Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 11 2/13/13 Prior Results.

s. Let A be a subring of B and B. Then satises a monic polynomial equation over A if and only if there exists a nitely generated A-module M on which A[] acts faithfully (M must also be a A[]-module). Leads to the fact that , integral over A implies , + are integral over A. A[, ] is nitely generated as an A-module. The set of all elements of B integral over A is a subring of B, denote AB the integral closure of A in B. Transitivity of Integral Dependence. Let A B C be rings. If C/B is integral and B/A is integral, then C/A is integral. Proof. Let C. Note that M is nitely generated over A but B is not necessarily nitely generated. Let n + bn1 n1 + + b0 = 0 be an equation for over B. Let B0 = A[b0 , . . . , bn1 ]. Each bi is integral over A. B0 is a nitely generated A-module with in1 generators bi0 bn1 where ik the degree of bk over A. 0 Want to show that M = B0 [] is nitely generated over A as an A-module. Let {e1 , . . . , er } be A-module generators for B0 . Then n ({j ei }) = B0 [] where j n 1. Thus is integral over A. Corollary. The integral closure of the integral closure is the integral closure. Denition. Given F/ Q, degree < , the integral closure of Z in F is called the ring of (algebraic) integers of F , denoted OF or RF . Denition. If A is an integral domain it is integrally closed if it is integrally closed in its eld of fractions. (Just to shorten notation.) The ring of integers of F is integrally closed. In fact, F is the eld of fractions of RF . Any element x of F satises a polynomial equation over Q. If xn + an1 n1 a0 x + + = 0, bn1 b0

where ai , bi Z, then letting d = lcm{bi }, multiply through by dn , giving dn xn + an1 dn1 xn1 + + a0 = 0, so that dx RF . We can show that R is itself nitely generated as a Z-module. To prove this we use a canonical non-degenerate bilinear form of F given by (x, y) = Tr(xy). Every x F can be thought of as a linear operator on the Q-vector space F where x operates by multiplication. Use matrix trace to dene it. Similarly, the norm is dened by NF/ Q (x) = det(Tx ). Norm is multiplicative, i.e. N (xy) = N (x)N (y). Important fact: TrF/ Q (R) Z and NF/ Q (R) Z. The trace is the sum of the Galois conjugates of x, and the norm is their product. A conjugate of any element of R is integral.

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