Wager (eds) Vitreous materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp.151-72. [INST ARCH DAG 10 JAC, and pdf. available on Moodle website] Kohl, P. (1987) The ancient economy, transferable technologies and the Bronze Age world system: a view from the northeastern frontier of the ancient Near East. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.13-24. [ISSUE DESK IOA ROW 3, INST ARCH AB ROW] Bloxham, E. (2006) Miners and mistresses: Middle Kingdom mining on the margins. Journal of Social Archaeology 6(2): 2777-303. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] OR: Shortland, A. et al. (2001) Glass and faience at Amarna: different methods of both supply for production, and subsequent distribution. In A. Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change. Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.147-160. [ISSUE DESK IOA SHO, INST ARCH DBA 100 SHO] Recommended: Theoretical and synthetic perspectives on craft skills and transmission of specialised knowledge Adams, R. McC. (1974) Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade. Current Anthropology 15: 239-58. Brumfiel, E.M. & T.K. Earle eds. (1987) Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Costin, C. (1991) Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. In, M. Schiffer (ed.) Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3. Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, pp. 1-56. Earle, T. (2002) Bronze Age Economics. The Beginnings of Political Economies. London: Westview, pp.1-69. Hayden, B. (1998) Practical and prestige technologies: the evolution of material systems. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5:1-55. Helms, M.W. (1993) Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power. Austin: University of Texas Press. Hirth, K. (1996) Political economy and archaeology: perspectives on exchange and production. Journal of Archaeological Research 4: 203 Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. (1996) The archaeological evidence for international commerce: public and/or private enterprise in Mesopotamia. In M. Hudson and B. Levine (eds.) Privatization in the Ancient Near East and Classical World. Peabody Museum Bulletin 5. Cambridge: Harvard University. Larsen, M.T. (1987) Commercial networks in the Ancient Near East. In Rowlands, M., M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World: 47-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.47-56. Renfrew, A.C. (1993) Trade beyond the material. In Scarre, C. & Healy, F. (eds.) Trade and 28

Exchange in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.5-16. Schortman, E. and Urban, P. (1987) Modeling interregional interaction in prehistory. In M. Schiffer (ed.) Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 11. New York, Academic Press, pp. 37-95. Schortman, E. and Urban, P. eds. (1992) Resources, power and interregional interaction. London: Plenum. Stein, G. (1998) Heterogeneity, power and political economy: some current research issues in the archaeology of Old World complex societies. Journal of Archaeological Research 6:1-43. Stein, G. (1996) Producers, patrons and prestige: craft specialists and emergent elites in Mesopotamia from 5500-3100 BC. In, B. Wailes (ed.) Craft Specialization and Social Evolution. In Memory of V. Gordon Childe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Whitelaw, T. (2001) Reading between the tablets: assessing Mycenaean palatial involvement in ceramic production and consumption. In S. Voutsaki and J. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States. Cambridge: Philological Society, pp.51-79. Artisans and innovation in the second millennium BC Bevan, A. (2007) Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp.41-61 (chapter 4) [INST ARCH DAG 100 BEV] Moorey, P.R.S. (2001) The mobility of artisans and opportunities for technological transfer between Western Asia and Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. In A.Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change in Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.1-14. Laffineur, R. (1990-91) Material and craftsmanship in the Mycenaean Shaft Graves: imports versus local production. Minos 25-26: 69-176. Laffineur, R. (2005) Imports/exports in the Eastern Mediterranean: for a specific methodology. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.39-44. Muhly, J. (2005) Travelling craftsmen: love em or leave em. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.685-690. Politis, T. (2001) Gold and granulation: exploring the social implications of a prestige technology in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. In A.Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change in Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.161-194. Shortland, A. (2004) Hopeful monsters? Invention and innovation in the archaeological record. In J.Bourriau and J.Phillips (eds.) Invention and innovation: the Social Context of Technological Change. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.1-11. Zaccagnini, C. (1983) Patterns of mobility among ancient Near Eastern craftsmen. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 42: 250-254. The Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Middle Bronze Age (note: articles by A. and S. Sherratt in Seminars 3 and 8, essential reading, are also highly relevant) Aruz, J. (1995) Syrian seals and the evidence for cultural interaction between the Levant and Crete. In I.Pini and J.-C.Poursat (eds.) Sceaux Minoens et Mycniens. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp.1-21. Aruz, J. (1995) Imagery and interconnections. gypten und Levante 5: 33-48. Barber, E.J.W. (1998) Aegean ornaments and designs in Egypt. In E.H.Cline and D.Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.13-17. Betancourt, P.P. (1997) Relations between the Aegean and the Hyksos at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. In E.D.Oren (ed.) The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. Philadelphia: University Museum, pp.429-432. Bevan, A. (2003) Reconstructing the role of Egyptian culture in the value regimes of the Bronze Age Aegean: stone vessels and their social contexts. In R.Matthews and C.Roemer (eds.) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL, pp.57-74. Bevan, A. (2007) Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University [INST ARCH DAG 100 BEV] Bietak, M. (1995) Connections between Egypt and the Minoan world: new results from Tell el-Daba/Avaris. In W.V.Davies and L.Schofield (eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. London: British Museum, pp.19-28. Broodbank, C. (2004) Minoanisation. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 50: 46-91. Brysbaert, A. (2002) Common craftsmanship in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean: preliminary technological evidence with emphasis on the painted plaster from Tell el- Daba, Egypt. gypten und Levante 12: 95-108. Crouwel, J. (2005) Early chariots in the Aegean and their eastern connections. In R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern 29

Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.39-44. Caubet, A. (1998) The international style: a point of view from the Levant and Syria. In E.H.Cline and D.Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.105-113. Cline, E.H. (1998) Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell ed- Daba and the Aegean worlda guide for the perplexed. Annual of the British School at Athens 93: 199-219 (with response by M.Bietak, in Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (2000), pp.185-205) Heltzer, M. (1989) The trade of Crete and Cyprus with Syria and Mesopotamia and their eastern tin-sources in the XVIII-XVII century BC. Minos 23: 7-13. Kemp, B. and Merrillees, R.S. (1980) Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt. Mainz am Rhein: von Zabern. Knappett, C. and Nikolakopoulou, I. (2005) Exchange and affiliation networks in the Middle Bronze Age southern Aegean: Crete, Akrotiri and Miletus. In R.Laffineur and E.Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.175-184. Malamat, A. (1998) Mari and its relations with the Eastern Mediterranean. In M. Lubetski et al. (eds.) Boundaries of the Ancient Near Eastern World. A Tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.410-18. Merrillees, R.S. (1998) Egypt and the Aegean. In E.H.Cline and D.Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.149-158. Merrillees, R.S. (2003) The first appearances of Kamares Ware in the Levant. gypten und Levante 13: 127-142. Morgan, L. (1995) Minoan painting and Egypt: the case of Tell el-Daba. In W.V.Davies and L.Schofield (eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. London: British Museum, pp.29-53. Niemeier, W.D. (2005) The Minoans and Mycenaeans in western Asia: settlement, emporia, or acculturation?. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.199-204. Niemeier, B. and W.-D.Niemeier (2000) Aegean frescoes in Syria-Palestine: Alalakh and Tel Kabri. In E.S.Sherratt (ed.) The Wall Paintings of Thera. Athens: Thera Foundation, pp.763-802. OConnor, D. (1996) Egypt and Greece: the Bronze Age evidence. In M.R.Lefkowitz and G.M.Rogers (eds.) Black Athena Revisited. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. Panagiotopoulous, D. (2001) Keftiu in context: Theban tomb-paintings as a historical source. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 20: 263-283. Wachsmann, S. (1987) Aegeans in Theban Tombs. Leuven: Peters. Weingarten, J. (1991) The Transformation of Egyptian Taweret into the Minoan Genius: a Study in Cultural Transmission in the Middle Bronze Age. Gteborg: Paul strms Frlag. Expanding networks in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Arnold, D. et al. (1995) Canaanite imports at Lisht, the Middle Kingdom capital of Egypt. gypten und Levante 5: 13-32. Karageorghis, V. and Michaelides, D. eds. (1996) The Development of the Cypriot Economy: From the Prehistoric Period to the Present Day. Nicosia: Lithographica. Kohl, P. (1987) The ancient economy, transferable technologies and the Bronze Age world-system: a view from the northeastern frontier of the Ancient Near East. In, M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.13-24. Larsen, M.T. (2000) The Old Assyrian City-State. In Hansen, M.H. (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 21. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Larsen, M.T. (1976) The Old Assyrian City-state and its Colonies. Mesopotamia 4. Copenhagen. Lilyquist, C. (1993) Granulation and glass: chronological and stylistic investigations at selected sites, ca.2500-1400 BCE. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 290-291: 29-94. Littauer, M.A. and Crouwel, J.H. (2002) Selected Writings on Chariots and other early Vehicles, Riding and Harness. Leiden: Brill. (read selectively) Moorey, P.R.S. (1986) The emergence of the light, horse-drawn chariot in the Near East c.2000-1500 BC. World Archaeology 18(2): 196-215. Philip, G. (1991) Cypriot bronzework in the Levantine world: conservatism, innovation and social change. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 4(1): 59-107. Shaw, I. (2001) Egyptians, Hyksos and military hardware: causes, effects or catalysts?. In A.Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change in Egypt and 30

the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.59-72. Sherratt, A. and Sherratt, S. (2001) Technological change in the East Mediterranean Bronze Age: capital, resources and marketing. In A.Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change. Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.15-38. [TC 2772, INST ARCH DBA 100 SHO] Shortland, A. (2001) Social influences on the development and spread of glass. In A.Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change in Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.211-222. Van de Mieroop, M. (1992) Society and Enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur. Berlin: Reimer. And for general reference see also: Barber, E.J.W. (1991) Prehistoric Textiles. The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kantor, H.J. (1947) The Aegean and the Orient in the second millennium BC. American Journal of Archaeology 51: 1-103. Lucas, A. (1962) Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. 4th ed., revised and enlarged by J.R. Harris. London: Edward Arnold. Moorey, P.R.S.M. (1994) Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Muhly, J.D. (1973) Copper and Tin: the Distribution of Mineral Resources and the Nature of the Metals Trade in the Bronze Age. New Haven: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Nicholson, P. and Shaw, I. eds. (2000) Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, W.S. (1965) Interconnections in the Ancient Near East: a Study of the Relationships between the Arts of Egypt, the Aegean and Western Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Suggestions for discussion What were the main social factors that a) promoted and b) restricted technological transmission and innovation in the Eastern Mediterranean during the early-mid 2nd millennium BC? In what ways can the spread of new technologies at this time be linked to the development of palatial economies and trade networks? What role did palaces have in inter-cultural communication? Do you see technological change as a primary motor for social change during the Middle Bronze Age, or as a symptom of broader changes in patterns of social organisation and political alliance? How might a focus on technological change serve to highlight similarities and differences in the organisation and functioning of palaces across the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East during the Middle Bronze Age? What role, more generally, do ethnicity and movements of people (whether through voluntary or involuntary migration) have to play in understanding processes of technological invention and dispersal in the Middle Bronze Age? What was the role of military conquest in these same processes? In what ways might technological change be considered a reservoir of symbolic, as well as practical, resources in Bronze Age societies? What is the evidence for non-elite contexts of technological change and transfer in the Middle Bronze Age, and how does it relate to official representations of cross-cultural interaction? Essay question How far is it possible to distinguish between trade, stylistic influence and technology transfer when discussing cross-cultural relationships in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? Discuss with special reference to the early-mid second millennium BC. OR: How would you characterise the relationship between political change and access to specialised craft skills in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Middle Bronze Age?

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Seminar 9. Holocene environments, climate change and human impact Prof Arlene Rosen Climate change has been proposed as one of several key factors in shaping the course of human society in the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. Opinions of scholars about the role of climate change in everything from the origins of agriculture to the collapse of Bronze Age societies ranges from a perspective of almost total climatic determinism to a position that climate had little if any significant influence. In this session we will explore the background of climate change and social responses throughout the course of Near Eastern social development. First, we will examine the causes of climate and environmental change in this part of the world, and how paleoclimatologists reconstruct past environments. Then we will examine the the paleoenvironmental record as we currently understand it, and how it relates to past societies. Finally, we will discuss case studies of the impact of abruptly changing climates on Eastern Mediterranean societies ranging from the possible role of climate change on the origins of agriculture, the collapse of some Bronze Age societies, how other early complex societies adapted to abrupt climate change, and the strategies of empires in Late Antiquity for adjusting to abrupt climate and environmental changes. We will examine the strategies these societies used to adapt to abrupt climatic changes and why some succeeded when others failed. We will also consider how developing societies in the Near East altered their natural environments as well. Essential: Roberts, N. (1998) Paleoecological Techniques, pp. 28-54, in The Holocene: An Environmental History. Blackwell, Oxford [INST ARCH BA ROB; ISSUE DESK IOA ROB] Rosen, A. M. (2007) Chapter 1, Holocene Climate and Society, pp. 1-16; and Chapter 9, Civilizing Climate, pp. 172-180 in Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Altamira, Lanham, MD. [INST ARCH DBA 100 ROS; ISSUE DESK IOA ROS 5] Wilkinson, T. J. (2003) Landscape trajectories in time and space, pp. 210-220. in Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. University of Arizona, Tucson. [INST ARCH DBA 100 WIL, ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 20] Plus: Each student is required to select one article of her/his own choosing relating to a case study of climate change and archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean. You are required to write a one paragraph abstract of this article (about 100-200 words) to hand in, and be prepared to discuss it in class. If any student is having difficulty finding a suitable article, please feel free to contact A. Rosen for help or advice. Recommended: Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer-Cohen. (2002). Facing environmental crisis: Societal and cultural changes at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Holocene in the Levant. In The Dawn of Farming in the Near East, edited by R. T. J. Cappers and S. Bottema, pp. 55-66. 6 ed. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Ex Oriente, Berlin. Kuzucuolu, C. and C. Marro (editors) (2007) Socits Humaines et Changement Climatique la Fin du Troisime Millnaire: Une Crise a-t-elle Lieu En Haute Msopotamie. Institut Franais dtudes Anatoliennes-Georges Dumezil Paris. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUZ. Roberts, N. (2002). Did prehistoric landscape management retard the post-glacial spread of woodland in Southwest Asia? Antiquity 76:1002-1010. Wilkinson, T. J. (1994). The Structure and Dynamics of Dry-Farming States in Upper Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 35(5):483-520. For discussion: How do different scholars interpret the role of climate change as a driver of social change? Why do some societies appear to collapse in the wake of abrupt climate change, while others continue on with no archaeological indications of disturbance? Is collapse a valid concept? How have humans impacted Eastern Mediterranean environments through time? Essay question Same as discussion topics, using selected case studies from the Eastern Mediterranean and/or Middle East

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Seminar 10.

