IGNOU FEG-02 Solved Assignment 2012 Q1 Solution: Curbing Corruption

CorruptionisasignificantprobleminIndiaandmuchofthedevelopingworld.Theinefficiencies engenderedbycorruptioncanbeasignificantdrainonlocaldevelopment.Whilepolicymakersandthe manonthestreetrecognizetheimportanceoftheproblem,thesolutiontotheproblemisquitetricky and,asaresult,evadesconsensusonhowbesttoreducethemenace.Arecenteconomicresearch concludesthattherightcombinationofexternalauditandgrassrootsmonitoringbycommunity members,andcarefulimplementationofthesamemaybeeffectiveinreducingcorruption. Oneapproachtoreducingcorruptionsuggeststhattherightcombinationofmonitoringand punishmentscancontrolcorruption.Inpractice,however,theveryindividualstaskedwithmonitoring andenforcingpunishmentsmaythemselvesbecorruptible.Inthatcase,increasingthechancesthata lowlevelofficialwouldbemonitoredbyahigherlevelofficialwouldresultonlyinbribesandothersuch formsoftransfersbetweentheofficials,notinareductionincorruption. Analternativeapproachtoreducingcorruption,whichhasgainedprominenceinrecentyears,isto increasegrassrootsparticipationbycommunitymembersinlocallevelmonitoring.Community participationisnowregarded,inmuchofthedevelopmentcommunity,asthekeynotonlytoreduced corruptionbutalsotoimprovedpublicservicedeliverymoregenerally.Forexample,theentireWorld DevelopmentReport2004isdevotedtotheideaofputtingpoorpeopleatthecentreofservice provision:enablingthemtomonitoranddisciplineserviceproviders,amplifyingtheirvoicein policymakingandstrengtheningtheincentivesforserviceproviderstoservethepoor.Theideabehind thegrassrootsapproachisthatcommunitymembersarethepeoplewhobenefitfromasuccessful programme;therefore,theywouldhavestrongerincentivestomonitorcorruptionatthelocallevelthan disinterestedcentralgovernmentbureaucrats.

Q2
ThenineteenthCommonwealthGamesgotofftoaninspiringandmagnificentstarton3rdofOctober, 2010attheIndianCapitalwiththeopeningceremony,whichunfoldedwithoutanyglitch.The CommonwealthGames,2010,openingceremonywhichstartedon7P.M,putupabrilliantshowof morethantwohoursattheJawaharlalNehruStadium,Delhi.Theceremonybeautifullyportrayedand upholdedthegreatjourneyofIndiawithallitsuniquefeatures. TheopeningceremonyoftheCommonwealthGames2010,whichkickstartedthetwelvedayssport extravaganzawillcontinuetill14thofOctoberinNewDelhi.BoththeIndiansaswellastheforeigners weresimplymovedbytherichnessandprosperityoftheIndianculturethatwasallputtogetherto perfectionon3rdOctober,2010.Almost65,000peoplegatheredtowatchoutthemesmerizingshow putupbyIndiaattheCWG2010openingceremony.TheJawaharlalNehruStadiuminDelhiroaredwith therapturousapplaudsofthenumerousvisitors. ThePrinceofWalesi.e.PrinceCharlesandhiswifeandDuchessofCornwall,Camillawerepresentatthe openingceremonyofCWG,2010,whowereacquaintedtotheJawaharlalNehruStadiuminDelhi.They wereaccompaniedbytheIndianPrimeMinisterManmohanSinghandthePresidentofIndia,Prathiba Patil.TheCommonwealthGames2010openingceremonycommencedwiththenationalanthemof India.TheNagadadrummersalongwiththeShankhatrumpetersbeatthecountdownoftheopening ceremonyasthe"Aerostat"movedhighupintoglory. TraditionalclassicaldancersfromIndiashowcasedthegurushishyatraditionwhichwaspopularin ancientIndia.ManytraditionalandprestigiousdanceformslikeKathak,Bharatanatyam,Odissi, Mohiniattam,ManipuriandKuchipudiwereperformedbytalentedandpopularartistsalongwiththe 1

