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DIgSILENT PowerFactory
General Information
1: Welcome 2: DIgSILENT Contact and Support 3: About this Guide 4: PowerFactory Overview 5: Program Setting, Logging on and User Accounts 6: User Settings 7: The PowerFactory Data Model 8: General Information about Analyses in PowerFactory
DIgSILENT GmbH www.digsilent.de Tel: +49 (0)7072 9168-50 Fax: +49 (0)7072 9168-88 support@digsilent.de
Chapter 1 Welcome
The calculation program PowerFactory, as written by DIgSILENT, is a computer aided engineering tool for the analysis of industrial, utility, and commercial electrical power systems. It has been designed as an advanced integrated and interactive software package dedicated to electrical power system and control analysis in order to achieve the main objectives of planning and operation optimization. The name DIgSILENT stands for "DIgital SImuLation and Electrical NeTwork calculation program''. DIgSILENT Version 7 was the world's first power system analysis software with an integrated graphical one-line interface. That interactive one-line diagram included drawing functions, editing capabilities and all relevant static and dynamic calculation features. The PowerFactory package was designed and developed by qualified engineers and programmers with many years of experience in both electrical power system analysis and programming fields. The accuracy and validity of the results obtained with this package has been confirmed in a large number of implementations, by organizations involved in planning and operation of power systems. In order to meet today's power system analysis requirements, the DIgSILENT power system calculation package was designed as an integrated engineering tool which provides a complete 'walk-around' technique through all available functions, rather than a collection of different software modules. The following key-features are provided within one single executable program:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
PowerFactory core functions: definition, modification and organization of cases; core numerical routines; output and documentation
functions Integrated interactive single line graphic and data case handling Power system element and base case database Integrated calculation functions (e.g. line and machine parameter calculation based on geometrical or nameplate information) Power system network configuration with interactive or on-line access to the SCADA system Generic interface for computer-based mapping systems
By using just a single database, containing all the required data for all equipment within a power system (e.g. line data, generator data, protection data, harmonic data, controller data), PowerFactory can easily execute any or all available functions, all within the same program environment. Some of these functions are load-flow, short-circuit calculation, harmonic analysis, protection coordination, stability calculation and modal analysis. DIgSILENT PowerFactory has originally been designed as a complete package for the high-end user. Consequently, there are no special 'lightweight' versions, no cut-outs of a 'heavy' version. This does not, however, mean that non high end users will find themselves at sea when using PowerFactory. The program is also friendly to the basic user. Users who are learning about power systems are able to easily and quickly perform load-flows and short-circuit calculations, without needing to immediately master the mathematical intricacies of the calculations. PowerFactory allows the user to learn primarily about power systems and not PC quirks- all that is required is a reasonable working knowledge of Windows applications such as Word and Excel. The program is shipped with all of the engines and algorithms that are required for high-end use. The functionality that has been bought by a user is configured in a matrix, where the licensed calculation functions, together with the maximum number of busses, are listed as coordinates. In addition, there are options available which will allow the configuration and fine-tuning of the software according to the user's needs, for some of the functions. In this manner, not every PowerFactory license contains all functionality described in this manual, but only those actually required, thereby reducing the complexity of the outset. As requirements dictate further functionality can be added to the license. The user thus does not have to learn a whole new interface for new functions, but merely uses new commands within the same environment. In addition, the original network data is used and only extra data, as may be required by the new calculation function, needs to be added.
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DIgSILENT GmbH www.digsilent.de Tel: +49 (0)7072 9168-50 Fax: +49 (0)7072 9168-88 support@digsilent.de
DIgSILENT GmbH www.digsilent.de Tel: +49 (0)7072 9168-50 Fax: +49 (0)7072 9168-88 support@digsilent.de
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Key As in "Press the left mouse key''. A key is either one of the mouse keys or a key on the keyboard. Mouse keys are sometimes called 'buttons', as in 'the mouse button.' Button As in "Press the OK button''. The word "button'' is used for screen areas which perform some action when clicked using the mouse. In other words, a 'virtual' button. Icons Icons are usually described by the popup name that you read when you hover the cursor over it. For example, press user settings dialogue. Icons are also shown as seen on screen, as in the press Right/Left clicking As in "Right click the browser''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described (the browser) and pressing the right/left mouse key. Double Clicking As in "Double click the button''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described and pressing the left mouse key twice within about half a second (the time interval is as set in the Windows operating system). Ctrl-B (key combination example) means that the user should press the combination of keys described. For example, "Press Ctrl-B to toggle between balanced/unbalanced case,'' means that the user should press and hold down the first keyboard key (the Control key on the keyboard in this example) and then press the second key (B) as well. Menu sequences When a user needs to select a command through cascaded menu options the sequence is shown by arrows that indicate what option to choose next, starting from the original menu button. For example, setting the drawing format can be done by pressing the Options button to access the options menu, then by choosing "Graphic" from the list offered, and finally "Drawing Format..." from the last list; this series of actions is all simply described by Options --> Graphic --> to open the
Drawing Format...