The transformation of political and sacred landscapes

Professor David Wengrow and Mary Shepperson The shared experience of space is a fundamental dimension of human life, and the use of space is a key mechanism through which social interactions are given expressive form and permanence. Anthropologists have long investigated how the reproduction of social order relates to the controlled use of space, focussing upon how social relations are inscribed into the routine motions of domestic life and bodily expression (e.g. Pierre Bourdieus Outline of a Theory of Practice), but also the manner in which key moments of social crisis and transition (such as birth, initiation and death) are experienced and managed as transgressions of symbolic boundaries (e.g. Mary Douglass Purity and Danger). As demonstrated in Adam Smiths recent book, The Political Landscape, both ancient and modern political orders are deeply ingrained in particular understandings and representations of spatial order, from the Mesopotamian city-state with its sacred households to the shopping malls and planned orthogonal suburbs of present-day America. Major social and political transformations, in all periods of human history, have typically been accompanied by reconfigurations of the spatial environment and the establishment of new notions of centre and periphery, as well as new forms of control over the movement of people and things. The relationship between place and personal identity (i.e. the achievement of a sense of belonging and rootedness) is a complex and often highly contested one, for which people have regularly been willing to sacrifice life and labour. In this seminar we will compare a wide variety of approaches to the analysis of space in the archaeology of the Eastern Mediterreanean and Middle East. Liverani (1990), drawing largely upon textual and iconographical sources, discusses the symbolic representation of space in Bronze Age polities and its manifestation through political action. Smith (2000), in a consideration of the Iron Age empire of Urartu, shows how such sources can be placed in tension with archaeological remains of the built environment to shed further light on the ideological production of space in ancient polities. Broodbank (1993), focussing upon the prehistoric Cyclades, considers the changing relationship between knowledge, space and power in the maritime landscape of Early Bronze Age traders. Baines (2003) shows how the analysis of mobile, elite objects and representationscombined with archaeological evidencecan shed light on new conceptualisations of the relationship between person and place that accompanied the emergence of sacred kingship in Egypt. Finally Briault (2007) and Wright (1994) offer further archaeological perspectives on the interlocking transformations of political and sacred landscapes in Bronze Age Crete and on the Greek Mainland. Further readings cover a growing number of general and theoretical texts on the archaeology and anthropology of landscape, and provide additional material from the study region. Essential: Liverani, M. (1990) Prestige and Interest. International Relations in the Near East, ca. 1600-1100 BC. Padova: Sargon (chapter 1, pp.33-86). [ANCIENT HISTORY B 61 LIV, TC 3222] Smith, A.T. (2003) Smith, A.T. (2000) Rendering the political aesthetic: Political legitimacy in Urartian representations of the built environment. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19(2): 131-163. [TC 3199, INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Broodbank, C. (1993) Ulysses without sails: trade, distance, knowledge and power in the early Cyclades World Archaeology 24(3): 315-331. (for general observations on the exchange of material goods and immaterial knowledge). [TC 536, INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/124711.pdf ] Baines, J. (2003) Early definitions of the Egyptian world and its surroundings. In T. Potts et al. (eds.) Culture through Objects: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey. Oxford: Griffith Institute, pp.27-58. [TC 3237, IOA ISSUE DESK POT 3] and ONE of EITHER: Briault, C. (2007) Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean: visibility, ritual kits, and the idea of the peak sanctuary. World Archaeology 39(1): 122-141 [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] OR Wright, J.C. (1994) The spatial configuration of belief: the archaeology of Mycenaean religion. In S.E. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds.) Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 37-78. [TC 852, INST ARCH DAE 100 ALC, ANCIENT HISTORY P 74 ALC] Recommended: general and theoretical Bradley, R. (2000) An Archaeology of Natural Places. London: Routledge. Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger. London: Routledge. Foucault, M. (1984) Space, Knowledge, Power. In P. Rabinow (ed.) The Foucault Reader. London: Penguin, pp.239-256. Helms, M.W. (1988) Ulysses' Sail: an Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographical Distance. Princeton, N.J.; Guildford: Princeton University Press. Kus, S. and Raharijaona, V. (2000) House to palace, village to state: scaling up archictecture and ideology. American Anthropologist 102: 98-113. 33

Scott, J. (1998) Seeing like a State How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press. Smith, A.T. (2003) The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. University of California Press: Berkeley (with Mesopotamian case-studies) Tilley, C. (1994) A Phenomenology of Landscape. Oxford: Berg. Ucko, P.J. and Layton, R. (eds.) 1999. The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your Landscape. London; New York: Routledge. Recommended: regional perspectives Assmann, J. (2001) The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. (translated by David Lorton). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp.17-40. Baines, J. (1997) Temples as symbols, guarantors, and participants in Egyptian civilization. In S. Quirke (ed.), The Temple in Ancient Egypt. New Discoveries and Recent Research. London: British Museum Press, pp.216-241. Betancourt, P.P. (1999) Discontinuity in the Minoan-Mycenaean Religions: Smooth Development or Disruptions and War?. In Betancourt, P.P., V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and W-D. Neimeier (eds.), Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Weiner as he enters his 65th Year II: 19-225. Briault, C. (2007) Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronz Age Aegean: visibility, ritual kits, and the idea of a peak sanctuary. World Archaeology 39: 122-141. Chaniotis, A. (2005) Ritual dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean: case studies from Ancient Greece and Asia Minor. In W.V. Harris (ed.) Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.141-66. Cherry, J.F. (1986) Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In Renfrew, C. and J. F. Cherry (eds.) Peer-polity interaction and socio-political change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.19-45. DAgata, A. (1992) Late Minoan Crete and horns of consecration: a symbol in action. In R. Laffineur and J.L. Crowley (eds.) 1992. EIKON. Aegean Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping a Methodology: 247-56. Davis, E.N. (1995) Art and politics in the Aegean: the missing ruler. In P. Rehak (ed.) The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean. (Aegaeum 11) Bruxelles: Universit de Lige, pp.11-19. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. (1994) Comments on a popular model of Minoan religion. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13: 173-84. Flannery, K.V. (1997) The ground plans of archaic states. In G.M. Feinman and J. Marcus, Archaic States Santa Fe: School of American Research, pp.15-57. Frankfort, H. (1948) Kingship and the Gods. A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (comparative discussion of Egypt and Mesopotamia) Kees, H. (1977) Ancient Egypt. A Cultural Topography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kemp, B.J. (1989) Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. London: Routledge, (chapter 4, Model Communities, pp.137-180). Knapp, A.B. (1996) The Bronze Age economy of Cyprus: ritual, ideology, and the sacred landscape. In V. Karageorghis and M. Michaelides (eds.) The Development of the Cypriot Economy. Nicosia: Lithographics, pp.71-106. Matthews, R. (2004) Landscapes of terror and control. Near Eastern Archaeology 67(4): 200-11. Margueron, J.C. (1995) Mari: a portrait in art of a Mesopotamian state. In J.Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribners, pp.885-900. OConnor, D. (1997) Egyptian Architecture. In D.P. Silverman (ed.) Searching for Ancient Egypt: Art, Architecture, and Artifacts from the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Dallas Museum of Art, pp.155-161. OConnor, D. (2003) Egypts views of others. In J. Tait (ed.), Never Had the Like Occurred: Egypts View of its Past. London: UCL Press, pp.155-186. Peatfield, A.A.D. (1987) Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship between palaces and peak sanctuaries. In R. Hgg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. Stockholm: Svenska institutet i Athens, pp. 89-93. [TC 510, YATES Qto A6 FUN; ISSUE DESK IOA FUN] Peatfield, A.A.D. (1994) After the big bang what? Or Minoan symbols and shrines beyond palatial collapse. In S.E. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds.) Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp.19-36. Richards, J.E. (1999) Conceptual landscapes in the Egyptian Nile valley. In W. Ashmore and B. Knapp (eds.) Archaeologies of Landscape. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.83-100. Seidlmayer, S. (1996). Town and state in the early Old Kingdom. A view from Elephantine. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, pp.108-27. Suter, C. (2000) Gudeas Temple Building: the Representation of an early Mesopotamian ruler in Text and Image. Groningen: STYX. 34

Wengrow, D. (2004) Violence into order: materiality and sacred power in ancient Iraq. In E. DeMarrais, C. Gosden and C. Renfrew (eds.) Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the Material World. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.261-272. Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 -2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapters 5, 9, 10) Winter, I. (1995) Aesthetics in ancient Mesopotamia. In J.Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribners, pp.2569-80. Suggestions for discussion: Is the variety of sacred landscapes in the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Middle East best explained in terms of cultural isolationism or cross-cultural contact? How were sacred landscapes transformed and transmitted over time and space? How far does archaeological evidence for the patterning of everyday life in Bronze Age societies (e.g. settlement plans, artifact distributions, evidence of cross-cultural trade) conform to or contradict the spatial conceptions projected by their elites? Essay question How far do current theoretical approaches to the understanding of landscape help us to understand the interplay of sacred, economic and political authority in ancient states?

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Seminar 11.

Mercantile Enterprise and Regimes of Value

Professor David Wengrow This weeks class considers theories of value and exchange and how they have been applied to understanding the movement of material culture around the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Trade is a heavily theorised topic and this region has always been a battleground for rival academic narratives, emphasising either the otherness of primitive exchange mechanisms or their similarity to modern, capitalist ones. Few other areas of the world offer such a rich setting in which to explore concepts of value and trade, and it is therefore no surprise that most of the key anthropological approaches to such issues were either developed with this area partly in mind or were applied to it at a very early stage. The combination of textual sources, a wide range of representational art and a richlyexplored archaeological record are both a boon and a curse, challenging us to reconcile three very different types of evidence with each other. A related theoretical question is one of scale: when, where and how the picture presented by the archaeological record must be scaled up or down to describe the real quantity, variety and significance of trade. We also find it hard to assign priority amongst a range of possible explanations for this movement of objectswhich might include private commerce, gift exchange, mobile populations carrying their own possessions, plunder and/or tributeeach of which implies further assumptions about the values ascribed to material goods in past societies. Here we will begin by considering Karl Polanyis classic (1957) exposition of the primitivist or substantivist view of Bronze Age economies, which provides the theoretical standpoint to which more recent commentators have reacted in making the alternative case for extensive systems of commerce and profit-driven trade (Larsen 1987; Sherratt and Sherratt 1991). In assessing these issues we will also consider a more detailed case-study which highlights some of the different challenges and potential of the (comparatively restricted) record of maritime archaeology (Pulak 1997). One underlying question to consider throughout is how we approach object value in the archaeological record and what it might tell us more broadly about the wider society in which such valuation occurred Bevan 2007). Essential: Polanyi, K. (1957) Marketless Trading in Hammurabis Time. In Polanyi, K., C. Arensberg and H. Pearson (eds.) Trade and Markets in the Early Empires. Glencoe: Free Press, pp.12-26 [ANTHROPOLOGY D 222 POL, ANCIENT HISTORY A 68 POL, and SCIENCE Short Loan POL] Larsen, M.T. (1987) Commercial networks in the Ancient Near East. In Rowlands, M., M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World: 47-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.47-56 [INST ARCH AB ROW, ISSUE DESK IOA ROW 3] Sherratt, A.G. and E.S. Sherratt (1991) From Luxuries to Commodities: The Nature of Bronze Age Trading Systems, in Gale, N.H. (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Jonsered: Paul Astrom, pp.351-381 [ISSUE DESK IOA STU 90] Pulak, C. (1997) The Uluburun Shipwreck. In S. Swiny, R.L. Hohlfelder and H. Wylde Swiny (eds.) Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity, pp.233-262. [INST ARCH DAG 15 Qto SWI] Bevan, A. (2007) Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.8-18. (chapters 2-3). [INST ARCH DAG 100 BEV; TC 3527] Recommended: Astour, M.C. (1972) The Merchant Class of Ugarit. In Dietz, O.E. (ed.) Gesellschaftsklassen im Alten Zweistromland und in den angrenzenden Gebeiten. Mnchen: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschafte, pp.11-26 Bevan, A. (2003) Reconstructing the Role of Egyptian Culture in the Value Regimes of the Bronze Age Aegean: Stone Vessels and Their Social Contexts. In Matthews, R. & C. Roemer (eds.), Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL. Press, pp.57-73. [TC 3257, ISSUE DESK IOA MAT 7, EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAT] Dercksen, J.G. (1999) On the financing of Old Assyrian Merchants. In J.G. Dercksen (ed.) Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, pp.85-99. Fransden, P.J. (1987) Trade and cult. In G. Englund (ed.) The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions. Uppsala: Boreas, pp.95-108. Heltzer, M. (1978) Goods, prices and the organization of trade in Ugarit, Wiesbaden: Reichert. Knapp, A.B. (1993) Thalassocracies in Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean trade: making and breaking a myth. World Archaeology 24(3): 332-347. [INST ARCH PERS] 36

Lambrou-Phillipson, C. (1991) Seafaring in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: The parameters involved in maritime travel. In Laffineur, R., editor, THALASSA. LEge Prhistorique et la Mer. Lige: Universit de l'Etat, pp.11-21. Liverani, M. (1990) Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East ca.1600-1100 B.C., Padova: Sargon (particularly pp.240-73) Veenhof, K.R. (1995) Kanesh. An Assyrian colony in Anatolia. In J. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume 5. New York: Scribner, pp.859871. Veenhof, K.R. (2003) Trade and Politics in Ancient Assur. Balancing of Public, Colonial and Entrepreneurial Interests. In Zaccagnini, C. editor Mercanti e Politica nel Mondo Antico. Rome: Bretschneider, pp.69-118. Sherratt, E.S. (1999) E pur si muove: pots, markets and values in the second millennium Mediterranean. In Crielaard, J.P., V. Stissi & G.J. van Wijngaarden (eds.) The Complex Past of Pottery: Production, Circulation and Consumption of Mycenean and Greek Pottery (sixteenth to early fifth centuries BC). Amsterdam: Gieben pp.163-209. Silver, M. (1985) Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East, London & Sydney: Croom Helm. Snodgrass, A.M. (1991) Bronze Age Exchange: A Minimalist Position. In Gale, N.H. (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in the East Mediterranean. Jonsered: strom, pp.15-20. Additional readings: general/theoretical Appadurai, A. ed. (1989) The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Introduction by Appadurai, pp.3-63, and chapter by Kopytoff, pp.64-91) Bevan, A. (2007) Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.8-18. (chapter 2: Agreeing on Things). [INST ARCH DAG 100 BEV] Bloch, M. and Parry, J. (1989) Introduction: money and the morality of exchange. In J. Parry and M. Bloch (eds.) Money and the Morality of Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-32. Weiner, A.B. (1992) Inalienable Possessions: the Paradox of Keeping-while-Giving. Berkeley: University of California Press. (read selectively) Wengrow, D. (2008) Prehistories of Commodity Branding, Current Anthropology 49(1), 734. Wengrow, D. (2010) What Makes Civilization? (Commerce and Cosmology, chapter 7) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Suggestions for discussion: What were the principal social and cultural mechanisms through which regimes of value were constructed and maintained in the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Middle East? How did they vary between states and social contexts? What are the implications of the Ulu Burun shipwreck and its contents for the conceptualisation of Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean? What were the roles of capital accumulation and interest in Bronze Age trading systems and howif at alldo they differ from those operating in modern capitalist economies? Is trade too simple a term to account for the complex web of interactions, transmissions and transformation (J. Clark) often set in motion by the movement of goods? How might such complex processes be identified archaeologically? Does the movement of goods necessarily also imply an exchange of ideas, technologies and social practices? What obstacles might exist to such broader cultural exchanges? Is there any meaningful distinction between trade and exchange? Is there such a thing as marketless trading? How is it possible to reconstruct past relationships between mercantile activity and state-directed trade in the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Middle East? How significant is the absence of coinage in understanding the workings of Bronze Age trading systems? (see especially the theoretical perspectives developed by Bloch & Parry) How is notion of object biographies useful in reconstructing ancient systems of trade and value? Essay question How far are surviving pictorial and written sources representative of the nature and extent of trade in the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Middle East?

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Seminar 12.

