Water Softening (IR)

Water Softening (IR)
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WATERSOFTENING
HARDNESS major: calcium and Defined as the sum of all polyvalent cations (i.e., magnesium, and minor: iron, manganese, strontium and aluminium), however they are not present in significant quantities in natural water.
Water hardness is largely the result of geological formation of the water source. The common unit s of expression are mg/L as CaCO3 or meq/L . Many people object to water containing hardness more than 150 mg/L as CaCO3. A common water treatment goal is to provide water with hardness in the range of 75 to 120 mg/L as CaCO3.
Hardness of 200-500 mg/L as CaCO3 is considered excessive for a water supply and results in high soap consumption as well as objection scale in heating vessels and pipes.
Th cl ssific ti n f
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The natural process by which water becomes hard is shown schematically in Figure 1. As rainwater enter the topsoil, the respiration of microorganisms increases the CO2 content of the water.
The CO2 reacts with the water to form H2CO3. Limestone, which is made up of solid CaCO3 and MgCO3, reactswith the carbonic acid to form bicarbonates of Calcium and Magnesium [Ca(HCO )2 and 3 Mg(HCO3)2] respectively.
While CaCO3 and MgCO3 are both insoluble bicarbonates are quite soluble.
in water, the
Gypsum CaSO and MgSO4 may also go into solution to contribute to 4 Historique de recherche : the hardness.
Rechercher
Recherche en cours... Rsultat00de00 Since Calcium and magnesium predominate, it is often convenient in 00rsultats pourrsultat pour performing softening calculations to define the total hardness (TH)
of a water as the sum of elements
p.
TH= Ca
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2+
+ Mg
2+
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Carbonate hardness is defined as the amount of hardness equal to the total hardness or the total alkalinity, which ever is less.
Carbonate hardness is often called temporary hardness because heating the water removes it. When pH is less than 8.3 HCO3 is the dominant form of alkalinity, , and the alkalinity is taken to be equal to the concentration of HCO3
Non -carbonate hardness is defined as the total hardness in excess of the alkalinity.
Ifthe alkalinity is equal to or greater than the total hardness, then Historique de recherche : there is no non -carbonate hardness.
Rechercher
Recherche en cours... Rsultat00de00 Non -carbonate hardness is called permanent hardness because it is 00rsultats pourrsultat pour
not removed when water is heated.
p.
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Bar charts of water composition are often useful in understanding the process of softening. The bar is constructed with cation (i.e., Ca, Mg, Na and K) in the upper bar and anions (i.e., HCO3, SO and Cl ) in the lower bar. 4 Rain v v v v v v v
Topsoil
BacterialAction --- CO2 > --------------------------------------------------------v v v v v Rechercher Historique de recherche : CO2 + H2O --- H2 > Recherche en cours... CO3 Rsultat00de00 00rsultats pourrsultat pour
Subsoil
v____v_____v_____v_____v____v____v Limestone
p.
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Rechercher Historique de recherche : Recherche en cours... Rsultat00de00 00rsultats pourrsultat pour p.
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This note was composed by IR. Ahmad Jusoh from UMT, Malaysia. All right reserved. Rechercher Tlcharger ou imprimer Historique de recherche : Ajouter la collection Recherche en cours... 8.8K Rsultat00de00 Reads 00rsultats pourrsultat pour 28 p. Readcasts
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Catgorie : Travaux scolaires > Guides de lectures, Notes, Questionnaires valuation : Date de tlchargement : 08/23/2009 Droits d'auteur : Attribution Non-commercial Magnesium calcium UMT Tags : carbonate hardness water treatment water softening Signaler ce document pour contenu inappropri
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Water Softening (IR)

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