Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 10 2/11/13 Motivation.

n. Let F be a nite extension of Q, then we want to study subrings R of F which are nitely generated Z-modules. General Algebra. Let A be a subring of a commutative ring B and M be a B-module that is nitely generated over A. Given B, does its action on M tell us anything useful? We will need to make some assumption about the action of . Let M = (m1 , . . . , mk ), the generators of M as an A-module. Let mj = aij A. Let A = (aij ). aAi,j mi , where

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem over Commutative Rings. Need to satisfy A adj A = (det A)I and (adj A) A = (det A)I. Write the characteristic polynomial f (X) = det(XI A). The matrices over A[X] can be reinterpreted as identities for polynomials with coecients in Matkk (A). Even though this is a noncommutative ring, the equations above show that this is not really a problem, so A commutes with the matrix coecients of the polynomials. Need to check this still. Thus one may substitute A for X, giving f (A) = 0. Now assume the action of B on M is faithful, or with the weaker assumption that A[] acts faithfully. m1 m1 . . g() . = g(A) . . . . ml k ml k Applying this to g = f shows that g()M = 0. But if the action of A[] is faithful, this implies f () = 0. In other words, satises a monic polynomial over A.

Denition. From above, one says that is integral over A. By the integral closure of A in B, we mean the subset A of B consisting of all elements of B which are integral of A. Conversely, is integral over A implies A[] forms a nitely generated A-module. Taking the equation n + an1 n1 + + a0 = 0, we obtain n as a linear combination of lower powers, and iterating this shows that all powers of are linear combinations of 1, , n1 . Thus A[] is nitely generated. Claim. A is a subring of B. Let , of degree m and n be integral over A. Let M = A[, ], then M is generated by {i j }im1,jn1 . Then notice that A[, ] acts faithfully on itself because 1 A A[, ]. Transitivity of integral closure. If B is integral over A and C is integral over B, then C is integral over A.

Page 2