British Museum Session 2: Enkomi and Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age [2-4pm]

Dr Thomas Kiely Cyprus is commonly described as a major nexus of economic and cultural connections within the broader Eastern Mediterranean region during the Late Cypriot Bronze Age (c.1650/1600-1050 BC). Assuming that its identification as the Alashiya of contemporary Near Eastern documents is correct, the island was a major source of copper and other raw materials (directly or as a transhipment centre) to the surrounding region; while its king was treated as a political equal of Egypt by the Pharaohs during the Amarna period and figures prominently in other historical sources (e.g. the Ugaritic texts). Archaeological correlates of this importance which have been identified by scholars include an incremental rise in imported exotica and other status goods placed with burials over the course of the period, the rise of what are regarded as the first regional urbanised centres with monumental administrative complexes, and the evolution of a rich but eclectic material culture drawing widely on the cultural and technical traditions of surrounding areas (including many examples of the International Style). Significantly the rise of complex forms of society lagged far behind that of surrounding regions of the Levantine coast, and both the form and indeed complexity of LCBA polities are disputed by scholars (and, as a result, the equation with Alashiya itself). This seminar aims to explore the emergence and nature of LCBA society and its external connections through a case study of an important tomb deposit (Tomb 66) excavated by the British Museum in 1896 (Murray 1896) whose contents will be examined in detail during a handling class at the museum. Despite many deficiencies in the conduct, recording and publication of the excavation, the tomb assemblage is richly illustrative of contemporary funeral customs, including the practice of intra-site burial. The surviving grave goods provide a cross-section of the high status goods placed with the dead during the later part of the period, inviting comparisons with the consumption of similar materials in other regions of the Mediterranean, but also raising the issue of the adoption of new lifestyles and belief systems resulting from this interaction. Both the tomb itself and the wider settlement have been explored in detail in modern times, allowing the original excavation to be considered within the framework of modern knowledge of the settlement and the Late Cypriot period in general. In this context, it is also important to consider changing approaches to the study of this site since its first discovery. Essential: Crewe, L. (2009) Feasting with the dead. Tomb 66 at Enkomi in T. Kiely (ed) Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum. Essays in honour of Veronica Tatton-Brown. British Museum Research Publications 180 (London: British Museum Press), 2748. [INST ARCH DAG 15 Qto KIE; and pdf available on Moodle site] [Online version in preparation: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_publications/full_list_of_publications.aspx] Murray, A.S. 1900, Enkomi in A.S. Murray et al. 1900, Excavations in Cyprus. Bequest of Miss E.T. Turner to the British Museum (London: British Museum) http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/murray1900 [Original publication of Enkomi excavations: see Crewe et al. supra for the definitive account] For the comprehensive publication of the finds see: Crewe, L. (with H. Catling and T.Kiely) 2009, Enkomi in T. Kiely (ed.) Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum. Online Research Catalogue (London: British Museum). http://www.britishmuseum.org/system_pages/holding_area/ancient_cyprus_british_museum.aspx Pilides, D. 2011, The Digitisation of the Artefacts of the Enkomi tombs [Cyprus Museum share] http://www.enkomicm.org/digitisation-artefacts-enkomi-tombs Courtos, J. et al. 1986, Enkomi et le Bronze Rcent Chypre (Nicosia: A.G. Leventis Foundation). [Succinct guide to all discoveries at the site prior to 1974, including the layout of the settlement of Enkomi and the most common categories of exotic goods] Keswani, P. 2004, Mortuary ritual and society in Bronze Age Cyprus (London; Oakville:Equinox), chapter 5 for the LBA but see 1 and 2. . [Essential introduction to the importance of funerary practices in LBA society, including summaries of material from sites other than Enkomi. Largely processual in tone but by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject] Modern site reports Gjerstad, E. 1934, Enkomi. The necropolis, in E. Gjerstad et al. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Finds and results of the excavations in Cyprus 19271931. Volume 1 (Stockholm: Swedish Cyprus Expedition), 467577, 38

Dikaios, P. 196971, Enkomi. Excavations 19485. French Archaeological Miission and Cyprus Government joint expedition to Enkomi (Mainz: Von Zabern) Background to LBA Cyprus L. Steel 2004, Cyprus before history, From the earliest settlers to the end of the Bronze Age (London: Duckworth), chapter 6. A. Knapp, 2008, Prehistoric & Protohistoric Cyprus. Identity, insularity and connectivity (Oxford: Oxford University Press), chapter 4 (but also consider his broader intellectual framework in the early chapters). Karageorghis, V. 2002, Early Cyprus. Crossroads of the Mediterranean (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum), chapters I IV. [Traditional account of contacts with the outside world, but very well illustrated for contexts and key artefact, including imports] Peltenburg, E. (1996) From isolation to state formation in Cyprus, c.3500-1500 B.C.. In V. Karageorghis & M. Michaelides (eds.) The Development of the Cypriot Economy from the Prehistoric Period to the Present Day. Nicosia: University of Cyprus/Bank of Cyprus, 1737. Mycenaean imports and feasting/importance of pottery Steel, L. 1998, The social impact of imported Mycenaean pottery in Cyprus, ABSA 93, 285296. Steel, L. 2004, A Goodly FeastA Cup of Mellow Wine: Feasting in Bronze Age Cyprus in J. Wright (ed.), in The Mycenaean Feast. Hesperia 73/2, 161-80. Crewe, L. 2007, Sophistication in Simplicity: the first production of wheelmade pottery on Late Bronze Age Cyprus;, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20, no. 2, 209238 Egyptian imports Jacobsson I. 1994, Aegyptiaca from Late Bronze Age Cyprus. SIMA CXII (Jonsered: P. strm). [Comprehensive catalogue but limited interpretation, for which see Peltenburg below] Peltenburg, E. 1986, Ramesside Egypt and Cyprus, in V. Karageorghis (ed.) Cyprus between the Orient and the Occident (Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus), 14979. Peltenburg, E. 2007, Hathor, faience and copper on Late Bronze Age Cyprus, Cahier de Centre Etudes Chypriotes 37, 37596. Bevan, A. 2007, Stone vessels and values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean (Cambridge: CUP) [Helps to put imports in Cypriot contexts into perspective]

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Seminar 13. The Bronze - Iron Age transition. Continuity, change, and current controversies Dr Carol Bell The end of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) was marked by a widespread destruction of sites in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, from the Argolid to the Euphrates and from the Anatolian Plateau to Gaza. This seminar will examine the current state of the debate with respect to the cause(s) of these events a subject that remains controversial. Explanatory models will be re-examined in light of recent archaeological and climatic data, and the role of hostile invaders (including any evidence for their settlement in different parts of the Levant) will be critically assessed. LBA trade traditionally has been viewed as the preserve of the palaces, involving gift exchange between rulers and redistribution of agricultural surpluses by rulers to their subjects, with profit-motivated trade not emerging until the Iron Age. The validity of this perception will be examined in relation to the evolution of trade networks across the LBA/Iron Age transition in order to evaluate the degree of continuity or change experienced by different parts of the study region. The readings exemplify a marked diversity of approaches to these questions, notably in the scale and breadth of analysis deemed appropriate, which ranges from a focus upon particular changes in military techniques (Drews 1993) and population movements (Barako 2000) to an emphasis upon longer-term shifts in the structures of interaction that bound together the Bronze Age polities of the Eastern Mediterranean (Liverani 1987; Sherratt 1998; 2001). Essential: Liverani, M., (1987) The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age: the case of Syria. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.66-73. [TC 2202, ISSUE DESK IOA ROW 3, INST ARCH AB ROW] Sherratt, E.S. (1998) Sea Peoples and the Economic Structure of the Late Second Millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean. In S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds.), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. In Honour of Professor Trude Dothan, 292-313. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, pp.292-313. [TC 2183, ISSUE DESK DAG 100 GIT] Sherratt, E.S. (2001) Potemkin palaces and route-based economies. In S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, pp.214-238. [ISSUE DESK IOA ARCH VOU, INST ARCH DAE 100 VOU] Barako, T. (2000) The Philistine settlement as mercantile phenomenon?. American Journal of Archaeology 104: 513-30. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Drews, R., (1993) The End of the Bronze Age Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe c. 1200 B.C. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (chapter 14, pp.208-225) [TC 3245, ISSUE DESK IOA DRE 6, INST ARCH DBA 100 DRE] Recommended: Artzy, M. (2005) Emporia on the Carmel Coast: Tel Akko, Tell Abu Hawam and Tel Nami of the Late Bronze Age. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.355-362. Bauer, A. (1998) Cities of the Sea: Maritime Trade and the Origin of Philistine Settlement in the Early Iron Age Southern Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17(2): 149-168. Bell, C. (2005) Wheels within wheels? A view of Mycenaean trade from the Levantine emporia. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.363370. Bikai, P. (1992) The Phoenicians. In W.Ward. and M. Joukowski (eds.), The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, pp.132-141. Cadogan, G. (2005) The Aegean and Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age: it takes two to tango. In R.Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.313-322. Caubet, A. (1992) Reoccupation of the Syrian Coast after the destruction of the Crisis Years. In W. Ward and M. Joukowski (eds), The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, pp.123-31. Cohen, R. and Westbrook, R. eds. (2000) Amarna Diplomacy. The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (chapter 40

11: The interdependence of the Great Powers, by Zaccagnini, pp.141-153; chapter 8: Imperial Egypt and the limits of power, by Murnane, pp.101-111; chapter 10: The Egypto-Canaanite Correspondence, by Naaman) Finkelstein, I. (2000) The Philistine Settlements: When, Where and How Many?. In E. Oren (ed.), The Sea Peoples and Their World: a Reassessment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, pp.159-180. Gilboa, A. (1999) The View from the East Tel Dan and the Earliest CyproGeometric Exports to the Levant. In M. Iacovou and D. Michaelides (eds.), The Historicity of the Geometric Horizon, 119-140. Nicosia: The Archaeological Research Unit of the University of Cyprus, pp.119-140. Manning, S. and Hulin, L. (2005) Maritime Commerce and Geographies of Mobility in the Late Bronze Age of the Eastern Mediterranean: Problematizations. In E. Blake and B. Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwells, pp.270-302. Mee, C.B. (1998) Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age. In E.H.Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18). Lige, pp.137-148. Maier, F.-G. (1999) Palaipaphos and the Transition to the Early Iron Age: Continuities, Discontinuities and Location Shifts. In M. Iacovou and D. Michaelides (eds.) Cyprus: The Historicity of the Geometric Horizon. Nicosia: The Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, pp.79-94. Niemeier, W.-D. (1998) The Mycenaeans in western Anatolia and the problem of the origins of the Sea Peoples. In S.Gitin, A.Mazar, and E.Stern (eds.) Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE., pp.17-65. OConnor, D. (2000) The Sea Peoples and the Egyptian sources. In E. Oren (ed.) The Sea Peoples and their World: a Reassessment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, pp.85-102. Thompson, W. (2003) Climate, Water, and Political-Economic Crises in the Southwest Asian Bronze Age, paper given at World System History and Global Environmental Change, Lund University, Sweden, September 19-22, 2003. (http://www.humecol.lu.se/woshglec/papers/thompson_both.doc) Weiss, H. and Bradley, R. (2001) What Drives Societal Collapse? Science 291: 609-610. Yon, M. (1992) The End of the Kingdom of Ugarit. In W. Ward and M. Joukowski (eds.) The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, pp.111-122. See also: The Report of Wenamun in W.K. Simpson ed. (2003) The Literature of Ancient Egypt: an Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. (translations by R.K. Ritner et al.) New Haven and London, pp.116-124. And for literary commentaries on Wenamun: st Eyre, C.J. (1999) Irony in the Story of Wenamun: the politics of religion in the 21 Dynasty, and: Baines, J. (1999) On Wenamun as a literary text. In J.Assmann and E.Blumenthal, Literatur and Politik im pharaonischen und ptolmischen gypten. Cairo, pp. 235-252, and pp.209-233.

Suggestions for discussion: What explanations have been put forward for the widespread destruction of sites across the Eastern Mediterranean region at the close of the Late Bronze Age? To what degree do these explanations reflect wider developments in archaeological thought? Does the distribution of archaeological assemblages in the Early Iron Age Levant reflect the arrival of intrusive populations and/or the settlement of distinct ethnic groups? What alternative explanations are available for changes in material culture in this region during the Bronze-Iron Age transition? Which parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East show the greatest continuity of settlement and culture across the Bronze-Iron Age transition? How might their geographical distribution be explained, and how might it have altered patterns of longdistance trade in the Early Iron Age? Essay question How strong a distinction should be made between the trading systems of the Bronze and Iron Ages? OR: What do you view as the most significant factors underlying the decline of palace-based economies in some parts of the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age?

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Seminar 14.

Ancient empires and imperialism: themes and perspectives [9-11am, Room 612]

Dr. Mark Altaweel The history of empire in the Middle East is longer than that of any other region, extending back to the Early Bronze Age. While scholars debate the extent to which these early states controlled foreign territories and the means by which they ruled, what is clear is that we begin to see political narratives that portray rulers as conquerors of vast territories. The archaeological record also begins to show evidence for warfare and conquest of distant territories by expansive states. By the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, not only do we see significant historical evidence for the political and social development of empires, but the archaeological record begins to depict landscapes where powerful states established their imprint on societies through the development of imperial infrastructures or systems that supported the goals of these states. While a number of empires rose and fell during the Bronze and Iron Ages, what is clear is that these cases showed significant socio-political and economic differences during their imperial reigns, making it difficult to produce a single, neat theoretical approach that adequately explains how these states socially developed and what ultimately caused them to fall. Significant differences are seen not only in the cultural variations between empires, but the methods by which these states ruled foreign territories forces us to look at these cases in specific detail. The archaeological record impacted by imperial policies also shows significant differences for each of the cases; some states left us clear historical and landscape features, including major settlements, water systems, road systems, while others are debatable if they can even be considered an empire in any classical sense, with few historical or archaeological remains suggesting such a designation. However, even in cases where few archaeological remains indicate foreign rule, we need to be mindful that this may have been intentional, as foreign states did not necessarily rule or guide distant territories using direct methods such as military occupations or governors representing elites from the central provinces of a state. This week's seminar focuses on the concept of empires and how has it been defined. Rather that focusing on any single state, we look at several case studies and try to draw major concepts and themes of how these states controlled and established themselves over vast territories using economic, political, and other social policies. We begin by examining the classical work of Eisenstadt (2010; first published in 1963), who provides us with a detailed structuralfunctional definition of empires, including those in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. We also look at Sinopoli (1994), Smith (1995), and Morrison (2001) and how their definitions of empires differ with Eisenstadt's original analysis. We examine the Akkadian, New Kingdom Egypt, Hittite, and the Neo-Assyrian states as case studies covering different periods and cultures. Discussions will revolve around the differences and similarities of imperial policies between the case studies analyzed as well as what the archaeological record informs us regarding these policies. The readings and essay topics also allow for a more detailed examination of Iron Age empires, in particular the Neo-Assyrian and its hinterlands. Essential: Larsen, M.T. (1979) The tradition of empire in Mesopotamia. In Power and Propaganda (ed. by M.T. Larsen), Copenhagen, pp. 75 - 103. Mesopotamia 7. [INST ARCH DBA 200 LAR; ISSUE DESK IOA LAR 3] Sinopoli, C. (1994) The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:159-180. [pdf available on Moodle site] Smith, S.T. (1995) Askut in Nubia: The Economics and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millennium BC. London: Kegan Paul International. (chapter on: Askut and the role of the Second Cataract forts; [EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SMI; TC 942] Wilkinson, T.J. et al. (2005) Landscape and settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 340: 23-56. [INST ARCH PERS, and pdf available on Moodle] Recommended: Akkadian Goodnick Westenholz, J. (1997) The Legends of the Kings of Akkade. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Liverani, M. (1993) (ed.) Akkad : The First World Empire : Structure, Ideology, Tradition. Padova: Sargon. HANE S 5. Egypt Kemp, B.J. (1978) Imperialism in New Kingdom Egypt (c. 1575-1087 BC). In Imperialism in the Ancient World, P.D.A. Garnsey & C.R Whittaker (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7-57,283-97. Morkot, R. (2001) Egypt and Nubia. In S.E. Alcock, T.N. D'Altroy, K.D. Morrison, and C. Sinopoli (Eds.), Empire: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 227-251. Schulman, A. (1979) Diplomatic marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near East Studies 38(3):177-193. Weinstein, J.M. (1981) The Egyptian empire in Palestine: A reassessment. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 241:1-28. Hittite Bryce, T. The Hittite Empire. In The Great Empires of the Ancient World, T. Harrison (Ed.). London: Thomas and Hudson Ltd, pp. 44-70. 42

