1.1 Nouns A noun is a word that names something (a person, a place, a thing, or an idea).

Nouns Proper Nouns - the names of particular people, places and things. - the is used with some nouns of places Countable Nouns - are things that you can count separately. They can be singular or plural - Some nouns are irregular. They do not form the plural by adding -s or - es. - singular count nouns occur with a/an or the. plural count nouns occur with the or no article. Common Nouns - refer to people, places, and things but not by their individual names.

Uncountable Nouns - are things that you cannot count separately. - usually have no plural forms. - usually do not use a/an with uncountable nouns. - when a non-count noun is the subject of a sentence, its verb must be singular. pronouns that refer to noncount nouns must also be singular

1.1.1 The Function of Nouns 1.1.1.1 Nouns As Subjects

We can use a noun (or pronoun) as the subject of a sentence. The subject of a sentence with be tells who or what the sentence is about.

E.g:

1. Barry King is the manager. 2. Computers are useful. 3. Teresa and Pete are children.

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Nouns As Objects

We can use a noun as the object of a verb. The object usually receives the action of the verb.

E.g:

1. Call the manager. 2. Please make the sandwiches now.

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Nouns After Be

We can use a noun after the verb be. We use this noun to define or describe the subject of the sentence.

E.g:

1. A studio is a small apartment. 2. The Freemans are teachers.

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Nouns After Prepositions

We can use a noun after a preposition. After many prepositions nouns refer to locations. E.g: 1. Mr Clark is on the telephone. 2. The school is in town. 3. Steve is from Boston.

1.2 Pronouns The words that we substitute for nouns. Pronouns can be classified according to their form (the way they are spelled) and their function as follows: Classes of pronouns 1 Personal Pronouns refer to specific individuals, and they are the pronouns most frequently used in writing and speaking. Personal pronouns can be singular or plural, and they can be classified by gender (masculine, feminism, or neuter) and be case (subjective, possessive, and objective). 2 Indefinite Pronouns Although they function as nouns, indefinite pronouns (such as anyone, someone, and somebody) do not refer to specific individuals. all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, something, such Examples I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, her, him, us, my, mine, your, yours, hers, his, its, our, ours, their, theirs

Demonstrative Pronouns point out persons or thing Relative Pronouns These pronouns connect or relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns Intensive pronouns strengthen or intensify the subject or verb. Reflexive pronouns are used to direct the action of a verb toward its subject. Interrogative Pronouns introduce question

this, that, these, those

who, whose, whom, which, what, that myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

who, whose, whom, which, what

1.3 Adjectives Use adjectives when you are describing or giving some information about nouns (people, places, or things). Usually come immediately before the noun they describe Also come after the verb when it is a non-action (stative) verb such as be, look, seem, appear, smell, or taste.