Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 12 2/15/13 Trace and Norm.

m. Let K F Q. Assume subelds of C. Linear algebra approach. TrK/F (x) = (2nd coecient of the characteristic polynomial of x as an F -linear trans in K). And, NK/F (x) = (1)d (last coecient...). Galois theory approach. Every nite extension F of Q can be embedded in C in exactly n ways where n = deg F/ Q. Also, F Q[X]/(f (X)) where f has nite degree n and is irreducible. If is a root of f in F , F = Q[]. f has roots {1 , . . . , n } C. Corresponding i we get an imbedding i F C. Q[i ] F [X]/(f ). These imbeddings are independent of the choice of f . Then TrK/F (x) =
i S

i (x)

where S is the set of embeddings into C of K leaving F xed. And, NK/F (x) =
i S

i (x).
i (X () .

Let f be the characteristic polynomial f (X) = i (). And, N () = (1)d (i ) = i =

i ). This gives Tr() =

i =

If generates the subeld F of K rather than K itself, i.e. Q() = F . Given an F -basis {e1 , . . . , en } of K/F , we get a decomposition of K into F subspaces F e1 F em = K. Then TrK/ Q () = d TrF/ Q () and NK/ Q () = NF/ Q ()d . Consider the bilinear form on F given by (x, y) = TrF/ Q (xy). Claim is that this is nondegenerate. For any separable nite extension this is true, complicated in characteristic p. Start with Tr(1) = n = 0 (characteristic not p). Given x = 0, choose y = x1 , then Tr(xy) = 0. R = i () is integral over Z. If f is a monic polynomial with coecients in Z such that f () = 0, then f (()) = (f (i )) = 0, since xes Q. Thus (i ) is also integral over Z, so Tr() Z. Similar argument shows that N () Z.

We can choose a basis of F/ Q contained in R, showing R M . By duals we get M R R, where M = {x F | Tr(xm) Z m M }. This is able to reverse the original inclusion.

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