Bryce, T. (2005) The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press. nd Macqueen, J.G. (1996) The Hittites and their Contemporaries in Asia Minor (revised and enlarged). 2 ed. London: Thames and Hudson. Collins, B.J. (2007) The Hittites and their World. (Read: From Kingdom to Empire section) Atlanta, Ga: Society of Biblical Literature. Singer, I (2000) New evidence on the end of the Hittite Empire. In E.O Oren (Ed.), The Sea Peoples and their world: A Reassessment. University Museum Symposium Series 11. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, pp. 21-33. Neo-Assyrian Empire Altaweel, M. (2008) The Imperial Landscape of Ashur: Settlement and Land Use in the Assyrian Heartland. HSAO 11. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Orientverlag. (Chapter 6 only). Grayson, A.K. (1995) Assyrian rule of conquered territory in ancient Western Asia. In J.M. Sasson (ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. (Volume 2) New York: Scriber, pp.959-968. Parker, B. J. (2001) The Mechanics of Empire. The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case-Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. Parker, B.J. (2003) Archaeological manifestations of empire: Assyrias imprint on South Eastern Anatolia. American Journal of Archaeology 107: 525-557. Postgate, J.N. (1992) The land of assur and the yoke of assur. World Archaeology 23(3):247-263. Additional readings on Iron Age empire and their peripheries Liverani, M. (2003) The Influence of Political Institutions on Trade in the Ancient Near East (Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age). In C. Zaccagnini (ed.), Mercanti e Politica nel Mondo Antico. Saggi di Storia Antica 21. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider, pp.119-137. [TC 3243 and ANCIENT HISTORY A 68 ZAC] Sherratt, S. & Sherratt, A. (1993) The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC. World Archaeology 24(3): 361-378. [TC 493, INST ARCH PERS, and ONLINE] Postgate, J.N. (1992) The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur. World Archaeology 23: 247-263. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Joffe, A.H. (2002) The rise of secondary states in the Iron Age Levant. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 45(4): 425-467. Iacovou, M. (2005) The Early Iron Age urban forms of Cyprus. In B. Cunliffe and R. Osborne (eds.) Mediterranean Urbanisation 800600 BC. London: Proceedings of the British Academy, pp.17-43. [INST ARCH DAG 100 OSB, MAIN ARTS PERS] Debating the effects of empire: perspectives on Neo-Assyrian domination Frankenstein, S. (1979) The Phoenecians in the far west: a function of Neo-Assyrian imperialism. In M.T. Larsen (ed.) Power and Propaganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. Akademisk Forlag: Copenhagen, pp.263-294. Gitin, S. (1997) The Neo-Assyrian empire and its western periphery: the Levant, with a focus on Philistine Ekron. In S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds.) Assyria 1995. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, pp.77-103. Grayson, A.K. (1995) Assyrian rule of conquered territory in ancient Western Asia. In J.M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. (Volume 2) New York: Scriber, pp.959-968. Joannes, F. (2000) The Age of Empires: Mesopotamia in the First Millennium BC. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c.3000-330 BC. London and New York: Routledge. (chapters 9 and 12, pp.473-546 and pp.623-646) Liverani, M. (1979) The ideology of the Assyrian Empire. In M.T. Larsen (ed.) Power and Propaganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. Akademisk Forlag: Copenhagen, pp.297-317. Liverani, M. (2001) The fall of the Assyrian Empire: ancient and modern interpretations. In S. Alcock, T. DAltroy, K. Morrison and C. Sinopoli (eds.) Empires. Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.374-391. Parker, B. J. (2001) The Mechanics of Empire. The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case-Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. Parker, B.J. (2003) Archaeological manifestations of empire: Assyrias imprint on South Eastern Anatolia. American Journal of Archaeology 107: 525-557. Parpola, S. (2003) Assyrias expansion in the 8th and 7th centuries and its long-term repercussions in the West. In W. Dever and S. Gitin (eds) Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past. Canaan, Ancient Israel and their Neighbours from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, pp.99-112 Rollinger, R. (2001) The ancient Greeks and the impact of the ancient Near East: textual evidence and historical perspective (ca. 750-650 BC). In R.M. Whiting (ed.) Mythology and mythologies. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, pp.233-264. Warburton, D. and R. Matthews (2003) Egypt and Mesopotamia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. In R. Matthews and C. Roemer (eds) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL Press, 101-113. Wilkinson, T.J. et al. (2005) Landscape and settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bulletin of the American 43

Schools of Oriental Research 340: 23-56. Online resource: see the superb new website Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: http://knp.prs.heacademy.ac.uk/ Regional perspectives on empire, ethnicity, and secondary state formation: the southern Levant Bienkowski, P. (2001) Iron Age settlement in Edom: a revised framework. In In P.M.M. Daviau et al. (eds.) The World of the Aramaeans, II. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.257-269. Bunimovitz, S. (1990) Problems in ethnic identifications of Philistine material culture. Tel Aviv 17: 210-222. Finkelstein, I. (2005) Archaeology, bible, and the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.207-222. Herr, L.G. (1997) The Iron Age II period: emerging nations. Near Eastern Archaeology 60(3): 114-183. Holladay, J.S.Jr (1995) The kingdoms of Israel and Judah: political and economic centralization in the Iron IIA-B. In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, pp.368-399. LaBianca, O and Younker, R.W. (1995) The kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: the archaeology of society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan. In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, pp.416-432. Stager, L (1995) The impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan. In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, pp.332-348. Regional perspectives: Syria and Anatolia Bernbeck, R. (2003-04) Politische Struktur und Ideologie in Urartu. Archologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 35-36: 267-312. Dion, P.E. (1995) Aramaean tribes and nations of first-millennium western Asia. In J.M. Sasson et al. (eds.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, II. New York: Scribner, pp.1281-1294. Harrison, T.P. (2001) Tell Tayinat and the kingdom of Unqi. In P.M.M. Daviau et al. (eds.) The World of the Aramaeans, II. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.115-132. Hawkins, D.J. (1995) Karamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City-States in North Syria. In J. Sasson et al. (eds.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, II. New York: Scribner, pp.1295-1307. Lipinski, E. (2000) The Aramaeans. Leuven: Peeters. Van Loon, M.N. (1991) Anatolia in the Earlier First Millennium BC. Leiden: Brill. Zimansky, P. (2005) Urartian material culture as state assemblage: an anomaly in the archaeology of Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299-300: 103-115 Arabian perspectives Byrne, R. (2003) Early Assyrian contacts with Arabs and the impact on Levantine vassal tribute. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 331: 11-25. Finkelstein, I. (1988) Arabian trade and socio-political conditions in the Negev in the 12th-11th centuries BCE. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47: 241-252. Hoyland, R. (2001) Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to Islam. London: Routledge Phillips, C. et al. (1998) Arabia and its Neighbours. Turnhout: Brepols. General nd Eisenstadt, S.N. (2010) The Political System of Empires. 2 ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. (for definitions of empire and what constitutes an empire). Liverani, M. (1990) Prestige and Interest. International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600-1100 BC. Padova: Sargon. (Good background to understanding some of the basic political dynamics between empires and states in the later Bronze Age in the Near East). Morrison, K.D. (2001) Sources, approaches, definitions. In S.E. Alcock, T.N. D'Altroy, K.D. Morrison, and C. Sinopoli (Eds.), Empire: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-9.

Suggestions for discussion: From the examples you have read, what archaeological features help show that specific states can be considered empires? What different political, economic, and military strategies did the different empires we studied employ? Essay questions Looking at the readings from this week, how would you expect empires to affect the archaeological record differently than other types of states or societies? In other words, what archaeological evidence would you expect if you were to make a case that a given state was an empire? OR: What factors limited the spread of Neo-Assyrian imperialism in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean? OR: How was the expansion of imperial power linked to the emergence of new ethnic identities in the Iron Age Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean?

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Seminar 15. Rethinking the orientalising phenomenon in the first millennium BC: cross-cultural contacts and identities in the Iron Age Mediterranean Dr. Corinna Riva The term Orientalization or Orientalizing has been widely used to define a specific episode of change in the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. Following on from the discovery of Phoenician gilded silver bowls at tombs in Italy in the nineteenth century, F. Poulsen (1912) introduced the art-historical term Orientalizing to the literature, highlighting the ways in which the Greek genius was able to transform the dormant cultural forms of the Orient. The term was subsequently employed and applied to other geographical and cultural areas of the Mediterranean, particularly Etruria and, later on, Iberia. These regions, too, were seen to undergo a similar phenomenon which Massimo Pallottino defined as the popularization and imitation of Eastern objects and motifs in the Mediterranean countries during the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization. In Pallottinos times, the predominant view was that during the eighth and seventh centuries BC, Near Eastern civilizations came into contact with Greece and the proto-historic societies of the Mediterranean basin, and this contact, triggered an Orientalizing culture across the Mediterranean basin. Originally seen as simply determined by social and economic factors (e.g. elite demands for Near Eastern imports), the Orientalizing phenomenon has since been conceived as the reflection of a more complex network of mobility and cultural interaction across the Mediterranean basin involving the exchange of ideas, customs and technologies. Profound transformations driving, and simultaneously being driven by, this exchange include the emergence of complex social differentiation, the advent of writing, the spread of new modes of ritual behaviour, urbanization and state formation. Accumulations of wealth, the dramatic increase in a generalised demand for prestige objects and luxury goods, and, above all, the prominence of lites, are still considered as overriding aspects of the Orientalizing phenomenon, particularly in the Central and West Mediterranean. Recently, however, attention has shifted towards the ideological and social implications of the aristocratic nature of the phenomenon. Parallel to these developments there has been an attempt to move away from this vision of Orientalizing as an lite phenomenon, particularly as far as the Greek sphere is concerned, and to explore several other occasions for, and instances of, cultural contact and exchange with the societies of the Middle East. Such instances have been increasingly analysed without restricting orientalization to the 8th and 7th centuries. Indeed, expanding the chronological focus of Greeces encounter with the Orient back into the Bronze Age and the Geometric period has been a crucial issue for some (e.g. S.Morris 1992), as well as a fruitful field of study for others, even those whose area of expertise is the Archaic and Classical periods (Burkert 1992; West 1997; recommended reading below). Today, East-west relations are increasingly being studied from multiple perspectives, both from an Eastern perspective through the study of Greek imports in the Levant and, to a lesser extent, from a Central Mediterranean perspective through the study of the presence of Italic objects both in the Aegean and the Middle East. Following these recent developments, questions regarding the meaning and usefulness of the term Orientalizing have enlivened the debate. The aim of the present seminar is to tackle this debate. One main topic for discussion concerns the prospect of having a Mediterranean-wide view of Orientalizing whilst maintaining a regional perspective and/or multiple perspectives. Another prominent area for discussion involves the very interpretative framework of Orientalizing: the growing rejection of models such as acculturation and Hellenization has led to a shift of focus away from Hellenocentric perspectives, and towards the multi-culturalism or cultural openness which characterises the whole Mediterranean basin of the first millennium BC. As a result, mixed communities (e.g. Pithekoussai) and the multi-directional nature of contacts are increasingly important areas of research. Confronting issues of multi-culturalism and long-term contacts has naturally led to the problematizing of the term Orientalizing. Within such dilated geographical, cultural as well as chronological boundaries, is there any heuristic strength left to this term? Essential: Riva C. (2010) Ingenious inventions: welding new ethnicities east and west, in S. Hales & T. Hodos (eds) Local and Global Identities: Rethinking Identity, Material and Visual Cultures in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pgs 79-113 [YATES A 99 HAL, and pdf available on Moodle website] van Dommelen, P. (2005) Urban foundations? Colonial settlement and urbanization in the western Mediterranean. In B. Cunliffe and R. Osborne (eds.) Mediterranean Urbanisation 800600 BC. London: Proceedings of the British Academy, pp.143-167. [INST ARCH DAG 100 OSB, MAIN ARTS PERS] Purcell, N. (2006) Orientalizing: Five Historical Questions. In C. Riva and N. Vella (eds.) Debating Orientalization: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London: Equinox, pp.21-30 [TC 3242 and INST ARCH DAG 100 RIV] Osborne, R. (2006) 'W(h)ither orientalization?' in C. Riva and N. Vella (eds) Debating Orientalization: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, volume 10 (Equinox, 2006) 1538 (to be read in conjunction with Purcell 2006 above) [ISSUE DESK IOA RIV 1, INST ARCH DAG 100 RIV] For a useful overview of the significance of the orientalizing period in early Greek history, see also: 45

Murray, O. (1993) Early Greece. (2nd edition) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (chapter 6, pp.81-101) For a thought-provoking attempt at modelling different processes of colonisation in the archaeological record, see also: Gosden, C. (2004) Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Recommended: General: Mediterranean Connections & Orientalising Aubet, M.E. (1993) The Phoenicians and the West. Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burkert, W. (1992) The Orientalizing Revolution. Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Coldstream, J. N. (2003) Oriental Influences. In J.N.Coldstream, Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC (2nd edn). London, New York: Routledge, 358-366. Coldstream, N. (2006) Other peoples pots. Ceramic borrowing between the early Greeks and Levantines, in various Mediterranean contexts in E. Herring, I. Lemos et al. (eds) Across Frontiers. Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Cypriots. Accordia Research Institute, London, pgs 49-55 Hoffman, G. L. (1997) Imports and Immigrants: Near Eastern Contacts with Iron Age Crete. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Kopcke, G. and Tokumaru, I. eds. (1992) Greece between East and West, 10th-8th centuries BC. Mainz: von Zabern. (Introduction, and papers by de Polignac, Strm, Kopcke, Starr, Kochavi, Muscarella, Markoe) Lo Schiavo, F. (2003) Sardinia between east and west: interconnections in the Mediterranean. In N.C. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis (eds) Sea Routes: Interconnections in the Mediterranean, 16th-6th c. BC, Athens: University of Crete, Leventis Foundation, pp.15-34. Malkin I. (2002) A Colonial Middle Ground: Greek, Etruscan, and local Elites in the Bay of Naples. In C. L. Lyons and J. K. Papadopoulos (eds.) The Archaeology of Colonialism. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, pp.151-181. Markoe, G. (2003) Phoenician metalwork abroad: a question of export or on-site production? In N. C. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis Sea Routes: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th6th century BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Rethymnon, Crete in September 29thOctober 2nd 2002. Athens: the University of Crete and the A.G. Leventis Foundation, pp.20916. Morris, I. (1997) The Art of Citizenship. In S. Langdon (ed.) New Light on a Dark Age. Exploring the Culture of Geometric Greece. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 9-43. Morris, S. (1992) Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press. (pp.124-149: Greeks and Phoenicians in the Mediterranean; see also review by Susan Sherratt: Daidalic inventions: the hellenization of art and the art of hellenization. Antiquity 67 (1993): 915-918). Morris S. and Papadopoulos J. (1998) Phoenicians and the Corinthian Pottery Industry. In R. Rolle and K. Schmidt (eds.) Archologische Studien in Kontakzonen der Antiken Welt, pp.251-263. Naso A. (2000) Etruscan and Italic artefacts from the Aegean. In D. Ridgway et al. (eds) Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting. Studies in honour of Ellen Macnamara. London: Accordia Specialist Studies on the Mediterranean, pp.193-207. Niemeyer, H. G. (2003) On Phoenician art and its role in trans-Mediterranean interconnections. In N. C. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis eds. Sea Routes: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th6th century BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Rethymnon, Crete in September 29thOctober 2nd 2002. Athens: the University of Crete and the A.G. Leventis Foundation, pp.201208. Niemeyer, H. G. (2004) Phoenician or Greek: is there a reasonable way out of the Al Mina debate? Ancient West and East 3(1): 3850. Rasmussen T. (1991) Corinth and the Orientalising phenomenon. In T. Rasmussen and N. Spivey (eds) Looking at Greek vases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.57-78. West, M.L. (1997) The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (useful summary in B.B.Powell (2002) Writing and the Origins of Greek Literature, chapter 8, pp.33-47; also available at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-05-08.html) Winter I. (1995) Homers Phoenicians: history, ethnography, or literary trope? In J.B. Carter and S. Morris (eds.) The Ages of Homer. A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule. Austin: University of Texas, pp.247-271. On colonisation Aubet, M.E. (2006) On the organization of the Phoenician colonial system in Iberia in C. Riva & N. Vella (eds.) Debating Orientalization: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London: Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 10. Equinox Press, pp.94-109. Boardman, J. (1999) The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade. London: Thames & Hudson. Malkin, I. (1987) Religion and Greek Colonization. Leiden: Brill. 46

