Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Singh
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1/23/2013
Classification
2
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Wired Media
3
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Twisted Pair
4
2 conductors (copper) , own insulation , twisted 1 used to carry signal Other used for ground reference Receiver uses the difference between them Noise or crosstalk may affect both
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Twisted Pair
7
Generally color coded twisted pairs of insulated copper wires encased in plastic sheath Each wire has a diameter of 0.4 to 0.8 mm More twists per foot, more resistant to crosstalk. Higher quality More expensive Number of twists per foot/meter is called twist ratio. More twists need more cable, may increase ATTENUATION. Balance is needed b/w minimizing crosstalk and reducing attenuation
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
Twisted Pair
8
Various purposes Designs vary in twist ratio, grade of copper used, type of shielding. 1 to 4200 pairs can be packed. Modern networks use 4 pairs packed in together.
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
Characteristics
9
Twisted pair is
Relatively inexpensive Flexible Easy to install Span significant distance before needing a repeater Easily accommodates different topologies
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Consists of twisted wire pairs that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance such as foil. Sometimes braided copper shielding Acts as barrier to external EM forces
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Twisted wire pairs (insulated individually) covered in a plastic sheath No additional shielding Less expensive Less resistant to noise
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Standards
12
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
TIA/EIA 568
13
Category
Bandwidth
very low < 2 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz
Data Rate
< 100 kbps 2 Mbps 10 Mbps 20 Mbps 100 Mbps 200 Mbps 600 Mbps
Digital/Analog
Analog Analog/digital Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital
1/23/2013
Use
Telephone T-1 lines LANs LANs LANs LANs LANs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sumati J. Singh
Cat 3 vs Cat 5
14
Apart from the listed differences, some visual clues Higher twist ratio in Cat 5 , at-least 12 twists/ foot
Cat 3 has 3 twists/foot
Cat 3 jacket is loose than Cat 5 Cat 5 can support only a small amount of untwisting before termination.
Sumati Cat 5 provides better throughput. J. Singh 1/23/2013
Cost STP is generally more expensive and also requires grounding and installation charges. UTP 6 is costly too. Throughput Ranges from 10 to 1000 Mbps depending on type of wire. Connector Both use RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors Noise immunity STP is more resistant than UTP
UTP may use filtering and balancing to offset the effects of noise
Size & Scalability Max segment length is 100 m or 328 ft. On Ethernet support 1 Mbps to 10 Gbps with max 1024 nodes.
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
UTP Performance
16
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
17
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Coaxial Cable
19
Also called coax Single core (copper wire) enclosed in insulating sheath, encased in outer conductor metal foil / braid / combination. This outer wrap is used to shield and acts second conductor for ground Outer conductor is insulated Covered in plastic sheath Insulator is PVC/Teflon
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Coaxial Cable
20
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Characteristic
21
High resistance to noise Carry signals to larger distances than twisted pair More expensive STANDARDS Radio Guide
Used to guide radio frequencies in broadband Different types provide different impedance, attenuation and throughput Size of core is in AWG ( American Wire Gauge ). High AWG smaller the diameter
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
RG - 6
22
Impedance of 75 ohms contains an 18 AWG conducting core. to deliver broadband cable Internet service and cable TV over long distances
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
RG - 8
23
50-ohm impedance 10 AWG core. the medium for the first Ethernet networks followed the 10Base-5 standard
10 max throughput 10 Mbps baseband transmission maximum segment length of 500 meters.
known as Thicknet
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
RG - 58
24
50-ohm impedance 24 AWG core Popular Ethernet network medium in 80s Smaller diameter than RG-8, more flexible, easy to install & handle 10Base-2 Thinner than RG-8, also called Thinnet
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
RG-59
25
75 ohm impedance 20 or 22 AWG core Made of braided copper Less expnsive, but greater attenuation Used for short connections
Connector
26
F-type
Attach in a way so that the pin in the center of the connector is the conducting core of the cable Compressed to attach to cable, connectors are threaded and screw together like a nut and bolt assembly Mostly used for RG-6
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Connector
27
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Applications
28
Later used in digital data, carry upto 600 Mbps Cable TV networks
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Refraction
29
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Critical Angle
30
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Reflection
31
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Outside a plastic buffer protects and being opaque, prevent light from escaping Strands of Kevlar (polymeric fiber) surrounds Plastic sheath
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Fiber Modes
33
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
SMF
34
Narrow core ( less than 10 microns) Highly focused, expensive Limits beam to smaller range of angles, close to horizontal Lower density material , critical angle close enough to 90 degree Propagation almost horizontal Delays are negligible Allows high bandwidth & longest distances (of all Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013 media)
SMF
35
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
MMF
36
Multiple beams travel Larger diameter 50 to 115 microns Used as backbone like router to switch /server Beams travel at different angles from source to destination Short distances
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Step Index
37
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Graded Index
38
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Benefits of Fiber
39
More Reliable Extremely high throughput Very high resistance to noise Excellent security Ability to carry signals to larger distances
Sumati J. Singh
1/23/2013
Disadvantage
40
Expensive
Cables NICs Connectors hubs
Special equipment to splice Skilled labor Connecting two fibers is specialized task Repairing time is difficult in limited time/resources
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
Connectors
41
Existing networks generally use SC & ST With latest technology, LC and MT_RJ are used
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
Connectors
42
LC & MT-RJ are smaller and allow higher density of connections MT-RJ is unique as it contains two strands of multimode fiber in single ferrule ( a short tube within, that encircles the fiber to properly align ) Two strands provide for duplex signaling
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013
Connectors
43
ST
SC
LC MT-RJ
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013