Abstract:

The energy crisis has become a major problem in the 21st century. To meet the demands we have to Increase the generation of electrical energy. This is not possible by using the non renewable energy sources that are available because their utilization makes them not available for the future use more over their increase in utilization causes to increase the installation and running charges also increases the cost of energy per unit. Hence we have chosen the alternative, the cheap and best sources they are renewable energy generation sources like piezoelectricity This paper aims at introducing a piezoelectric energy sources device which converts mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. It explains the essential features of the device and tries to convey the key design and various construction details. Its reliability, compactness and survivability under harsh conditions make it the future of power generation.

Introduction:
The word "piezoelectricity" comes for the Greek word piezin, this means "to press". This term was chosen because of the quartz's properties which allow it to generate electricity by pressure as well as mechanical distortion under voltage. some of the pizeo materials are Quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain ceramics. The piezoelectric effect describes the

relation between a mechanical stress and an electrical voltage in solids.

In materials having piezoelectric properties; ions can be moved along the crystal axes easier than others. Applying pressure to the material in certain directions result in a displacement of ions. This result in the opposite faces of the crystal assume opposite charges. When pressure is released, the ions return to original positions.

Structure of piezoelectric material

How piezomaterial generates electricity ?

1. Normally, the charges in a piezoelectric crystal are exactly balanced, even if they're not symmetrically arranged.

2. The effects of the charges exactly cancel out, leaving no net charge on the crystal faces. (More specifically, the electric dipole momentsvector lines separating opposite chargesexactly cancel one another out.)

3. If you squeeze the crystal (massively exaggerated in this picture!), you force the charges out of balance.

4. Now the effects of the charges (their dipole moments) no longer cancel one another out and net positive and negative charges appear on opposite crystal faces. By squeezing the crystal, you've produced a voltage across its opposite facesand that's piezoelectricity!

Piezoelectricity
A related property known as pyroelectricity, the ability of certain mineral crystals to generate electrical charge when heated, was known of as early as the 19th century, and was named by David Brewster in 1824. In 1880, the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie predicted and demonstrated piezoelectricity using tinfoil, glue, wire, magnets, and a jeweler's saw. They showed that crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) generate electrical polarization from mechanical stress. Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibited the most piezoelectricity.

Converse piezoelectricity was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic principles by Lippmann in 1881. The Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the "converse effect," and went on to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility of electro-elasto-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals.

The first practical application for piezoelectric devices was sonar, first developed during World War I. In France in 1917, Paul Langevin (whose development now bears his name) and his coworkers developed an ultrasonic submarine detector. The detector consisted of a transducer, made of thin quartz crystals carefully glued between two steel plates, and a hydrophone to detect the returned echo. By emitting a high-frequency chirp from the transducer, and measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo from the sound waves bouncing off an object, one can calculate the distance to that object.

The use of piezoelectricity in sonar, and the success of that project, created intense development interest in piezoelectric devices. Over the next few decades, new piezoelectric materials and new applications for those materials were explored and developed.

Development of piezoelectric devices and materials in the United States was kept within the companies doing the development, mostly due to the wartime beginnings of the field, and in the interests of securing profitable patents. New materials were the first to be developed quartz crystals were the first commercially exploited piezoelectric material, but scientists searched for higher-performance materials.

Piezoelectric devices found homes in many fields. Ceramic phonograph cartridges simplified player design, were cheap and accurate, and made record players cheaper to maintain and easier to build. Ceramic electret microphones could be made small and sensitive. The development of the ultrasonic transducer allowed for easy measurement of viscosity and elasticity in fluids and solids, resulting in huge advances in materials research. Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometers (which send an ultrasonic pulse through a material and measure reflections from discontinuities) could find flaws inside cast metal and stone objects, improving structural safety.

However, despite the advances in materials and the maturation of manufacturing processes, the United States market had not grown as quickly. Without many new applications, the growth of the United States' piezoelectric industry suffered.

In contrast, Japanese manufacturers shared their information, quickly overcoming technical and manufacturing challenges and creating new markets. Japanese efforts in materials research created piezoceramic materials competitive to the U.S. materials, but free of expensive patent restrictions. Major Japanese piezoelectric developments include new designs of piezoceramic filters, used in radios and televisions, piezo buzzers and audio transducers that could be connected directly into electronic circuits, and the piezoelectric igniter which generates sparks for small engine ignition systems (and gas-grill lighters) by compressing a ceramic disc. Ultrasonic transducers that could transmit sound waves through air had existed for quite some time, but first saw major commercial use in early television remote controls. These transducers now are mounted on several car models as an echolocation device, helping the driver determine the distance from the rear of the car to any objects that may be in its path.

Power generating from waking floor:

In order for the energy from walking motion to be captured, piezoelectric devices must be installed underneath the floor in terminal

buildings. Placing piezoelectric devices that are used to capture energy from foot traffic underneath terminals can effectively capture electrical energy and send it back to the power grid through inverters, which are needed in order to convert the DC power, from the piezoelectric, into AC power used by terminal lighting systems (Inverters for solar panel installations work just as well for piezoelectric devices). Quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain ceramics all exhibit piezoelectric behaviors. Shoes striking a piezoelectric pad underneath a floor tile act like a hammer hitting the crystal material inside the pad. This energy from the shoe then creates a voltage that can be used to power lighting systems. Hundreds or even thousands of these piezoelectric devices would be installed underneath flooring to capture the kinetic energy from walking

Power generating on floors.