de Polignac F. (1995) Cults, territory, and the origins of the Greek city-state. Chicago: University of Chigaco Press. Osborne, R. (1998) Early Greek colonisation? The nature of Greek settlement in the West. In Fisher, N. & van Wees, H. (eds) Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, London: Duckworth, 25169. [TC 3214, ANCIENT HISTORY P 12 FIS] Tsetskhladze, G. & de Angelis, F. (1994) The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology [papers by A. Snodgrass, M. Popham, and D. Ridgway, amongst others] Interaction in the central Mediterranean Attema, P., G.-J. Burgers, M. Kleibrink and D. Yntema (1998) Case studies in indigenous developments in early Italian centralization and urbanization: a Dutch perspective. European Journal of Archaeology 1 (3): 326-381. Crielaard J. P. and G.-J. Burgers 2011 Communicating identity in an Italic-Greek community: the case of LAmastuola (Salento) in M. Gleba and H. W. Horsnaes (eds) Communicating identity in Italic Iron Age Communities. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 73-89 DAgostino, B. (1990) Relations between Campania, Southern Etruria and the Aegean in the 8th century BC. In Descoeudres, J.-P. (ed.) Greek Colonists and Native Populations. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.73-86. Herring, E. & Lomas, K. (2000) Introduction. In Herring, E. & Lomas, K. (eds) The Emergence of State Identities in Italy in the 1st Millennium BC. London: Accordia Research Centre, pp.112. Markoe G. (1992) In Pursuit of Metal: Phoenicians and Greeks in Italy. In G. Kopcke and I. Tokumaru (eds.) Greece between East and West: 10th-8th Centuries BC. Mainz: von Zabern, pp.61-84. Murray, O. (1994) Nestors cup and the origin of the Greek symposion. In B. dAgostino, and D. Ridgway (eds.) I piu antichi insediamenti greci in occidente: funzioni e modi dellorganizzazione politica e sociale Scritti in onore di Giorgio Buchner AION n.s. 1, pp.47-54. Rathje A. (1990) The adoption of the Homeric banquet in Central Italy in the Orientalizing period. In O. Murray ed. Sympotica. A symposium on the symposion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp.279-288 Ridgway D. (1997) Nestors cup and the Etruscans. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16, 3:325-344. Riva C. (2010) 2010 The urbanisation of Etruria: funerary practices and social change, 700600 BC Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Ch. 3 van Dommelen, P. (1997) Colonial constructs: colonialism and archaeology in the Mediterranean. World Archaeology 28 (3): 30523 Pushing back orientalizing: Lefkandi Lemos, I. (2001) The Lefkandi connection: networking the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean. In L. Bonfante and V. Karageorghis (eds.) Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500-450 BC. Nicosia: The Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation. Lemos, I. 2005 The changing relationship of the Euboeans and the East in A. Villing (ed.), The Greeks in the East, London: British Museum Press, pp.53-60. Lemos, I. 2007 ... ... (Iliad 22,472): Homeric Reflections in Early Iron Age Elite Burials in E. AlramStern & G. Nightingale (eds.), Keimelion. Elitenbildung und elitrer Konsum von der mykenischen Palastzeit bis zur homerischen Epoche, sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Vienna, pp 275-84. Popham, M. R. (1994) Precolonization: early Greek contact with the East. In G. R. Tsetskhladze and F. De Angelis eds. The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 40. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp.1134. Popham, M. R. (1995) An engraved Near Eastern bronze bowl from Lefkandi. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14:103 107. Popham, M. R. and I. S. Lemos (1995) A Euboean warrior trader. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14:15157. For a full bibliography on the site and latest news on the excavation, please consult the project website: http://lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.uk/index.html Mixed communities: Pithekoussai Coldstream N. (1994) Prospectors and Pioneers: Pithekussai, Kyme and Central Italy. In G. R. Tsetskhladze and F. De Angelis eds The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman. Oxford: University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 40, pp.47-59. Ridgway D. (1992) The First Western Greeks. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. th Ridgway D. (2004) Euboeans and others along the Tyrrhenian seaboard in the 8 century BC in K. Lomas (ed.) Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean. Papers in honour of Brian Shefton, Brill Leiden, 15-34 Defining the Orient in the early first millennium BC: insights from ivory and patterns of consumption Hermann, G. and A. Millard (2002) Who used ivories in the first millennium BC?. In T. Potts et al. (eds.) Culture through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S.Moorey. Oxford: Griffith Institute, pp.377-402. Winter, I. (1981) Is there a South Syrian style of ivory carving in the early first millennium BC? Iraq 43: 101-130. Winter, I. J. (1988) North Syria as a bronzeworking centre in the early first millennium BC: luxury commodities at home and abroad. In J. Curtis (ed.) Bronzeworking Centres of Western Asia c.1000539 BC. London and New York: Keegan Paul International, pp.193225. 47

Winter, I. (1989) North Syrian ivories and Tell Halaf reliefs: the impact of luxury goods upon major arts. In A. Leonard Jr. and B.B. Williams eds. Essays in Ancient Civilization presented to Helene J. Kantor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.321-338. Earliest historiography: defining Orientalizing Clermont-Ganneau, C. (1880) Limagerie phnicienne et la mythologie iconologique chez les grecs. 1re partieLa coupe phnicenne de Palestrina. Paris, Ernest Leroux. [Previously published as La coupe phnicienne de Palestrina et lune des sources de lart et de la mythologie Hellniques, Journal Asiatique (fvrier-mars) 1878: 23270 and (avrilmai juin) 1878: 444544.] Goldman, B. (1960) The development of the lion-griffin. American Journal of Archaeology 64: 31928. Pallottino, M. (1965) Orientalizing style. Encyclopedia of World Art 10: 78296. Poulsen, F. (1912) Der Orient und die Frhgriechische Kunst. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. Suggestions for discussion: How have modern studies on orientalism influenced our views of Orientalizing? Is the concept of style still a valid avenue of analysis for Orientalizing? Is a world systems framework a valid approach for understanding Orientalizing? What is the relationship between the agent and consumer of Orientalizing material culture? What was the role of mixed communities in the spread of Orientalizing? Has Lefkandi changed our views of the 8th- and 7th-century BC Mediterranean and if so in what ways? Is pre-colonial a valid term for understanding early relations between Greeks/Phoenecians and indigenous societies in the central Mediterranean? Essay title Was orientalizing an elite phenomenon? Discuss by choosing and comparing two regional contexts of the Mediterranean basin. OR: What was role of the Phoenicians in the transformation of Mediterranean societies during the 1st millennium BC? OR: If we are to respond to the challenge of what Robert Chartier has called histoire trs large chelle we shall drop the term Orientalizing and the baggage which goes with it (Purcell 2006: 28). Discuss.

48

Seminar 16.

Early forms of literacy and writing in archaeological and social contexts [2-5pm]

Dr Rachael Sparks Writing and literacy were distinctive features of the societies of the Egypt and the Middle East, but the reasons for their emergenceand their significance for wider patterns of social and cognitive developmentremain a subject of controversy. Recent interpretations examine the origins and development of writing in terms of economic and administrative activity, ritual, and the socio-political structures of individual societies. In this session we will review some of these interpretations with reference to the Mediterranean and Middle East, where the worlds earliest writing systems emerged. We will examine different types of writingboth alphabetic and non-alphabetictheir various social contexts and functions, and arguments for their diffusion. The relationship between writing, material culture and other forms of communication and display will also be considered. It must be emphasised, however, that the range of different writing systems in our study region is considerable, as are the specialist techniques required to master them. Accordingly, no grand synthesis or comprehensive description will be attempted (though much relevant material is covered in the recommended readings). Rather, the chosen readings exemplify cases in which written sources have been critically used to inform wider problems of archaeological interpretation, such as the nature of state authority (Baines 1989; Michalowski 1994; Bennet 2001), elite representations of the past (Eyre 1996), and the construction of ethnic identities (Sherratt 2003). A consideration of the long-term processes by which the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and (here for comparative purposes) Mayan scripts became obsolete highlights the extent to which writing systems were embedded within particular sets of social relations (Houston et al. 2003). The lecture will address written sources of the Bronze and Iron Ages from an explicitly archaeological perspective, in terms of issues surrounding their provenance and depositional contexts, and the manner in which these influence their subsequent interpretation. In the seminar we will consider these general issues as well as some specific examples of inscribed objects from the collections of the Institute of Archaeology. Essential readings (factsheets and handouts) for the object-handling session are posted on the Moodle website: please consult these before the seminar Suggested wider readings: Michalowski, P. (1994) Writing and literacy in early states: a Mesopotamianist Perspective. In D. Keller-Cohen (ed.), Literacy: Interdisciplinary Conversations. Cresstaill NJ: Hampton Press, pp.49-70. [TC 3204, ISSUE DESK IOA KEL 1, INST ARCH GC KEL] Baines, J. (1989) Communication and Display: The Integration of Early Egyptian Art and Writing. Antiquity 63: 471-82. [TC 2887, INST ARCH PERS, ONLINE] Sherratt, S. (2003) Visible writing: questions of script and identity in Early Iron Age Greece and Cyprus Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22 (3), 225-242. [INST ARCH PERS and ONLINE] Postgate, J.N., Wang, T. and T. Wilkinson, (1995). The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?, Antiquity 69.264, 459-80. Try also to look at: Houston, S., Baines, J., and Cooper, J. (2003) Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45: 430-479. [ANTHROPOLOGY PERS and ONLINE] Recommended: General discussions Black, J.A. and Tait, W.J. (1995) Archives and libraries in the ancient Near East. In J.M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume 4. (also 2nd edition, 2000). New York: Scribner, pp.2197-2209. Bottro, J., Herrenschmidt, C., and Vernant, J.-P. (2000) Ancestor of the West. Writing, Reasoning, and Religion in Mesopotamia, Elam, and Greece. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (translated by T.L. Fagan) Daniels, P.T. (1996) The first civilizations. In P.T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.) The Worlds Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.19-32. Goody, J. and Watt, I. (1968) The consequences of literacy. In J. Goody (ed.), Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.27-68. Goody, J. (2000) The Power of the Written Tradition. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. (chapter 8, pp.132-151) Houston, S. (2004) Overture to The First Writing in S. Houston (ed.) The First Writing. Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge, pp.3-15. Keller-Cohen, D. (1994) Introduction in D. Keller-Cohen (ed.) Literacy: interdisciplinary conversations. Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ. Postgate, N., Tao, W., and Wilkinson, T.A.H. (1995) The evidence for early writing: utilitarian or ceremonial? Antiquity 69: 459-80. 49

and

Street, B.V. (1993) Introduction: The new literacy studies in B.V. Street (ed.) Crosscultural approaches to literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-21. Earliest writing systems Mesopotamia and Iran Damerow, P. (1999) The origins of writing as a problem of historical epistemology. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Pre-Print 114. (http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P114.PDF). Cooper, J. (1990) Mesopotamian historical consciousness and the production of monumental art in the third millennium BC. In A.C. Gunter (ed.) Investigating Artistic Environments in the Ancient Near East. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp.39-51. Glassner, J.-J. (2003) The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (translated and edited by Z. Bahrani and M. van de Mieroop) Michalowski, P. (1990) Early Mesopotamian communicative systems: art, literature, and writing. In A.C. Gunter (ed.), Investigating Artistic Environments in the Ancient Near East, 53-69. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp.53-69. Nissen, H.J., Damerow, P., and Englund, R.K. (1993) Archaic Bookkeeping. Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Potts, D. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 3-4, pp.43-85) Vallat, F. (1986) The most ancient scripts of Iran: the current situation. World Archaeology 17(3): 335-347. Anatolia, Cyprus and the Levant Daniels, P.T. and Bright, W. (eds.) The Worlds Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. (sections 46-47 on Hebrew and Aramaic scripts, pp.485514). Gates, M.-H., 1988. Dialogues Between Ancient Near Eastern Texts and the Archaeological Record: Test Cases from Bronze Age Syria, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 270, 63-91. Hawkins, D. (1986) Writing in Anatolia: imported and indigenous systems. World Archaeology 17(3): 363-376. Masson, E. (1986) Les critures chypro-minoennes: reflet fidle du brassage des civilisations sur lle pendant le Bronze rcent. In Karageorghis, V. (ed.), Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium Cyprus between the orient and the occident, Nicosia, 814 September 1985 (Nicosia), pp.180200. Smith, J.S. (2002) Script and Seal-Use on Cyprus in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Boston: American Institute of Archaeology. Swiggers, P. and Jenniges, W. (1996) The Anatolian alphabets. In P.T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.) The Worlds Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.281-287. Van den Hout, T., 2003. Miles of Clay: Information Management in the Ancient Near Eastern Hittite Empire. http://www.fathom.com/feature/190247/ Egypt Assmann, J. (1994) Ancient Egypt and the materiality of the sign. In H. U. Gumbrecht and K.L.Pfeiffer (eds.) Materialities of communication. Stanford, pp.15-31. Baines, J. (1983) Literacy and ancient Egyptian society. Man 18: 572-99. Baines, J. (2004) The earliest Egyptian writing: development, context, purpose. In S.D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing. Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.150-189. Bard, K.A. (1992) Origins of Egyptian writing. In R. Friedman and B. Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus: studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1944-1990. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 297-306. Eyre, C. and Baines, J. (1989), Interactions between orality and literacy in ancient Egypt. In K. Schousboe and M.T. Larsen (eds.) Literacy and Society, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, pp.91-119. Eyre, C.J. (1996) Is Egyptian historical literature "historical" or "literary". In A. Loprieno (ed.) Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp.415-433. [TC 2578 and EGYPTOLOGY V10 LOP] Vernus, P. (2002) The scripts of ancient Egypt. In A.-M. Christin (ed.) A History of Writing: from Hieroglyph to Multimedia. Paris: Flammarion, pp.44-64. Aegean 50

Bennet, D.J.L. (1999) The Linear B archives and the kingdom of Nestor. In J. Davis (ed.) Sandy Pylos. An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp.111-133. Bennet, D.J.L. (2001) Agency and bureaucracy: thoughts on the nature and extent of administration in Bronze Age Pylos. In S. Voutsaki and J. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, pp.25-37. [ISSUE DESK IOA VOU, INST ARCH DAE 100 VOU] Chadwick, J. (1992 [1967]) The Decipherment of Linear B. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bennet, E.L. (1996) Aegean scripts. In P.T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.) The Worlds Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.125-133. Olivier, J.-P. (1986) Cretan writing in the second millennium BC. World Archaeology 17(3): 377-389. Olivier, J.-P. (2002) Aegean scripts of the second millennium BC. In A.-M. Christin (ed.) A History of Writing: from Hieroglyph to Multimedia. Paris: Flammarion, pp.197-202. Palaima, T. (1994) Seal-users and script-users/nodules and tablets at LM IB Hagia Triada. In P. Ferioli et al. (eds.) Archives Before Writing. Turin: Scriptorium, pp.307-338. Schoep, I. 1999. The origins of writing and administration on Crete. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18: 265-276. Snodgrass, A. 2000. "The Uses of Writing on Early Greek Painted Pottery", in: N.K. Rutter and B.A. Sparkes, Word and Image in Ancient Greece, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 22-34. YATES A 70 RUT; SENATE HOUSE ART 4th Floor Middlesex North Reading Room Gallery V3AG Wor. Social functions of writing in the Bronze Age: selected perspectives (and see also Session 17) Bennet, D.J.L. (1985) The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos. American Journal of Archaeology 89: 231-249. Bottro, J. (1992) Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (translated by Z. Bahrani and M. van de Mieroop) Brosius, M. ed. (2003) Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions. Concepts of RecordKeeping in the Ancient World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cohen, R. and Westbrook, R. eds. (2000) Amarna Diplomacy. The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (chapters 1-2, pp.1-27) Finkelberg, M. (1998) Bronze Age writing: contacts between east and west. In E.H. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.265-73. Halstead, P. (1992) The Mycenaean palatial economy: making the most of the gaps in the evidence. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 38: 57-86. Hudson, M. and Wunsch, C. eds. (2004) Creating Economic Order. Record-Keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda: CDL. (articles by van de Mieroop: Accounting in early Mesopotamia: some remarks, pp.47-64; Goelet: Accounting practices and economic planning in Egypt before the Hellenistic era, pp.215-268; Palaima: Mycenaean accounting methods and systems and their place within Mycenaean palatial civlization, pp.269-301). Kemp, B.J. (1991) Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. London: Routledge (chapter 3, The bureaucratic mind), pp.111-36. Larsen, M. (1995) Literacy and social complexity, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender and M. Larsen, (eds.) State and society. the emergence and development of social hierarchy and political centralization. London, pp.173-191. Michalowski, P. (1991) Charisma and control: on continuity and change in early Mesopotamian bureaucratic systems. In M. Gibson and R.D. Biggs (eds.) The Organization of Power. Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. Oriental Institute: Chicago, pp.45-58 Moran, W.L. (2003) Amarna Studies: Collected Writings. (edited by J. Huehnergard and S. Izreel). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Palaima, T.G. ed. (1990) Aegean Seals, Sealings and Administration. Lige: Universit de Lige. Postgate, J.N. (2001) System and style in three Near Eastern bureaucracies. In S. Voutsaki and J. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, pp.181-194. Pritchard, J.B. ed. (1969) Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton: Princeton University. Roth, A.M. (1991) The organization and functioning of the royal mortuary cults of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. In M. Gibson and R.D. Biggs (eds.) The Organization of Power. Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. Oriental Institute: Chicago, pp.115-22. 51