 greatmusiciansplayingthesitars.Youngathletesputuptheirstunningperformancesintheformof 'SuryaNamaskar'andyogaasanas.TheparticipantsfromallthecountriesattheCommonwealthGames 2010werewelcomed.Manypopularandimportantpersonalitiesgracedtheopeningceremonyofthe CommonwealthGames2010withtheirpresence.TheCommonwealthGamesThemeSongperformed byA.RRahmanandthedazzlingfireworkswerealsotheretoaddtotheexcitementandjoyofthe19th CommonwealthGamesbeingheldinDelhi.WiththesuccessfulhappeningoftheCommonwealthGames 2010openingceremony,Delhialongwiththeentirecountryissmilingandproudtohavebeenableto putupsuchashowofgrandeurandworth.TheopeningceremonyoftheCommonwealthGames2010 hastrulysurpassedallourexpectations.

Q3. Solution: The most cherished childhood experience

Silent.Weak.Slow.Unfortunate.Thesewerethewordsthrownatmebymyteacherinpreschoolduring mynurseryyears.ShetoldmyparentsthatIhadnowayofpassingandgettingintoagoodschooland startattendingkindergarten.Icouldevenstillvividlyrememberhershorthair,roundface,chinitaeyes andhoarsevoice,angrilylookingandshoutingatme.Indeed,Iwasadepressedandanillfatedchild, butthroughmyparentsloveandsupport,theycontinuedtoencouragemetostudyharderandprove everyonewrong,thatIwasnottobesteppedon;thatIwoulddowellinmystudies. Aftertakingnursery,Itooktheentranceexamintheschoolmyparentswishedmetoattend,UnoHigh School.IbelievethattakingthattestwassodreadfulthatIcouldnotevenrememberwhatIwasdoing atthattime.Fortunately,throughtheworksofGod,Iwasabletopasstheexam.Althoughmymother wasalittlehesitantatfirsttoletmestudytherebecauseshewasworriedthatIwouldnotbeableto survivethehardshipinstudyinginthatschool,myfathertrustedme,onehundredandonepercent,and thus,Ienteredtheschoolwithfear,yetwithgreatdetermination.Atthatpointintime,Ihadsetmy goal:crushthepainfulwordsofmyteacher,andleteveryonewatchandlearn.Ihadputmyheartintoit anddecidedtotakethechallenge.Istudiedtodeath,seriouslyansweredtheexercises,seatworkand homework,andsleptlateatnightwithmymotherasmytutor,butIhadnoconfidenceinmyself.Even withthemotivationmyparentshavealwaysgivenme,Inevertrustedmyself,mystrengths,and abilities. Greatopportunitiesareoftendisguisedasimpossiblecircumstancesinlife.Movingforwardtomy kindergartengraduationday,myfamilyattendedtheeventtoseemyveryfirstandspecialtwotime walkonstagetoreceivemyEnglishandChinesediplomas,whichwastrulyagoodachievementdespite otherpeoplesbadimpressionofmewithmystudies.Beyondmyfamilysexpectationsandimagination, Ididnotonlygetuponstagetwice,butforfourtimes!OnewastoreceivemyEnglishdiploma,Chinese diploma,MostResponsibleStudentcertificateandBestinFilipinoaward.Moreover,Iwasoneof thetopstudentsinourbatch.Astonishingly,Ididnotonlybreakthecursemyteacherchantedandgive myparentspride,butIalsogainedsomuchselfconfidenceanddeterminationfromthattimeto accomplishmoreandearnintegritywithperseverance,disciplineandgratitude. Inthebeginning,althoughahugerockstumbledacrossmypath,Iwasstillabletowithstanditandsee thesilverliningwithmyfaithinGod,parentsguidanceandhardwork.Beyonddoubt,thisfairytale storylike,onceuponatimehappenedanunfortunateeventturnedintoahappilyeverafterending,was notonlyamemorable,butalsoaveryremarkableexperiencefrommypigtailyearswiththe achievementsIhavegatheredandthelessonsIhavelearnedthatIwouldalwaysbegladtonarrateto everyone,standasaninspirationandmotivation,andtellthemthatnothingisimpossible.Justwhen youthinkyoucantdoit,doit!

