2008.

2008.

, MMVIII


2008.
:

:
,

,
,
UNIX ,

,

:

16, 11000
/: 011 3032 133
e-mail: adrb@adrb.org
web: http://www.adrb.org

:
(42)
Credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Acknowledgment: NASA, ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute) and the Hubble Space Telescope
Orion Treasury Project Team

: 80

:

www.adrb.org


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Meteor Observations, Potsdam 1995, 1439
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29

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35

Koschack R.: 1995, Analyses and Calculations, IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam
Rendtell ., Roggemans P.: 1995, Meteor Astronomy, IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam
* * * : 2001, Perseidi, No 4

1 2 : Rendtell ., Roggemans P.: 1995, Meteor Astronomy,
IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam
3 : www.imo.com

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=
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: e ,
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Video directory:

preview .
Options > Format...,
:
Resolution:
Pixel Depth (bits) and Compression:

640x480
I420

5. Capture parameters

68

3. Video format

, Options > Compression...,
:
Compressor:

No Recompression

Frame rate 5 (5 fps)

(
). ,
120
600 ,
.
640 480
270 . ,
5 , .
,
.
Options >
Exposure...,
. Image
Controls 6. Full Auto
checkbox ,
, frame rate 5.

4. No Recompression

Options > Capture Parameters..., :
Frame Rate:

5 fps

6. Image Controls

Camera Controls ( 7) (white

balance),
(gain).

W E B -

. ,
.

.
1/250 , .
, Star
Focus, .

, preview

( 8).

.
(FWHM max),
(Imax),
.

7. Camera Controls

Toucam Pro
, , . Auto,
.
,
Auto
; Red
Blue. ,
.
1/250, gain ,
.

,
.
, , -

8.

,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
,
.
Star Focus , .
frame rate 30
. frame rate 5 ,
.
, .
, .
,
.
, .
.
, w

1/33 s

20%

1/50 s

40%

1/25 s

30%

1/33 s

50%

2.

69

W E B -

. f-
f/26,
2.
, .
, , .
.

70

,
Start Video .
, .
, ( ).
.

, .
,
.

.
,
flat field .

,
.
.
, ,

.
,

.

, .
flat-field .

.
, .
flat field.

.

9. VirtualDub

,
. ,
. Delete.
,

. ,
,
.
, . ,

( 30),

( 500).
.
( ).
,
,

.
Video >
Compression... YUV
10.

, thermal current
, .
,
QCFocus ,
VirtualDub.

( 9).

10. Codec

, Uncompressed RGB .

,
.
3.

()

600 ,
640480, 2
5 fps

YUV 4:2:0

276 338 040

600 ,
640480, 2
5 fps

Uncompressed RGB

552 062 976

3.

Save As..., VirtualDub

.
Iris,
.
,

. ,
,

.
File > Settings.
Working Path , File Type
FIT.
Iris . FIT 16-
,
. 16- ,
.

W E B -

FIT ,
File > AVI Conversion....
flat field ,
VirtualDub-. Color,
, . flat field
, :
flatr
flatg
flatb
, :
imgr
imgg
imgb
,
30 , FIT
imgr1.fit, imgr2.fit imgr30.fit , .
Convert . ,
12.

12. Open command prompt

,
:
> load imgr1
imgr1.fit
.
toolbar-
Threshold,
.


.
, stat:
> stat

11. Settings

13.

71

W E B -

, ,
.
:
mean

median

13. Stat & Threshold

72

mean

median
sigma

mean
maxi

mini

mean median . mean
(
) :

Iris 16- ,
-32768 +32767.

,
. ,
( maxi 255),

8- .

8- ,
,
.
flat field ,
100 , .
, dark frame
thermal current ,
0:
> load flatr1
> fill 0
> save dark

mean(5,4,5,6,25) = 9
median :
median(4,5,5,6,25) = 5

6
. 25
(
,
). ,

5
9, median . median


.

median ,
.
web-,
,
. median -

flatr1.fit
dark.fit
flat field . fill
0, save .
8-

2 (2, 4, 8, 16...).
, 12 ,
16:
> mult2 flatr flatr 16 100
> mult2 flatg flatg 16 100
> mult2 flatb flatb 16 100
mult2 100
(flatr flatg,
flatb) 16,
.
, .
4096
.