Sasson, J.M. (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume 4. (also 2nd edition, 2000). New York: Scribner. (essays on literary traditions in Anatolia [Archi, pp.23672378], and Mesopotamia [Michalowski, Bottro, pp.2279-2303]) Inception, transmission and impact of alphabetic scripts Amadasi Guzzo, M.G. (1991) The shadow line. Rflexions sur lintroduction de lalphabet en Grce. In Baurain, C. Bonnet, C. and Krings, V. (eds.) Phoinikeia grammata. Lire et crire en Mditerrane. Actes du Colloque de Lige, 1518 novembre 1989. Namur : Collection dEtudes Classiques 6, pp.293 311. Bazemore, G.B. (1994) Syllabary and alphabet in Cyprus: evidence for the role of script in ancient society. American Journal of Archaeology 98: 290. Isserlin, J.B.S. (1991) The transfer of the alphabet to the Greeks: the state of documentation. In Baurain, C., Bonnet, C. and Krings, V. (eds.) Phoinikeia grammata. Lire et crire en Mditerrane. Actes du Colloque de Lige, 1518 novembre 1989. Namur: Collection dEtudes Classiques 6, pp.28391. Johnston, A. (2003) Alphabet. In N.C. Stampolidis and V. Karageoghis (eds.) Sea Routes. Interconnections in the Mediterranean, 16th 6th centuries BC. Athens: Leventis Foundation, pp.263-76. Karnava, A. (2005) The Tel Haror inscription and Crete: a further link. In R.Laffineur and E.Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Lige: Universit de Lige, pp.837-842. Killen, J. (2001) The earliest writers of Greek. In Easterling, P. and Handley, C. (eds.) Greek scripts. An illustrated introduction (London, Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies), pp.19. Lemaire, A. (2002) The origin of the Western Semitic alphabet. In A.-M. Christin (ed.) A History of Writing: from Hieroglyph to Multimedia. Paris: Flammarion, pp.203-215. Millard, A.R. (1986) The infancy of the alphabet. World Archaeology 17(3): 390-398. Palaima, T.G. (1991) The advent of the Greek alphabet on Cyprus: a competition of scripts. In Baurain, C., Bonnet, C. and Krings, V. (eds.), Phoinikeia grammata. Lire et crire en Mditerrane. Actes du Colloque de Lige, 1518 novembre 1989. Namur : Collection dEtudes Classiques 6, pp.44971. Powell, B. (2002) Writing and the origins of Greek literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (16 short chapters covering many aspects: read selectively) Powell, B., Ray, J., Johnston, A., Hainsworth, J.N. and Whitley, J. (1992) Homer and the origin of the Greek alphabet. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2:1, 11526. Stoddart, S, and Whitley, J. (1988) The social context of literacy in Archaic Greece and Etruria. Antiquity 62: 761-772. Swiggers, P. (1996) Transmission of the Phoenecian script to the West. In P.T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.) The Worlds Writing Systems. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.261-270. Thomas, R. (1992) Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 4-5, pp.52-100) Whitt, W. (1995) The Story of the Semitic Alphabet. In J. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribers, pp.2379-2398. Suggestions for discussion: How can we account for the diversity of early writing systems in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? What is a text? How useful is it to define the functions of writing systems as either exclusively administrative or ceremonial, or to distinguish between their utilitarian and ritual dimensions? What does the term literature connote when applied to the textual records of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? Are there fundamental differences in the usage of non-alphabetic and alphabetic writing systems? What factors promote the adoption and spread, and also the disappearance, of different writing systems? To what extent was the functioning of early writing systems contingent upon other modes of communication and display? Essay title How does the development of writing systems relate to wider patterns of social change in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? Discuss in relation either to the initial emergence of writing systems or the later inception and spread of alphabetic writing systems.

52

Seminar 17.

Exploring identities through objects: body techniques and rituals of the self

Professor David Wengrow This seminar serves as an introduction to the anthropology of the body and an exploration of its increasingly important role in archaeological interpretation, drawing examples from the study region and beyond. John Blacking (1977) made a striking case for placing the body and sensory experience centre-stage in our understanding of how cultural patterns and social relationships are formed and reproduced. Many of the themes he raised were developed in a path-breaking archaeological study by Paul Treherne (1995), which explores the importance of embodied experience in the construction of male warrior identities and the transformation of prehistoric society in Europe during the Bronze Age. Touching upon the notion of the Homeric warrior, his study provides a useful complement to Michael Shanks (1995) controversial application of similar theories to the role of the warrior in the early Greek city-state. Recent attempts to pursue an archaeology of the body in the Middle East have tended to focus more heavily on female rather than male subjects, and have sometimes been overtly linked to feminist and other social agendas in the present. Meskells (2002) work on New Kingdom Egypt and that of Bahrani (2001) on Mesopotamia provide recent examples. Wengrow (2009) considers how a focus on ritual and bodily practices might inform wider understandings of inter-cultural trade in the early Eastern Mediterranean. Essential: The essential readings for this session are Blacking; Wengrow; Smithyou should also read at least two of the other studies on the list (Treherne/Shanks/Bahrani/Meskell) Shanks, M. (1995) Art and the archaeology of the early Greek city-state: a project of embodiment. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(2): 1-38. (with comments by Morris, Osborne and others) [TC 3224, IOA PERS] Bahrani, Z. (2001) Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. London: Routledge. (chapter 3, pp.40-69) [TC 3223, ANCIENT HISTORY D 65 BAH] Meskell, L. (2002) Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (chapter 6, pp.148-177) [TC 3228, EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES] Wengrow, D. (2009) The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the Eastern Mediterranean circa 2300-1850 BC. In Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age (edited by W.A. Parkinson and M.L. Galaty). Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research, pp.141-160. [INST ARCH DAG 100 PAR, and posted as pdf. on Moodle website] And one of the following: Blacking, J. (1977) Towards an anthropology of the body. In J. Blacking (ed.) The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, pp.1-28. [TC 3233 and ANTHROPOLOGY D30 BLA] Treherne, P. (1995) The warriors beauty: the masculine body and self-identity in Bronze-Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 3.1: 105-144. [TC 3231 and INST ARCH PERS] And for comparative purposes, as well as useful theoretical background, see also: Rowlands, M. (1998) The embodiment of sacred power in the Cameroon Grassfields. In K. Kristiansen and M. Rowlands, Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp.410-28 [INST ARCH BD KRI, TC 3196] Recommended: General/theoretical (note: these readings are supplementary to those provided in the Core Course one session: The Individual and Agency) Blacking, J. (1977) Towards an anthropology of the body. In J. Blacking (ed.) The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, pp.1-28. Foucault, M. (1988) Technologies of the self. In L.H. Martin et al. (eds.) Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. London: Tavistock, pp.16-49. Gell, A. (1992) The technology of enchantment and the enchantment of technology. In J. Coote and A. Shelton (eds.) Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p..40-63. Gosden, C. (2001) Making sense: archaeology and aesthetics. World Archaeology 33(2): 163-167. Mauss, M. (1979) Body techniques. In Sociology and Psychology: Essays by M. Mauss. (translated by B. Brewster). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp.97-135. Rowlands, M. (2004) The materiality of sacred power. In E. DeMarrais et al. (eds.) Rethinking Materiality. The Engagement of Mind with the Material World. 53

Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp.197-203. The making and meaning of ancestors Kuijt, I. (1996) Negotiating equality through ritual: a consideration of Late Natufian and Prepottery Neolithic A period mortuary practices. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15: 313-336. Morris, I. (1991) The archaeology of ancestors: the Saxe/Goldstein hypothesis revisited. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1(2): 147-169. Wengrow, D. and Baines, J. (2004) Images, human bodies, and the ritual construction of memory in late predynastic Egypt. In Hendrickx, S. et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams. Leuven: Peeters, pp.1081-1114. Whitley, J. (2002) Too many ancestors? Antiquity 76(291): 119-126. (general critique) Ethnicity in the material, written and visual records (note: these readings are supplementary to others in earlier sessions that explored the reconstruction of ethnic identities) Davis, J.L. and Bennet, D.L.L. (1999) Making Mycenaeans: warfare, territorial expansion, and representations of the other in the Pylian kingdom. In R. Laffineur (ed.) POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en ge lge du Bronze. Lige, pp.105-120. Haring, B.J.J. (2005) Occupation: foreignerethnic differentiation and integration in Pharaonic Egypt. In W.H. van Soldt (ed.) Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp.162-172. Kamp, K.A. and Yoffee, N. (1980) Ethnicity in ancient western Asia during the early second millennium BC. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 237: 85-104. Rehak, P. (1996) Aegean breechcloths, kilts, and the Keftiu paintings. American Journal of Archaeology 100(1): 35-51. Roaf, M. (2005) Ethnicity and Near Eastern archaeology: the limits of inference. In W.H. van Soldt (ed.) Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp.306-315. Sherratt, E.S. (2005) Ethnicities, ethnonyms and archaeological labels. Whose ideologies and whose identities?. In J. Clark (ed.) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow. Yoffee, N. and Emberling, G. (1999) Thinking about ethnicity in Mesopotamian archaeology and history. In Khne, H. et al. (eds.) Fluchtpunkt Uruk: archologische Einheit aus methodischer VielfaltSchriften fr Hans Jrg Nissen. Rahden/Westf. : M. Leidorf, pp.272-281. Body, self and aesthetics in the early Mediterranean and Middle East Alberti, B. (2001) Faience goddesses and ivory bull-leapers: the aesthetics of sexual difference at Late Bronze Age Knossos. World Archaeology 33(2): 189-205. Asher-Greve, J. (1998) The essential body: Mesooptamian conceptions of the gendered Body. In M. Wyke (ed.) Gender and the Body in the Ancient Mediterranean. Blackwell: Malden, MA, pp.8-37. Assante, J. (2003) From whores to hierodules: the historiographic invention of Mesopotamian female sex professionals. In A.A. Donohue and M.D. Fullerton (eds.) Ancient Art and its Historiography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.13-47. Baines, J. (1999) Forerunners of narrative biographies. In A. Leahy and J. Tait (eds.) Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H.S. Smith. London: Egypt Exploration Society, pp.23-37. Bhm, S. (2003) The Naked Goddess in early Greek art: an Orientalizing theme par excellence. In N. C. Stampolidis and V. Karageoghis (eds.) Sea Routes: Interconnections in the Mediterranaen 16th-6th c.BC. Athens: University of Athens, pp.363-370. Goodison, L. and Morris, C. (1998) Beyond the Great Mother: the sacred world of the Minoans. In L. Goodison and C. Morris (eds.) Ancient Goddesses. London: British Museum, pp.113-132. Hamilakis, Y. et al. (2002) Thinking through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality. New York; London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. (chapters by Morris and Peatfield, pp.105-120, Hamilakis, pp.121-136, Boyd, pp.137-152) Hamilton, N. et al. (1996) Can we interpret figurines. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(2): 281-307. 54

Harris, R. (2000) Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia. The Gilgamesh Epic and other Ancient Literature. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (chapters 4 and 7 particularly recommended, pp.67-79, 119-128, but others also valuable) Kampen, N.K. (1996) Sexuality in Ancient Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters by Winter, pp.11-26, Robins, pp.27-40) Meskell, L. (1995) Goddesses, Gimbutas and New Age archaeology. Antiquity 69: 7486. Meskell, L. (2002) Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (chapter 3, pp.57-93, chapters 5-6, pp.126-177) Parpola, S. and Whiting, R.W. eds. (2002) Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project (2 volumes of essays: read selectively) Vernant, J.-P. (1991) Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays. (translated by F. Zeitlyn). Princeton: Princeton University Press. (chapters 1, 2, and 19: pp.27-49, 50-74, 318-333) Wengrow, D. (2001) The evolution of simplicity: aesthetic labour and social change in the Neolithic Near East. World Archaeology 33(2): 168-88. Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Whitley, J. (2002) Objects with attitude: biographical facts and fallacies in the study of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age warrior graves. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12(2): 217-32 Suggestions for discussion: How far have recent discussions of gender in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East succeeded in going beyond received stereotypes of male and female roles? Are children and the elderly still largely invisible social categories in the archaeology of these regions? How might literary and archaeological sources be combined to address such shortcomings? Why have discussions of the social construction of bodily experience focussed so heavily on the record of visual representations, and what assumptions might this imply? How might more widespread categories of evidence, such as pottery or personal adornments, be used to elucidate changing frameworks of individual experience? What is an ancestor? Is there anything distinctive about ethnic differences, as identified in the archaeological record, or has the term merely been used to affirm pre-existing notions of social, cultural and racial difference in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East (e.g. as presented in pictorial and written sources)? Essay question How might putting the body centre-stage as a focus of interpretation alter current perceptions of any one process or theme in the archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean and/or Middle East?3

Examples might include domestication, state formation, literacy, trade, craft activities, warfare, death, trade, the Bronze-Iron Age transition, interpretation of figurines, and so on: students should consult with the programme coordinator about their choice of focus. 55

Seminar 18.

Sacrificial economies, consumption strategies and burial

Dr David Wengrow Sacrificial economies, in which the destruction or riddance of material goods takes on instutionally and morally sanctioned forms, were widely encountered by Europeans during the colonial era and quickly became a focal topic of anthropological investigation. Interpretations of such practices varied from those that sought to identify a hidden economic rationality lying behind the sacrifice to those that emphasised the spiritual force of sacrificial practice as a form of ritual behaviour connecting the sacred and profane worlds. By their very nature, sacrificial economies were often regarded as obstacles to economic progress by European observers, who tended to view them (through the lense of Judeo-Christian scripture) as wasteful and unholy. In a recent ethnographic study, which has been widely discussed by archaeologists, Susanne Kuechler (1997) has sought to recapture the local significance of sacrificial rituals on the Pacific island of New Ireland, unravelling their close relationships to land ownership, social memory and notions of sacred power. Her conclusions, expanded upon by Rowlands (1993), provide a lens through which to reconsider current interpretations of sacrificial practices in the archaeological record of the Eastern Mediterrean and Middle East, where they are often attested on a ceremonial scale unparalleled in more recent societies. Spectacular examples include the Shaft Tombs of Mycenae, the Royal Tombs of Ur, and the royal cemeteries of Egypts earliest dynasties, both of the latter involving the large-scale sacrifice of human life as well as animals and material goods. Essential: Bruce Dickson, D. (2006) Public transcripts expressed in theatres of cruelty: the Royal Graves at Ur in Mesopotamia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16(2): 123-44 [INST ARCH PERS and pdf. posted on Moodle website] Hamilakis, Y. and Konsolaki, E. (2004) Pigs for the gods: burnt animal sacrifices as embodied rituals at a Mycenaean sanctuary. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23: 135-152. [INST ARCH PERS and pdf posted on Moodle website] Philip, G. (1988) Hoards of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in the Levant. World Archaeology 20(2): 190-208. [INST ARCH PERS and pdf posted on Moodle website] Wengrow, D. (2011, forthcoming) Archival and Sacrificial Economies in Bronze Age Eurasia: an Interactionist Approach to the Hoarding of Metals. In Interweaving Worlds: essays in memory of Andrew Sherratt. [pdf. posted on Moodle website] For further consideration of archaeological approaches to human sacrifice, see also: Steel, L. (1995) Challenging preconceptions of Oriental barbarity and Greek humanity: human sacrifice in the ancient world. In N. Spencer (ed.) Time, Tradition and Society in Greek Archaeology. Bridging the Great Divide. London and New York: Routledge, pp.18-27. [TC 3227, INST ARCH DAE 100 SPE] Wengrow, D. (2007) Enchantment and sacrifice in early Egypt. In J. Tanner and R. Osborne (eds.) Art Agency and Art History. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.28-41 [TC 3236 and INST ARCH BD OSB] Recommended: General/comparative Battaglia, D. (1992) The body in the gift: memory and forgetting in Sabarl mortuary exchange. American Ethnologist 19(1): 3-18. Bloch, M. (1992) Prey into Hunter. The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bradley, R. (1990) The Passage of Arms. An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, chapters 1 and 5, pp.1-42, 191-204. Canon, A. (1989) The historical dimension in mortuary expressions of status and sentiment. Current Anthropology 30: 437-58. Girard, R. (1977) Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gregory, C.A. (1980) Gifts to men and gifts to god: gift exchange and capital accumulation in contemporary Papua. Man (N.S.) 15: 626-52. de Heusch, L. (1997) The symbolic mechanisms of sacred kingship: rediscovering Frazer. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 3: 213-32. Hamilakis, Y. (1998) Eating the dead: mortuary feasting and the politics of memory in the Aegean Bronze Age. In K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffied: Sheffield Academic Press, pp.115-132. Harrison, S. (1992) Ritual as intellectual property. Man (N.S.) 27: 225-45. 56

