PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia is a particular concern if you're older than 65 or have a chronic illness or weak immune system. It can also occur in young, healthy people. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. Pneumonia often is a complication of another condition, such as the flu. Antibiotics can treat most common forms of bacterial pneumonias, but antibioticresistant strains are a growing problem. The best approach is to try to prevent infection.

Symptoms
Pneumonia often mimics the flu, beginning with a cough and a fever, so you may not realize you have a more serious condition. Symptoms can vary depending on your age and general health. The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:

Fever Lower-than-normal body temperature in older people Cough Shortness of breath Sweating Shaking chills Chest pain that fluctuates with breathing (pleurisy) Headache Muscle pain Fatigue

When to see a doctor Because pneumonia can be serious, see your doctor as soon as possible if you have a persistent cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fever especially a lasting fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher with chills and sweating. Also contact your doctor if you suddenly feel worse after a cold or the flu. Be especially prompt about seeking medical care if you're an older adult or you smoke, drink excessively, have an injury, are undergoing chemotherapy or taking medication, such as prednisone, that suppresses your immune system. For some older adults and people with heart failure or lung ailments, pneumonia can quickly become a life-threatening condition.

Causes
Pneumonia has many possible causes, but the most common ones are bacteria and viruses normally encountered in the environment. Usually your body keeps these microbes from invading your lungs. Sometimes, though, a robust germ can breach your defenses, regardless of your general health. The germs that cause pneumonia in otherwise healthy people are not usually the same ones that cause pneumonia in hospitals and other health care settings. Similarly, the germs that can infect your lungs if you inhale foreign substances (inhalation or aspiration pneumonia) differ from those that cause more-common types of pneumonia. The same is true of the germs that cause pneumonia in people with weak immune responses.

Community-acquired pneumonia When you get pneumonia from contact with germs you encounter in the course of your normal routine, it's called community-acquired pneumonia. These commonplace germs generally cause mild forms of pneumonia that doctors can treat without difficulty. The microbes responsible for most community-acquired pneumonia are:

Bacteria. The bacterium that causes most cases of community-acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other possible agents include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It's not unusual to have pneumonia caused by more than one type of bacteria at a time. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an antibiotic-resistant bacterium once found only in health care settings, now causes skin infections and pneumonia in the community, too. Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a tiny organism that typically produces milder signs and symptoms than other types of pneumonia. Walking pneumonia, a term used to describe pneumonia that isn't severe enough to require bed rest, may result from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Legionella and Chlamydia pneumonia are two other pneumonia-causing germs that are neither bacteria nor viruses. Viruses. Some of the same types of viruses that cause the flu and colds can also cause pneumonia. Although most cases of viral pneumonia are mild and resolve in time with rest and fluids, viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses can become very serious. Viral pneumonia can set up a prime environment for the invasion of bacteria, causing a second infection. Fungi and parasites. Other less-common causes of community-acquired pneumonia include fungi, parasites and the germ that causes tuberculosis. Most cases of parasitic pneumonia occur in people who live or have traveled in developing countries.

Health-care-acquired pneumonia Severe, difficult-to-treat bacterial pneumonia is a major problem in health care facilities not only hospitals and nursing homes, but also kidney dialysis centers and outpatient infusion centers, where people regularly receive cancer chemotherapy and other intravenous medications. Health-care-acquired pneumonia is sometimes caused by strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, which also occur in the community. But the list of germs causing hospital-acquired pneumonia doesn't stop there. In the hospital setting, bacteria may quickly become resistant to standard antibiotics, so drug resistant germs are much more common. Resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA make treatment difficult. People on breathing machines (ventilators), often used in hospital intensive care units, are particularly vulnerable. With so many possible culprits and a high likelihood of resistant strains, the challenge in the hospital is to identify the causative organism and determine what antibiotics will work against it. Inhalation or aspiration pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you breathe foreign matter into your lungs. This can happen if you vomit while asleep or unconscious and breathe in some of the contents of the stomach. Difficulty swallowing, which occurs with diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease and strokes, occasionally leads to aspiration pneumonia. Opportunistic viral, bacterial and fungal pneumonias These types of pneumonia strike people with weakened immune systems. Organisms that aren't harmful for healthy people can be dangerous for people who have had an organ transplant and people with AIDS and other conditions that impair the immune system. Medications that suppress your immune system, such as corticosteroids or chemotherapy, also can put you at risk of opportunistic pneumonia.