Tokyo Train Station and how it generates electricity through piezoelectric installed at the ticket area,(Courtesy Japan Railways Group).

The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) conducted a demonstration experiment from January 19 to March 7, 2008, at Yaesu North Gate, Tokyo Station, on a new power-generating floor. Installed at the ticket gate area, it generates electricity from the vibrations created by passengers walking through the ticket gates.

Power generating on Highway:

Piezoelectric devices installed on highways to harvest energy from passing vehicles. By sitting there and

getting run over by motorcars, that is. In an effort to best other power-generating highway options that involve solar panels and enlarged blender arms, Britain's Environmental Transport Association is looking to test a prototype highway that's embedded with piezoelectric crystals. Essentially, the process would work much like the power-generating Tokyo station floors we saw earlier this week; each car that squishes a crystal would contribute a tiny bit of energy, and the collective effect could be enormous. In fact, it's estimated that a single kilometer of roadway could generate 400kilowatts of energy, or enough to power around eight small cars.

Researchers at the Techion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa hope to convert open highways into renewable energy generators using the technology that has always made some heads turn piezoelectricity. Developed by Haim Abramovich, the plan intends to place piezoelectric crystals under the asphalt that convert vibrations of passing vehicles into electricity

Piezoelectricity in Daily Life:

Piezoelectricity actually is as common as backyard grills. Push-button grill starters, and likewise pushbutton cigarette lighters, both use piezoelectric materials to strike a spark.

Microphones and quartz watches are two other common products that use the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity also has numerous medical and engineering applications, especially in ultrasound equipment and testing devices for roads and bridges.

Applications:

Piezo sensor

Piezo microphone

Gas

lighter
High voltage and power sources Direct piezoelectricity of some substances like quartz, as mentioned above, can generate potential differences of thousands of volts.
The main applications are pollution free

The best-known application is the electric cigarette lighter pressing the button causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit a piezoelectric crystal, producing a sufficiently high voltage electric current that flows across a small spark gap, thus heating and igniting the gas. The portable sparkers used to light gas grills or stoves work the same way, and many types of gas burners now have built-in piezo-based ignition systems.

The best-known crystals are

application

of

piezo

1. Direct piezoelectricity of some substances like quartz, as mentioned above, can generate potential differences of thousands of volts 2. As sensing elements Detection of pressure variations in the form of sound is the most common sensor application, e.g.

piezoelectric microphones. Sound waves bend the piezoelectric material, creating a changing voltage 3. Ultrasound imaging Piezoelectric sensors are used with high frequency sound in ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging .For many sensing techniques, the sensor can act as both a sensor and an actuator. Ultrasonic transducers, for example, can inject ultrasound waves into the body, receive the returned wave, and convert it to an electrical signal (a voltage). 4. Sonar sensors Piezoelectric elements are also used in the detection and generation of sonar waves. Applications include power monitoring in high power applications such as medical treatment, sonochemistry and industrial processing etc. 5. As chemical and biological sensors Piezoelectric microbalances are used as very sensitive chemical and biological sensors. Piezo are also used as strain gauges. 6. In Music instruments Piezoelectric transducers are used in electronic drum pads to detect the impact of the drummers sticks. 7. Automotive application Automotive engine management systems use a piezoelectric transducer to detect detonation by sampling the vibrations of the engine block. Ultrasonic piezo sensors are used in the detection of acoustic emissions in acoustic emission testing. 8. Piezoresistive silicon devices The Piezoresistive effect of semiconductors has been used for sensor devices employing all kinds of semiconductor materials such as germanium, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, and single crystal silicon. Since silicon is today the material of choice for integrated digital and analog circuits the use of Piezoresistive silicon devices has been of great interest. It enables the easy integration of stress sensors with Bipolar and CMOS circuits. 9. Piezoresistors Piezoresistors are resistors made from a Piezoresistive material and are usually used for measurement of mechanical stress. They are the simplest form of Piezoresistive device.

ADVANTAGES:

Extremely wide dynamic range, almost free of noise suitable for shock measurement as well as for almostimperceptible vibratio Ecofriendly Excellent linearity over their dynamic range Wide frequency range, high frequencies can be measured Compact yet highly sensitive No moving parts - long service life No external power required Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose Easily embedded into laminated composites

Disadvantages:

Eficiency is less Brittle due to crystalline structure Produce small strains compared to SMA and magnetostrictives Cannot withstand high shear and tension can become depolarized High voltages, high temperatures, large stres

CONCLUSION:

In this era of increasing energy costs and decreasing supplies of fossil fuels, emphasis on protecting the environment and creating sustainable forms of power have become vital, high priority projects for modern society. The most advanced green generation technology. It used very low cost & broad generation. A theoretical model on the generation mechanisms of electricity by piezoelectric material attached to a flexible structure has been developed and tested experimentally

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