Hubert, H. and Mauss, M. (1964) Sacrifice: its Nature and Function. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kuechler, S. (1997) Sacrificial economy and its objects: rethinking colonial collecting in Oceania. Journal of Material Culture 2: 39-60; or: Kuechler, S. (1988) Malangan: objects, sacrifice and the production of memory. American Ethnologist 15(4): 625-637. Mani, L. (1998) Contentious Traditions: the Debate on Sati in Colonial India. Berkeley: University of California Press. (read selectively) Renfrew, C. (1994) The archaeology of religion. In C. Renfrew and E. Zubrow (eds) The Ancient Mind. Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.47-54. Rowlands, M. (1993) The role of memory in the transmission of culture' World Archaeology 25(2): 141-151. Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapter 11, Conclusion: subterranean histories of power), pp.259-269. Regional studies Assmann, J. (2001) The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. (translated by David Lorton). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp.40-52. (on cult statues as recipients of offerings) Baines, J. and Lacovara, P. (2002) Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society: respect, formalism, neglect. Journal of Social Archaeology 2: 5-36 Bergquist, B. (1993) Bronze Age sacrificial koine in the Eastern Mediterranean? A study of animal sacrifice in the ancient Near East. In J. Quaegebeur (ed.) Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Lueven: Peeters, pp.11-44. Bray, T.L. (2003) The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Ancient States and Empires. New York and London: Kluwer. (chapters 1-3, pp.1-64) Detienne, M. and Vernant, J.-P. (1989) The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (chapter 1, pp.1-20, chapters 56, pp.129-163) Frankfort, H. (1948) Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Introduction, pp.3-12, chapters 12-15, pp.143-212, chapters 16-17, pp.215-248, chapter 20, 277-294) Frankfort, H. (2000[1948]) Ancient Egyptian Religion: an Interpretation. Dover: New York. (chapter 4, pp.88-123) Frankfort, H. (1958) The Dying God. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 21: 141-151. Garfinkel, Y. (1992) Ritual burial of cultic objects: the earliest evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4(2): 159-188. Hughes, D.D. (1991) Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece. London and New York: Routledge. Kemp, B. (1995) How religious were the ancient Egyptians. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(1): 25-54. Lambert, W.G. (1993) Donations of food and drink to the gods in ancient Mesopotamia. In J. Quaegebeur (ed.) Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Lueven: Peeters, pp.191-203. Leichty, E. (1993) Ritual, sacrifice, and divination in Mesopotamia. In J. Quaegebeur (ed.) Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Lueven: Peeters, pp.237-242. Morris, I. (1988) Tomb cult and the 'Greek renaissance': the past in the present in the 8th century BC. Antiquity 62, 750761. Peatfield, A.A.D. (1995) Water, fertility, and purification in Minoan religion. In C. Morris (ed.) Klados: Essays in Honour of J.N. Coldstream. London: Institute of Classical Studies, pp.217-227. Rehak, P. (1995) The use and destruction of Minoan Bulls Head Rhyta. In R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Lige: 435-460. Rowlands, M. (2003) The Unity of Africa. In D. OConnor and A. Reid (eds.) Ancient Egypt in Africa. London: UCL, pp.39-54. Stocker, S. and Davis, J.L. (2004) Animal sacrifice, archives, and feasting at the Palace of Nestor. In J. Wright (ed.) The Mycenaean Feast. Hesperia 73: 2. Case Studies The Royal Tombs at Early Dynastic Ur 57

Gansell, A.R. (2007) Identity and adornment in the third-millennium BC royal cemetery at Ur. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17: 29-46. Moorey, P.R.S. (1977) What do we know about the people buried in the Royal Cemetery? Expedition 20: 24-40. Pollock, S. (1991) Of priestesses, princes, and poor relations: the dead in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1: 171-189. Winter, I.J. (1999) Reading ritual in the archaeological record: deposition pattern and function of two artifact types from the Royal Cemetery of Ur. In H. Khne et al. (eds.) Fluchtpunkt Uru : archologische Einheit aus methodischer Vielfalt: Schriften fr Hans Jrg Nissen. Rahden/Westf.: M. Leidorf, pp.229-256. Woolley, C. Leonard. (1934) Ur Exacavations. Vol.2: The Royal Cemetery. London and Philadelphia: British Museum and University Museum. (primary source) Ritual killing around Egyptian tombs of the First Dynasty Descriptive accounts and illustrations Lehner, M. (1997) The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson, pp.75-81. Reisner, G.A. (1936) The Development of the Egyptian Tomb down to the Accession of Cheops. Cambridge : Harvard University Press; London: Oxford University Press. (Parts II to IV, pp.9-121, especially pp.117-121 on sati-burial) Spencer, A.J. (1993) Early Egypt. The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley. London: British Museum. (chapter 4, pp.63-97) Interpretations Baines, J. (1995) Origins of Egyptian kingship. In D. OConnor and D.P. Silverman (eds.) Ancient Egyptian Kingship, 95-156. Leiden, New York, Kln: E.J. Brill, pp.95-156 (especially pp.135-144) Baud, M. and Etienne, M. (2000) Le vanneau et le couteau. Un rituel monarchique sacrificiel dans lgypte de la Ie dynastie. Archo-Nil 10: 1-22. Wengrow, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapter 10, Theatres of sacrifice: dynastic constructions of death), pp.218-258. The Shaft Graves at Mycenae Descriptive accounts and illustrations: Dickinson, O.T.P.K. (1977) The Origins of Mycenaean Civilization. Gteborg: P. strm. (chapter 3, pp.39-58) Musgrave, J.H. et al. (1995) Seven faces from Grave Circle B at Mycenae. Annual of the British School at Athens 90: 107-136. Wardle, K.A. (1994) The palace civilizations of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece, 2000-1200 BC. In B. Cunliffe (ed.) Prehistoric Europe. An Illustrated History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.202-243. Interpretations Bennet, J. (2004) Iconographies of value: words, people and things in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. In J.C. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilization Revisited. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.145-169. Mee, C.B. and Cavanagh, W.G. (1984) Mycenaean tombs as evidence for social and political organisation. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3: 45-64. Voutsaki, S. (1997) The creation of value and prestige in the Aegean Late Bronze Age. Journal of European Archaeology 5: 34-52. Voutsaki, S. (1999) Mortuary display, prestige and identity in the Shaft Grave era. In I. Kilian-Dirlmeier and M. Egg (eds.) Eliten in der Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse zweier Colloquien in Mainz und Athen Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums: Mainz, pp.103-117. Wolpert, A.D. (2004) Getting past consumption and competition: legitimacy and consensus in the Shaft Graves. In J.C. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilization Revisited. Oxford: Oxbow, pp.126-144. Wright, J.C. (1987) Death and power at Mycenae: changing symbols in mortuary practice. In R. Laffineur (ed.) Thanatos: Les coutumes funraires en Ege lge du bronze. Lige, pp.171-184. Cult at Ugarit Clemens, D.M. (2001) Sources for Ugaritic Ritual and Sacrifice. Vol. 1, Ugaritic and Ugarit Akkadian texts. Mnster: Ugarit-Verlag. del Olmo Lette, G. (1993) Royal aspects of the Ugaritic cult. In J. Quaegebeur (ed.) Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East. Lueven: Peeters, pp.51-66/ Pardee, D. (2002) Ritual and Cult at Ugarit (edited by T.J. Lewis). Atlanta, Ga.: Society of Biblical Literature. 58

Suggestions for discussion: Why has studying the practice of sacrifice often provided a particularly fertile point of entry to wider patterns of economic and political life? How might Susanne Kuechlers notion of sacrificial economy be developed for the societies of the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East? How can we account for the short-lived practice of large-scale human sacrifice in early dynastic Egypt and Mesopotamia? Is it possible to identify discrete and coherent sets of beliefs and practice regarding sacrifice in different parts of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? In what ways were institutions of sacrificeparticularly those relating to cults of the deadimplicated in the construction of political authority in ancient states? Essay question Has an emphasis upon spectacular deposits hindered a broader understanding of the role of sacrificial practices in the early development of Mediterranean and/or Middle Eastern societies?

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Seminar 19.

Art and imagery between worlds

Professor David Wengrow The history of art of the civilisations of the Near East and the Aegean has traditionally been told in terms of the evolution of national artistic traditions, occasionally inflected by foreign influences. Recent studies of the early Mediterranean have stressed the changing patterns of interconnectedness among individual places in the Mediterranean as important determinants of their character and development. This class seeks to explore how these issues of connectivity affect traditional accounts of the history of the art of the civilisations of the Eastern Mediterranean. How can we go beyond the histories conceptualised in terms of closed ethnic traditions modified by extraneous influences? How can one characterise the degree of interconnectedness of art traditions, or their boundedness, and what determines it? Should each artistic tradition be understood in its own terms (what would these mean?), or can they be compared, and if so how and to what purpose? Essential: Feldman, M.H. (2002) Luxurious Forms: Redefining a Mediterranean "International Style," 1400-1200 B.C.E.' The Art Bulletin 84(1): 6-29 [ONLINE and MAIN ART PERS: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3177251.pdf ] Gunter, A.C. (1990) Models of the orient in the art history of the orientalising period. In H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and J.W. Drijvers (eds.) Achaemenid History V: the Roots of the European Tradition. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp.131-147. [TC 3250, ANCIENT HISTORY F 14 SAN] Riegl, A. (1900) The place of the Vappheio cups in the history of art. In C.S. Wood (ed.) The Vienna School Reader. Politics and Art Historical Method in the 1930s. New York: Zone, pp.105-127. [TC 2633, ART MG 8 WOO, SSEES Misc.XX.1 VIE] Winter, I.J. (1998) The affective properties of style: an inquiry into analytical process and the inscription of meaning in art history. In C.A. Jones and P. Galison (eds.) Picturing Science: Producing Art. New York and Routledge: London, pp.55-77. [TC 3249, ANTHROPOLOGY E 10 JON] Root, M.C. (1985) The Parthenon frieze and the Apadana reliefs at Persepolis. American Journal of Archaeology 89: 103-20. [TC 3247, IOA PERS, ONLINE: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/504773.pdf ] Try also to look at either: Morris, S. (2000) From Thera to Scheria: Aegean art and narrative OR Winter, I.J. (2000) Thera Paintings and the Ancient Near East: the private and public domains of wall decoration, both in: S. Sherratt (ed.) The Wall Paintings of Thera. (3 Volumes). Athens: Thera Foundation, pp.317-333 and 745-762. [ISSUE DESK IOA SHE 11] For a brief, standard account of the major art traditions with which we are concerned, for those new to the topic: Gombrich, E.H. (1959) The Story of Art. London: Phaidon (chapter 2: Art for eternity: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, and chapter 3: The Great Awakening: Greece from the Seventh Century to the Fifth Century) And for general theoretical perspectives: Hannerz, U. (1992) The global ecumene. In U.Hannerz, Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organisation of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press, pp.217-67 Assumed general background: Braudel, F. (1972) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. (translated by S.Reynolds). London: Collins. (Volume 1, Preface to First Edition, pp.17-22, and Part 1, pp.25-102) Sherratt, A.G. (1993) What would a Bronze Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 1-57. (note: much of the descriptive focus is on temperate Europe during the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, but the overall approachas laid out on pp.1-18, is directly relevant here) Sherratt, S. & Sherratt, A. (1993) The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC. World Archaeology 24(3): 361-378. Recommended: Egypt and Mesopotamia: early connections through images Frankfort, H. (1951) The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp.100-111. Kantor, H.J. (1942) The early relations of Egypt with Asia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1: 174-213. Moorey, P.R.S. (1987) On tracking cultural transfers in prehistory: the case of Egypt and lower Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. In M.J. Rowlands et al. (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 60

pp. 36-46. Pittman, H. (1996) Constructing context: the Gebel el-Arak knife. Greater Mesopotamian and Egyptian interaction in the late fourth millennium BC. In J.S. Cooper and G.M. Schwartz (eds.) The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: the William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns, pp.9-32. Teissier, B. (1987) Glyptic evidence for a connection between Iran, Syro-Palestine and Egypt in the fourth and third millennia. Iran 25: 27-53. Bronze Age connections and contrasts Bietak, M. (1992) Minoan wall-paintings unearthed at ancient Avaris. Egyptian Archaeolog 2: 26-8. Caubet, A. (1998) The international style: a point of view from the Levant and Syria. In E.H.Cline and D.Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.105-113. Crowley, J.L. (1989) The Aegean and the East: an Investigation into the Transference of Artistic Motifs between the Aegean, Egypt and the Near east in the Bronze Age. Paul Astroms, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 51, Jonsered. Crowley, J.L. (1998) Iconography and interconnections in the Mediterranean. In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.171-182. Feldman, M.H. (2006) Diplomacy by Design: Luxury Arts and an "International Style" in the Ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Groenewegen-Frankfort, H.A. (1951) Arrest and Movement. An Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East. London: Faber and Faber. Rehak, P. and J.G. Younger (1998) International styles in ivory carving in the Bronze Age. In Cline, E. and Harris-Cline, D. (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.229-256. Morgan, L. (1995) Minoan painting and Egypt: the case of Tell el-Daba. In W.V. Davies and P.Schofield (eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. London: British Museum, pp.29-53 Niemeier, W-D, (1998) Minoan frescoes in the eastern Mediterranean. In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Lige, pp.69-98. Teissier, B. (1996) Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Weingarten, J. (1981) The Transformation of Egyptian Taweret into the Minoan Genius: a Study in Cultural Transformation in the Middle Bronze Age. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 88. Paul Astroms: Jonsered. Early Greek art and the East Akurgal, E. (1966) The Birth of Greek Art: the Mediterranean and the Near East. London: Methuen. Boardman, J. (1994) The Diffusion of Classical Art. London: Thames and Hudson. Carter S. (1987) The masks of Ortheia. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 355-83. De Polignac, F. (1992) Influence exterieure ou evolution interne: linnovation cultuelle en Grece geometrique et archaique. In G. Kopcke and I. Tokumaru (eds) East and West, 10th-8th Centuries BC. Mainz: von Zabern, pp.114-127. Davis, W. (1981) Egypt, Samos and the archaic style in Greek scultpure. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 67: 61-81. Lawrence, A.W. (1951) The Acropolis and Persepolis. Journal of Hellenic Studies 71: 111-119. Markoe, G.E. (1990) Egyptianising male votive statuary from Cyprus: a reexamination. Levant 22: 111-122. Markoe, Glenn E. (2000) Phoenicians. London: British Museum, pp. 143-69. Miller, M.C. (1997) Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: a Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (especially chapter 10) Morris, S. (1992) Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton. N.J : Princeton University Press (especially chapters 4, 5, and 6) Morris S. (1997) Greek and Near Eastern art in the age of Homer. In S. Langdon (ed.) New Light on a Dark Age. Exploring the Culture of Geometric Greece. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, pp.56-71 Nylander, C. (1970) Ionians in Pasargadae. Studies in Old Persian Architecture. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell. (especially chapter 1, The origins of Achaemenid art) Tanner, J. (2003) Finding the Egyptian in early Greek art. In R. Matthews and C. Roemer (eds.) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL Press, pp. 115-144. Zaccagnini, C. (1983) Patterns of mobility amongst Near Eastern craftsmen. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 42: 245-64. Winter, I. (1976) Phoenician and North Syrian ivory carving in historical context: questions of style 61

and distribution. Iraq 38: 1-26. Suggestions for discussion What might be the implications for art analysis of ideas such as those found in the work of F.Braudel or A. and S. Sherratt, concerning the role of connections in cultural change? Has the study of ancient art in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East been over-determined by the desire to isolate pure traditions? How far do approaches that stress the hybridity of cultural patterns allow us to transcend this concern with pure cultural lineages? Is it possible to envisage an approach to the study of ancient art that encompasses processes of borrowing and boundary-making in a more successful way? Essay question How important are interregional connections to our understanding of the art of the eastern Mediterranean? Discuss with reference to art from at least two of the following regions: ancient Near East, ancient Egypt, Bronze Age Aegean, early Greece (down to 400 BC).