Q4
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 Solution:MyroleModelinMrAmirKhanandthisreportispresentedonAamirKhanandKiranRaoare blessedwithababyboy.MyselfArhaankhaninterviewingAmirkhanforAllkingkhansmagazine. Arhaankhan:Wearesurprisedtoknowaboutyourbabyboyasweneverheardofitearlier,Thenews tookthewholeindustrybysurprise,especiallybecauseKiranhadbeenspottedatdifferentevents withouttheleasthintofababybump,itisbecausethechildwasbornthroughIVFtoasurrogate mother. Amirkhan:YaDuetomedicalcomplications,wewereadvisedtohaveababythroughIVFsurrogacy, andwefeelverygratefultotheAlmightythatallhasgonewell.Wearehumbledbythegreatnessof God,themiraclesofscience,andthekindnessandloveofourfamiliesandfriendsinbeingthereforus whilerespectingourprivacy. Arhaankhan:okay,Wearegladforyoubothandwishalmightyshowerallblessingonyourbabyboy. AamirKhan:Thanksandwe(Meandkiran)feelverygratefultotheAlmightythatallhasgonewell.We arehumbledbythegreatnessofGod,themiraclesofscience,andthekindnessandloveofourfamilies andfriendsinbeingthereforuswhilerespectingourprivacy. Arhaan:ThanksAamiritwaspleasuretalkingtoyou.

Q.5 Solution:
1. Animals become extinct i. evolve into another species ii. die out iii. single species to disappear iv. very easily if their source of food goes v. mass extinctions vi. wiped out by the great explosions vii. dust clouds that shut out the sunlight viii. gradual changes in climate

Q6 Solution: (iii) Parenting and family Essence.

Parentingistheprocessofpromotingandsupportingthephysical[disambiguationneeded],emotional, social,andintellectualdevelopmentofachildfrominfancytoadulthood.Parentingreferstotheaspects ofraisingachildasidefromthebiologicalrelationship.Inthecaseofhumans,itisusuallydonebythe biologicalparentsofthechildinquestionalthoughgovernmentsandsocietytakearoleaswell.Inmany cases,orphanedorabandonedchildrenreceiveparentalcarefromnonparentbloodrelations.Others maybeadopted,raisedbyfostercare,orbeplacedinanorphanage.Thegoalsofhumanparentingare debated.Usually,parentalfiguresprovideforachild'sphysicalneeds,protectthemfromharm,and impartinthemskillsandculturalvaluesuntiltheyreachlegaladulthood,usuallyafteradolescence Familystructurealsocontributesgreatlytochildbehavior.Whendevianceisconcernedmanypeople willlookatparents.Thisisimportantbecauseparentsaretheprimarysocializingagentsofchildren whichmeantheygreatlycontributetotheirchild'sbehavior.Whenchildrencomefromdifferentfamilial structuresitisessentialtounderstandhowthattypeoffamilyaffectstheirbehavior,especiallyin school.IntactfamiliesandsingleparentfamiliesoftenfunctiondifferentlyfromeachotherMany familiesshowsimilarities,howeverwhoisinchargeofthefamilyisakeycontributortochildbehavior. AccordingtostraintheorybyAgnew(1985)itaffectstheirdevelopment,howtheyrelatetothingsand peopleandoverallhowtheyreacttoeverydaysituations.Astransitionsinfamiliestakeplaceandas timesevolveitbecomesessentialtounderstandhowthesetransitionsaffectthefamilystructureand thoseexperiencingthetransitionsChildrencomingfromanonintactfamilywhichisoftenconsidered singleparentfamiliesshowhigherincidencesofdeviantbehaviorsThatisnottosaythatchildrenthat 3

 comefromfamiliesinwhichbothparentsarepresentarenotdelinquent,thesefamiliesshowlower ratesthanthosewhoonlyhaveoneparentpresentSchroederetal.(2010)discoveredthatfamiliesin whichthechildrenresidedwiththefatherhadhighratesofbehavioranddelinquencyproblemsthan thosehouseholdsledbythemotherAlthoughmotherledhouseholdsexperiencedlessbehaviorand delinquencyproblemstheirchildrenwerestillhavingissuessurroundingtheirdeviantbehaviorsmore thanintactfamilies.