Risk factors

Factors associated with an increased risk of pneumonia include:

Age. If you're age 65 or older, particularly if you have other conditions that make you more prone to developing pneumonia, you're at increased risk of pneumonia. Very young children, whose immune systems aren't fully developed, also are at increased risk of pneumonia. Certain diseases. These include immune deficiency diseases such as HIV/AIDS and chronic illnesses such as heart disease, emphysema and other lung diseases. You're also at increased risk if your immune system has been weakened by chemotherapy or long-term use of immunosuppressant drugs. Smoking. Smoking damages your body's natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. Having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and using inhaled corticosteroids for more than 24 weeks. Research indicates that this greatly increases your risk of developing possibly serious pneumonia. Exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants. Your risk of developing some uncommon types of pneumonia may be increased if you work in agriculture, in construction or around certain industrial chemicals or animals. Exposure to air pollution or toxic fumes can also contribute to lung inflammation, which makes it harder for the lungs to clear themselves.

Complications
If you're young and healthy, appropriate treatment specifically, antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia usually results in uncomplicated recovery. However, some organisms that cause pneumonia are so virulent that they overwhelm the defense mechanisms, even in otherwise healthy people. Pneumonia is more likely to cause complications in older people, smokers and people with heart failure or lung disease, such as COPD. Pneumonia complications may include:

Bacteria in your bloodstream. The smallest airways in your lungs terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-o-li), where blood cells exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. In pneumonia, alveoli contain bacteria that may enter the bloodstream during gas exchange. Infection then spreads through the bloodstream, potentially causing shock and failure of multiple organs. Septic shock. Unchecked bacterial growth in the bloodstream can shut down normal circulation. Blood fills the veins and leaks through the walls of the capillaries, causing uncontrolled tissue swelling and possibly organ failure, which can lead to death. Fluid accumulation and infection around your lungs. Sometimes fluid accumulates between the thin, transparent membrane (pleura) covering your lungs and the membrane that lines the inner surface of your chest wall - a condition known as pleural effusion. When the pleurae around your lungs become inflamed (pleurisy) often as a result of pneumonia fluid can accumulate and may become infected (empyema). Lung abscess. Occasionally a cavity containing pus (abscess) forms within the area affected by pneumonia. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). When pneumonia involves most areas of both lungs, breathing is difficult and your body doesn't get enough oxygen. Underlying lung disease of any kind, but especially COPD, makes you more susceptible to ARDS.

Tests and diagnosis

Your doctor may first suspect pneumonia based on your medical history and a physical exam. You may undergo some or all of these tests:

Physical exam. During the exam, your doctor listens to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for abnormal bubbling or crackling sounds (rales) and for rumblings (rhonchi) that signal the presence of thick liquid. Chest X-rays. X-rays can confirm the presence of pneumonia and determine the extent and location of the infection. Blood and mucus tests. You may have a blood test to measure your white cell count and look for the presence of viruses, bacteria or other organisms. Your doctor also may examine a sample of your mucus or your blood to help identify the particular microorganism that's causing your illness.

Treatments and drugs

The best approach to treating pneumonia depends on a number of factors, including your age and general health, the organism or organisms involved, and the setting community or health care where the infection developed. Treatment may include: Medication Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. Other medications may help improve breathing and relieve symptoms in bacterial and viral pneumonia. Medication options include:

Antibiotics. The decision to treat pneumonia with an antibiotic isn't always straightforward. Even with a high likelihood of bacterial infection, it takes time to identify the bacterium involved and choose the best antibiotic to wipe it out. Initially, your doctor may prescribe a particular antibiotic based on trends in infection and antibiotic use in your area. If tests show that you need a different drug or your condition doesn't improve, you may switch to another antibiotic. Antivirals. Your doctor may recommend antiviral medication for viral pneumonia. Antibiotics are not effective for treating viral pneumonia. Fever reducers. You may treat your fever with aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen. (Children should not take aspirin.) Cough medicine. Talk to your doctor before taking cough medicine. Coughing helps loosen and get rid of extra sputum. If your doctor advises cough medicine, only take enough to calm your cough and get some rest.