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Seminar 20. study region

Archaeology, heritage and the politics of the past: contemporary perspectives from the

Professor David Wengrow All archaeological work requires some awareness of political and social factors in the present, and with the emergence of public archaeology and heritage management archaeologists have been increasingly prepared to engage with the political responsibilities and implications of their work. In the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East this engagement is often perceived as particularly difficult, due to factors such as sensationalized but often complex conflicts involving cultural identity, a lack of basic geographical and historical teaching on these areas in mainstream European and North American education, and the legacy of close links between archaeology and colonialism throughout the region. These factors deserve attention, but are not good reasons for ignoring the contemporary impact and implications of archaeological work. Nor should political issues be the concern only of specialist public archaeologists; archaeological area specialists should be some of those best placed to make informed comment on the particular political issues surrounding cultural heritage in their areas. This lecture and seminar will cover issues surrounding archaeology and heritage in the contemporary Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. The importance of historical context in understanding contemporary political issues in archaeology will be emphasized, as will the relevance to archaeologists of the politicized representation of cultural heritage. Ethical considerations for archaeologists and heritage professionals will be discussed in terms of specific current questions in various parts of the study region. We will look at the role of archaeology and heritage in conflict, the ethics of protecting cultural heritage, media coverage of archaeology and the work of conservation, protection of sites, and the development of museum and educational resources in archaeology. We will also consider the disciplinary structures of British archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, their historical origins, and suitability to the current needs and aims of the discipline. Essential: we will begin with a case study from Israel, for which students are asked to consult the following links (all of which relate to the same site/place) in advance of the seminar: http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jinin/Zir%27in/index.html http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_past_jezreel.html http://www.cbrl.org.uk/telcw.html http://www.bibleplaces.com/jezreelvalley.htm http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?site_id=60&subject_id=8&id=119 The links are also posed, for your convenience, on the Moodle website. Further suggested readings: Matthews, R. J. (2003) Year Zero for the Archaeology of Iraq. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 14: 1-23. [TC 3253, INST ARCH PERS] Kitchen, W.W. and Ronayne, M. (2002) The Ilisu Dam Environmental Impact Assessment Report: review and critique. Public Archaeology 2(2): 101-116. [TC 3254, IOA PERS] Scham, S.A. and Yahya, A. (2003) Heritage and Reconciliation. Journal of Social Archaeology 3: 399-416. [TC 3255, IOA PERS, ONLINE: http://jsa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/399 ] Or: A. Killebrew et al. (2006) From dialogue to polylogue: Exploring the Israeli and Palestinian past in the present. Archaeologies 2(2): 7-23 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/d32l680686565574/fulltext.pdf] Seeden, H. (1990) Search for the missing link: archaeology and the public in Lebanon. In P. Gathercole and D. Lowenthal, The Politics of the Past. London: Routledge, pp.141-159 [INST ARCH AG GAT, ISSUE DESK IOA AG GAT] Fotiadis, M. (1993) Regions of the imagination: archaeologists, local people, and the archaeological record in fieldwork, Greece. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 151-168. [TC 3252, IOA PERS] Students with a particular interest in the cultural heritage of an area not covered in these readings (e.g. Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, Persian Gulf) may arrange with the course coordinator to discuss alternative readings (e.g.) from: Meskell, L. ed. (1998) Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London & New York: Routledge [INST ARCH MES and ISSUE DESK] Kohl, P. et al. eds. (2008) Selective remembrances : archaeology in the construction, commemoration, and consecration of national pasts. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. [INST ARCH AG KOH[ See also the debate published in Antiquity concerning current attempts to develop a reflexive fieldwork 63

methodology at the Neolithic site of atalhyk in central Turkey, for which see I. Hodder ed. (2000) Toward Reflexive Method in Archaeology: the Example at atalhyk. Cambridge: McDonald Institute, especially the introduction by Hodder, pp.3-15) (both readings available ONLINE:) Hassan, F. (1997) Beyond the surface: comments on Hodder's'reflexive excavation methodology'. Antiquity 71: 1020-1025 Hodder, I. (1998) Whose rationality? A response to Fekri Hassan, Antiquity 72, 21-27 Recommended: General and comparative Curtis, J. E. 2008. The site of Babylon today. In Finkel, I. L. and Seymour, M. J. (eds.) Babylon: Myth and Reality. London: British Museum Press. pp.213-220. Erciyas, D.B. (2005) Ethnic identity and archaeology in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Antiquity 79: 179-190. Graham, B., Ashworth, G. J., and Tunbridge, J. E. (2000) A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. London: Arnold. (chapters on The uses and abuses of heritage and Heritage and national identity.) Greenfield, J. (1996) The Return of Cultural Treasures (2 Edn.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter on International and regional regulation) Hamilakis, Y. (2003) Living in Ruins: antiquities and national imagination in modern Greece. In S. Kane (ed.) The Politics of Archaeology and Identity in a Global Context. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, pp.51-78. Hassan, F. (1995) The World Archaeological Congress in India: politicizing the past. Antiquity 69: 874-877. Hassan, F.A. (1997) The cultural heritage of Egypt: a world legacy. African Cultural Heritage and the World Heritage Convention: Second Global Strategy Meeting. Addis-Ababa: UNESCO, pp.86-91. Kaiser, T. (1995) Archaeology and ideology in Southeast Europe. In P.L. Kohl and C. Fawcett (eds.) Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.99-119. Kohl, P.L. and Tsetskhladze, G.R. (1995) Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology in the Caucasus. In P.L. Kohl and C. Fawcett (eds.) Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.149-174. Lanfant, M.-F. et al. eds. (1995) International Tourism: Identity and Change. London: Thousand Oaks; California: Sage. Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. (1997-8) Colonialism, nationalism, ethnicity, and archaeology. The Review of Archaeology 18(2):1-13, and 19(1):35-47. Masry, A.H. (1994) Archaeology and the establishment of museums in Saudi Arabia. In F.E.S. Kaplan (ed.) Museums and the Making of Ourselves: the Role of Objects in National Identity. London: Leicester University Press, pp.125-167. Meskell, L. ed. (1998) Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London & New York: Routledge (in addition to the article by Bahraniaboveothers address various parts of the study region including Cyprus, Egypt, Turkey, and the Persian Gulf) Rowlands, M. (1994) The politics of identity in archaeology. In G.C. Bond and A. Gilliam (eds.) Social Construction of the Past. London & New York: Routledge, pp.129-143. Seeden, H. (2000) Lebanons archaeological heritage on trial in Beirut: what future for Beiruts past? In F.P. McManamon and A. Hutton (eds.) Cultural Resource Management in Contemporary Society. London & New York: Routledge, pp.168187. Silberman, N.A. (1995) Promised lands and chosen peoples: the politics and poetics of archaeological narrative. In P.L. Kohl and C. Fawcett (eds.) Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Steele, C. (2005) Who Has Not Eaten Cherries With the Devil? Archaeology Under Challenge. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 45-65. Stone, P. and J. Farchakh Bajjaly (eds.) 2008. The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Yayha, A. (2005) Archaeology and nationalism in the Holy Land. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 66-77.

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Further on recent developments in Iraq Bahrani, Z. (1998) Conjuring Mesopotamia: Imaginative Geography and a World Past. In L. Meskell (ed.) Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 159-174. Baram, A. (1994) A case of imported identity: the modernizing secular ruling elites of Iraq and the concept of Mesopotamian-inspired territorial nationalism, 19221992. Poetics Today 15(2): 279-319. Bogdanos, M. (2005) The casualties of war: the truth about the Iraq Museum. American Journal of Archaeology 109: 477-526. Bohrer, F. N. (2003) Orientalism and Visual Culture: Imagining Mesopotamia in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter on Germanys Mesopotamia, 1899-1915.) Hamilakis, Y. (2003) Iraq, Stewardship and the Record: An Ethical Crisis for Archaeology. Public Archaeology 3(2): 104-111. Matthews, R. J. (2003) The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Theories and Approaches. London and New York: Routledge. (chapter 7, pp.189-204) Pollock, S. (2003) The Looting of the Iraq Museum: Thoughts on Archaeology in a Time of Crisis. Public Archaeology 3(2): 117-124. [UCL INST ARCH PERS] Pollock, S. (2005) Archaeology Goes to War at the Newsstand. In S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 78-96. Seymour, M. (2004) Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980-2003. Current Anthropology 45(3): 351-368. Focus for discussion: How do political issues impact on the work of archaeologists in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East? How can archaeologists most constructively engage with these issues, and what are their responsibilities? Essay question How has the practice of archaeology contributed to wider public perceptions of recent events in the Eastern Mediterranean and/or Middle Eastern region? Discuss with reference to one or more regions/countries/topics of your own choosing.

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GENERAL COURSE READING LIST Introductory readings in the archaeology, ancient history, art and literature of the study region AKKERMANS, P.M.M.G. and SCHWARTZ, G.M. (2003) The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex HunterGatherers to Early Urban Societies, 16,000-300 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The first generally accessible survey of this regions archaeology in English) INST ARCH DBD 100 AKK BAINES, J. and MALEK, J. (2000) Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. (Revised edition). New York: Facts on File. (Topographical survey of major sites and regions, with valuable thematic commentaries) EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI and ISSUE DESK IOA BAI 3 CULLEN, T. ed. (2001) Aegean Prehistory: A Review. (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1). Boston: Archaeological Institute of America. (Updated collection of a series of reviews published in the American Journal of Archaeology between 1992-1998: see issues 96-101) DAG 100 CUL and ISSUE DESK CUL 4 CUNLIFFE, B. ed. (1998) Prehistoric Europe. An Illustrated History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (chapters 2-8, covering developments from the Upper Palaeolithic through to the collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Aegean) INST ARCH DA 100 CUN DALLEY, S. (2000) Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH. DBA 610 DAL DICKINSON, O.T.P.K. (1994) The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Thematically arranged textbook) DAE 100 DIC and ISSUE DESK DIC DICKINSON, O.T.P.K. (2006) The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC. London: Routledge. INST ARCH DAG 100 DIC FRANKFORT, H. (1996) The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (Authoritative and updated survey) INST ARCH DBA 300 FRA GRAVES, R. (1962) The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth: Penguin. (also available in new edition) CLASSICS GA 58 GRA KEMP, B.J. (1989) Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. London and New York. (Interpretation of Egyptian cultural history through the main dynastic periods, using archaeological and written sources) KUHRT, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC. New York and London: Routledge. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUH (Currently the best traditional history of this region, based primarily on written sources) LEVY, T. ed. (1995) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts of File. (Advanced, but accessible survey of the archaeology of the southern Levant, with useful thematic sections) INST ARCH DBE 100 LEV POSTGATE, J.N. (1992) Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London and New York: Routledge. (Thematic introduction, drawing on a combination of written and archaeological evidence) INST ARCH DBB 100 POS PREZIOSI, D. and HITCHCOCK, L.A. (1999) Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DAG 100 PRE ROAF, M. (1990) Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Equinox. (Well illustrated and highly accessible introduction) INST ARCH DBA 100 Qto ROA SASSON, J.M. ed. (2000) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. (Four volumes with contributions on a very wide range of topicsuse selectively for areas with which you are less familiar) 66

INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS SHAW, I. ed. (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Up-to-date surveys and interpretations of the main developments in Egyptian culture from the Palaeolithic to the Roman period). INST ARCH EGYPT B5 SHA SIMPSON, W.K. (2003) The Literature of Ancient Egypt. An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. SMITH, W.S. (1998) The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (Revised and updated by William Kelly Simpson; best general, period-by-period introduction to Egyptian art) EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS K 5 SMI WARREN, P. (1989) The Aegean Civilizations: From Ancient Crete to Mycenae. Oxford: Phaidon. INST ARCH DAG 10 Qto WAR and ISSUE DESK IOA WAR 5 (Highly accessible, short introduction) WENGROW, D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 WEN and ISSUE DESK WENGROW, D. (2010) What Makes Civilization. The Ancient Near East and the Future of the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 WEN and ISSUE DESK WHITLEY, J. (2001) The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Accessible introduction, covering the Archaic and Classical periods, and the history of archaeological thought relating to them) YATES A 20 WHI Advanced and interpretive studies of broad relevance to the course BERNAL, M. (1987) Black Athena. The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. Volume 1 (The first volume of Bernals highly controversial study should be read in conjunction with the essays in Lefkowitz and Rogers: Black Athena Revisited; see below) INST ARCH DBA 200 BER and ISSUE DESK IOA BER 5 BROODBANK, C. (2000) An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Develops original methodologies for island archaeology in the context of the prehistoric Aegean) INST ARCH DAG 10 BRO DAVIES, W.V. and SCHOFIELD, L. (1995) Egypt, the Levant and the Aegean: Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. London: British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DAV and ISSUE DESK IOA DAV 5 FEINMAN, G. and MARCUS, J. (1998) Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. (Introduction and chapters 6-7). INST ARCH BD FEI and ISSUE DESK IOA FEI 3 FRANKFORT, H. (1978[1948]) Kingship and the Gods. A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Frankforts influential comparative study of sacred power in Egypt and Mesopotamia is now dated in some respects, but still highly stimulating and widely discussed) INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA HORDEN, P. and PURCELL, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell. (Broad survey of the dynamics of ancient Mediterranean society, with an emphasis on human ecology) INST ARCH DAG 200 HOR HOUSTON, S. ed. (2004) The First Writing. Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapters relevant to the study region) INST ARCH GC HOU LEFKOWITZ, M.R. and ROGERS, G.M. (1996) Black Athena Revisited. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. (Classicists, Egyptologists, Assyriologists and archaeologists respond to Martin Bernals Black Athena) ANC HIST P72 LEF

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MATTHEWS, R. and ROEMER, C. (2003) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL. (Essays exploring Egypts place within the ancient and prehistoric worlds) EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAT and ISSUE DESK IOA MAT 7 MESKELL, L.M. (1998) Archaeology Under Fire. Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London and New York: Routledge (Critical essays on the history of archaeological thought and its current practice in these regions) INST ARCH AG MES MORRIS, I. (2000) Archaeology as Cultural History. Oxford: Blackwell. (Combines archaeological and textual sources to reinterpret social development in Iron Age Greece) YATES A 20 MOR and ISSUE DESK IOA MOR 7 OCONNOR, D. and QUIRKE, S. (2003) Mysterious Lands. London: UCL. (Interpretive essays on ancient perceptions of space, focussing upon Egypt and neighbouring regions) EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO and ISSUE DESK IOA OCO POLLOCK, S. and BERNBECK, R. eds. (2005) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. (Essays exploring methodological and ethical issues at the interface between archaeological interpretation and current political concerns) INST ARCH DBA 100 POL RENFREW, C. (1972) The Emergence of Civilisation. The Cylcades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen. (Renfrews now classic synthesis of Aegean prehistory is still widely debated; the descriptive chapters are now dated, but see chapters in Introduction and Part II for the argument and its context) INST ARCH DAG 100 REN RICHARDS, J. and VAN BUREN, M. (2000) Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapters 1-5, 11) INST ARCH BC 100 RIC SHERRATT, A. (1997) Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (chapters 1, 3, 6, 7, 18, 20 provide a representative discussion of Sherratts influential work on the secondary products revolution, the spread of farming, urbanisation and the history of archaeological thought) INST ARCH DA 100 SHE SMITH, A.T. (2003) The Political Landscape. Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. Berkeley: University of California Press. (comparative exploration of the political meanings of space in early states) INST ARCH AH SMI TRIGGER, B.G. (2003) Understanding Early Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Wide ranging comparative study of early states in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, Mesoamerica, and Africa) INST ARCH BC 100 TRI VERNANT, J.P. (1991) Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Structuralist analyses of ancient Greek mythology and society) ANCIENT HISTORY P 74 VER Wider historical and historiographical context BRAUDEL, F. (1972) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip I. London: Collins. INST ARCH DAG 100 BRA JARDINE, L. and BROTTON, J. (2000) Global Interests. Renaissance Art between East and West. London: Reaktion. ART K5 JAR LACH, D.F. (1994 [1965]) Asia in the Making of Europe. Volume 1. The Century of Discovery. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. (especially Introduction and chapters 1-3) SAID, E. (1995 [1978]) Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin. SCIENCE 4167 and HISTORY 6 a SAI WOLF, E. (1982) Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 WOL 68

History of archaeology, archaeological theory and anthropology BINFORD, L.R. (2002) In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. Berkeley: University of California Press. INST ARCH AH BIN DANIEL, G. (1978 [1950]) 150 Years of Archaeology. London: Duckworth. (chapters 4-6) INST ARCH AG DAN HODDER, I. (1986) Reading the Past. Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (also available in new editions) INST ARCH AH HOD and ISSUE DESK IOA HOD 9 JAMES, W. (2003) The Ceremonial Animal. A New Portrait of Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (General introduction to the aims and methods of social anthropology, with case studies) ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 JAM KRISTIANSEN, K. and ROWLANDS, M. (1998) Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London: Routledge. (Introduction and chapters 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15) INST ARCH BD KRI SCHNAPP, A. (1996) The Discovery of the Past. The Origins of Archaeology. London: British Museum Press. INST ARCH AG SCH TRIGGER, B.G. (1989) A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AG TRI and ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 2 YOFFEE, N. and SHERRATT, A. (1993) Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AH YOF and IOA ISSUE DESK YOF (Introduction and chapters 1, 5, 6, 10, 11)

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