W E B -

flat field ,


( ,
).
median
, median
(
, ).
:
> load flatr1
> stat
stat
median.
3500,

flatr :
> ngain2 flatr flatr 3500 100
100
mult2.
:
> ngain2 flatg flatg 3500 100
> ngain2 flatb flatb 3500 100

median ,
, flat field
.
, , median
:
>
>
>
>
>
>

smedian2 flatr 100

save flatr
smedian2 flatg 100
save flatg
smedian2 flatb 100
save flatb

flat field ,
,
.
, ,
280 . :
> mult2 imgr imgr 16 280
> mult2 imgg imgg 16 280
> mult2 imgb imgb 16 280

14. Flat field

pr:
> pr imgr dark flatr out_1r 280
> pr imgg dark flatg out_1g 280
> pr imgb dark flatb out_1b 280
dark.fit

(imgr, imgg, imgb), flat field . (out_1r, out_1g, out_1b),
.

.

, flat field
,
.
,
,
.
,

. , ,
. Iris
-

, .
,
. 44,
:
> load out_1r44

73

, 15.

15.

74

,
.

,
,
2.
200 ,
256 ,
512. -
:
> pregister out_1r out_2r 512 80

,

. , .
.
, ()
.

.
load
:

W E B -

> composit out_2r 2.5 3 1 280

,
.
. , .

,

,

.
:
out_2r

2.5

(1.5 , 5 )
3

1

0 32767
280

, :
> save composit_r
composit
, , .
,
:
> composit out_2g 2.5 3 1 280
> save composit_g
> composit out_2b 2.5 3 1 280
> save composit_b

> load out_1r44

> pregister out_1g out_2g 512 280
> load out_1r44
> pregister out_1b out_2b 512 280
.
composit,
:
16:

, .
composit


0 32767, .
:
: 0.050
: 0.051
: 0.055
, ,
.
, composit
0 32767.
, . :
> load composit_g
> mult 0.98
> save composit_g
0.98 0.050
0.051. :

W E B -

15-, .
Iris , Adobe Photoshop
.
, :
> savepsd composit
savepsd .psd Photoshop,
,
.
composit.psd Photoshop, , .
Photoshop ,
16-
0 65535.
16- Photoshop
0 255 , 0
65535. Iris
0 32767,
, .
Levels ( 18)
20%
32767 ( 128 + 20% = 150).

> load composit_b

> mult 0.91
> save composit_b
0.91 0.050 0.055.
, .
trichro ( tr):
> tr composit_r composit_g
composit_b
,
.
/ ,

17. RGB

18. Levels

headroom
20%

,

.
Filter > Sharpen > Unsharp Mask...
,
. Radius ,
Amount .
MTF , ,
.

unsharp ( 19).

75

W E B -

,
. unsharp
,
.
.
,
. , .
:

19. Unsharp mask

200
,
4.

76

Amount

Radius

Threshold

60 %

10

II

50 %

III

50 %

4.

,
, -

20.

Levels:

maximum input level

Levels:
gamma 0.9
Hue/Saturation: Saturation +15

,
.

,
,

.

DeepSky
SLR

.

SLR Canon EOS 300D, y . SLR
single lens reflex
.
,
. ,
. EOS 300D

CMOS ,
1.

. RAW
, , .

2.

manual

Quality

RAW

ISO setting

400

Preview time

Hold

Display brightness

Auto power

off

File numbering

continous

22,7 15,1 mm

Parameters

Adobe RGB

3072 2048 px

7,4 7,4 m

Bayer RGGB

1.

-
TAL200K, 200
mm 2000 mm. ,
. GM3-RA,
,

5
. f-
f/10,
( 10 ), .
0.75,
1500 mm
f- f/7.5,
.
, EOS
300D
30 30 .
Canon
42 mm ,
.

400 ; -

2.

, .
, , CF , .
flat-field ,
. Flat field
,
.
( ),
thermal
current ,
.
,
flat field .
(
20), flat field
.
, thermal
current .
dark frame , .

77

D E E P S K Y

, .
, dark frame
. 5 .

78

,
. GM3-RA
, .
, .
,
.
,
, . ,
,
.
.
,
,
. , . ,
.
,
.
. .
.
.
. ,

.
40
(
),
.
800 ,
400 .
,

.
,
. , -

S L R

,
. ,
.
300 .