Hospital admission Community-acquired pneumonia generally does not require hospital care. You may need to be admitted, however, if you have any two of these indicators of severity. If you have three or more, you may need admission to an intensive care unit:

You are older than 65 years You become confused Your breathing is rapid Your blood pressure drops Your need breathing assistance, including oxygen or respiratory therapy

Lifestyle and home remedies

If you have pneumonia, the following measures can help you recover more quickly and decrease your risk of complications:

Get plenty of rest. Even when you start to feel better, be careful not to overdo it. Stay home from school or work until after your temperature returns to normal and you stop coughing up mucus. This advice depends partially on how sick you were. If you're uncertain, ask your

doctor. Because pneumonia can recur within a week or so, it may be better not to return to a full workload until you're sure you're well. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Liquids keep you from becoming dehydrated and help loosen mucus in your lungs. Take the entire course of any prescribed medications. If you stop medication too soon, your lungs may continue to harbor bacteria capable of multiplying and causing a relapse of your pneumonia. Also, bacteria begin to develop drug resistance when they survive inadequate treatment and continue to multiply and spread. Keep all of your follow-up appointments. Even though you feel better, your lungs may still be infected. It's important to have your doctor monitor your progress.

Prevention
Take these steps to prevent pneumonia. Get vaccinated Although a long list of germs and inhaled irritants can cause pneumonia, vaccination lowers your risk of two leading offenders.

Seasonal flu shot. The influenza virus can be a direct cause of viral pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is also a common complication of the flu. A yearly flu shot provides significant protection either way. Pneumonia vaccine. Doctors recommend a one-time vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (pneumococcus) for everyone older than age 65, as well as for people of any age residing in nursing homes and long-term care facilities. In addition, the vaccine is recommended for anyone at high risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. The high-risk categories are smokers; anyone with heart disease, lung disease or other chronic conditions; and anyone with reduced immune defenses due to HIV or long-term therapy with immunosuppressant drugs, such as corticosteroids or medications to prevent transplant rejection. Childhood vaccines. Children should receive the seasonal flu vaccine every year. Doctors also recommend a pneumonia vaccine pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, as opposed to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, which is for adults for all children younger than age 2 and for children ages 2 to 5 years who are at particular risk of pneumococcal disease, including those with immune system deficiency, cancer, cardiovascular disease or sickle cell anemia. Children who attend a group day care center should also get the vaccine.

Take care of yourself Ordinary respiratory infections sometimes lead to pneumonia, so do what you can to protect yourself from all kinds of germs. Here are the basics:

Wash your hands. Your hands are in almost constant contact with germs that can cause pneumonia. These germs enter your body when you touch your eyes or rub the inside of your nose. Washing your hands often and thoroughly can help reduce your risk. When washing isn't possible, use an alcoholbased hand sanitizer. Don't smoke. Smoking damages your lungs' natural defenses against respiratory infections. Stay rested and fit. Proper rest and moderate exercise can help keep your immune system strong. Eat a healthy diet. Include plenty of fat-free dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Set an example. Stay home when you're sick. When you're in public with a cold, catch your coughs and sneezes in the inner crook of your elbow.

5 Nursing Diagnosis
1. Ineffective Airway Clearance 2. Impaired Gas Exchange 3. Ineffective Breathing Pattern 4. Increased Body Temperature 5. Risk for Infection

Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia

1. Maintain patent airway. 2. Adequate oxygenation. 3. Obtain sputum specimens as needed. 4. Control the spread of infection. 5. Give high calorie and high protein diets. 6. Use suction if the patient cant produce a specimen. 7. Provide a quiet environment. 8. Monitor ABG levels, especially if hes hypoxic. 9. Assess respiratory status. 10. Auscultate breath sounds at least every 4 hours. 11. Monitor fluid intake and output. 12. Evaluate the effectiveness of administered medications. 13. Explain all procedures to the patient and family.