. .
,
. ,
.

,
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
6 .
Iris, , .

PIC , RGB ( 1).

1. Settings

,
( 2).
. CANON (10D/300D/
Rebel). -

D E E P S K Y

2. Camera settings

(RAW interpolation method),

gradient . ,
. checkbox
Apply .
,
.

,

. ,
( , , ). ,

.
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
RAW Iris File >
Load...
RAW RGB
( Load a RAW file... CFA ). ,
( Bayer-
).

.
100
.
white
.
, 1000,
1
.

S L R

3. White balance

, (
).

( ),
, , . ,

Apply checkbox-,
. ,

.
RAW
( .CRW) .

RGB ,

(CFA).
,
,
. Digital photo
> Decode RAW files... , Drag & Drop
dark frame
dark 4.

4. CFA conversion

79

D E E P S K Y

-> CFA...,
.
Erase list ,
img. flat field
, , Done
.
dark frame
:
> load dark1
5 6
, 4
.
100,
thermal current
,
, . ,
.
80

S L R

> save < >

, :
> smedian2 dark 5
> save dark
, . flat field ,
20 :
> mult2 flat flat 4 20
median
median
, ,
:
> load flat1
> stat
stat , median, :
> ngain2 flat flat <median >
20
> smedian2 flat 20
grey_
flat,
CFA :
> grey_flat
> save flat

5. Dark frame

flat field
6.

dark frame
median .
.
RAW 0 7032, 4:
> mult2 dark dark 4 5
5 . median ,
, . ,
,
1. EXIF
,
RAW (Adobe Photoshop CS
).
:
> load < >
> mult < >

6. Flat field

,
.
.

D E E P S K Y

,
.
,
,
img1.pic ( ).
7 M51
NGC5195.

S L R

( , ,
,
),
,
mult dark frame .
dark frame

.
dark frame
, ,

dark frame
.
, :
> load img1

7.

,
,
.
,
.

,
.
,
.
,
-
.

thermal current .
:
> mult2 img img 4 6
composit

,
.
median
() :
> load img1
> stat
:
> ngain2 img img <median > 6

,
, :
> opt dark
dark frame
dark.pic. opt
. , .
,
,

dark frame
:
> load dark
> mult <>
> save probni_dark
dark frame
probni_dark.pic, .
:
> load img1
> sub probni_dark 0
( 8 9).
,
.
, .

,
dark frame .

81

D E E P S K Y

8. sub dark

pr:

82

> load probni_dark

> save dark
> pr img dark flat out 6
pr
flat field ,

img1.pic out1.pic. (
median ),

. flat field

.
sigma
stat.
, Statistics,
stat, .

, flat field ,
.
flat field fill, , median
:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

load flat
save backup_flat
load img1
stat
fill <median>
save flat
pr img dark flat out 6

flat field backup_flat.pic.

pr
out.
(
-

S L R

9. sub dark

flat field) .
CFA ,

Bayer- .
CFA
RGB, Digital photo >
Sequence CFA conversion..., 10.

10. CFA conversion

, .

,
, .
outrgb1.pic ,
, register:
> load outrgb1
> register outrgb outrgb_r 6
. ,
-

D E E P S K Y

, ,

coregister2. ,

, .
coregister2 ( coregister
)

-
, ,
.
composit, RGB Digital photo >
Sequence RGB separation....
outrgb_r, outr,
outg outb. composit , :
> composit outr 3 3 1 6
> save composit_r
> composit outg 3 3 1 6
> save composit_g
> composit outb 3 3 1 6
> save composit_b

S L R

-
, .
.

, .

(
)

.
,
:
black
( white);
subsky .

,
setsubsky.
Iris
, Adobe
Photoshop, :
> savepsd composit

, :
> load composit_g
> mult <
>
> save composit_g
> load composit_b
> mult <
>
> save composit_b
tr (
trichro):
> tr composit_r composit_g
composit_b

11. Composit RGB

Photoshop- ,
. color sampler
RGB ,
layer .
,
.
Brightness
,
.
, ,
.
, ,

. Curves

( 12).

12. Curves

83

D E E P S K Y

S L R

,
.

. .

, .

, Neat Image.

( 13).
Photoshop-,
.
, 14.

84

. ,
. ,

.

14.

13. Neat Image