" " and ' ' 'These' quotes are used to indicate that the description is one that can be found within the program- one that is not user definable, for example, the balloon help description 'Calculate Load Flow' that you see when you hover your cursor over the Load Flow icon. "These" are used to indicate data that a user has entered or should enter. "These" quotes are also used to indicate a process or series of objects that have no discernible name, but which need to be described. For example, the "drawing tools panel", which is found on the right hand side of the drawing canvas. and [1] [2] [3], etc. Show a sequence of events that should be performed. Where they are numbered they will be associated with a graphic in which the numbers appear. left-clicking, right-clicking, clicking, double-clicking, etc. Wherever the instruction clicking or double-clicking appears it should be taken to mean clicking and double-clicking using the left mouse button. When the right mouse button is to be used it will be explicitly stated.
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All new versions and builds of the program include 'Release-Notes' documenting the implemented changes. Additional documents explaining the concept behind the program design and its applications are provided with the PowerFactory installation CD.
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DIgSILENT GmbH www.digsilent.de Tel: +49 (0)7072 9168-50 Fax: +49 (0)7072 9168-88 support@digsilent.de
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is implemented as a single executable program, and is fully compatible with Windows
95/98/NT/2000/XP/Vista. The programming method employed allows for a fast 'walk around' the execution environment, and eliminates the need to reload modules and update or transfer results between different program applications. As an example, the power flow, fault analysis, and harmonic load flow analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting the program, enabling additional software modules and engines or reading external data files. Vertical Integration A special feature of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is the unique vertically integrated model concept. This allows models to be shared for all analysis functions and more importantly, for categories of analysis, such as "Generation", "Transmission", "Distribution" and "Industrial". No longer are separate software engines required to analyze separate aspects of the power system, as DIgSILENT PowerFactory can accommodate everything within one integrated frame and one integrated database. Database Integration
DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides optimal organization of data and definitions required to perform any type of calculation, memorization of settings or software operation options. There is no need in tedious organization of several files for defining the various analysis aspects. The PowerFactory database environment fully integrates all data required for defining cases, operation scenarios, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, graphics, user-defined models, etc. There is no need to keep and organize hundreds of files on hard disc, every thing you require to model and simulate a power system is integrated in a single database!
Single Database Concepts: all data for standard and advanced functions are organized in a single, integrated database. This is applied also for graphics, study case definitions, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, fault sequences, monitoring messages as well as user defined models. Project Management: All the data that defines a power system model and allows its calculation is stored in so called 'Project' folders within the database. Inside a 'Project', folders called 'Study Cases' are used to define different studies of the system considering the complete network, only parts of it or variations on its current state. This 'project and study case' approach to define and manage power system studies is a unique application of the object-oriented software principle. Standard software packages often require the user to create a large number of similar saved cases, with multiple nested directories for large complex networks and studies. However, DIgSILENT PowerFactory has taken a totally new approach, and introduced a structure that is both easy to use while avoiding redundancy. Multi-User Operation: Multiple users each holding its own projects or working with data shared from other users are supported by a 'Multiuser' database operation. In this case the definition of access rights, user accounting and groups for data sharing are managed by a database administrator.
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System Identification Protection Analysis Harmonic Analysis Reliability Analysis Voltage Stability Analysis Contingency Analysis Power Electronic Device Modeling Grounding A/D Interfacing Interface for SCADA/GIS/NIS Compatibility with other software systems such as PSS/E & PSS/U Multi-User Database and User Accounting Optimal Power Flow
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PowerFactory is intended to be initially used and operated in a graphical environment. That is, data entry is accomplished by drawing the network under study and then by editing the objects on the drawing canvas to assign data to them.
Figure 4.1 shows how PowerFactory looks like when a project is active. It shows the Graphic window (up) and the Output window (below).
As users progress and become more adept with the program, data will be manipulated by using a data viewer called the Data Manager. The two means of accessing the data are thus via the graphics page/s and via the Data Manager. Data is accessed from the graphics page by double-clicking on an object. An input dialogue pops up and the user may then edit the data for that object. All of the data that is entered for such objects is hierarchically structured in folders to allow the user to navigate through it. To view the data and its organization, a "Data Manager" is used. Figure 4.2 shows the Data Manager Window. The data manager is similar in appearance and working to a Windows Explorer. As mentioned, data pertaining to a study is organized into several folders. Before examining this structure we should understand the philosophy behind this arrangement.
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DIgSILENT GmbH www.digsilent.de Tel: +49 (0)7072 9168-50 Fax: +49 (0)7072 9168-88 support@digsilent.de
The electrical data itself can also be further divided into logical sets. When we construct a power system we make use of standardized materials or components - a roll of cable for example. In simple terms we can describe the cable electrically by its impedance per km length whilst it is still on the cable drum; in other words, generic information about this cable, is called "Type" data. When we cut a length of the cable for installation the type data is retained in a modified way, as follows: 600m of cable that has a Type impedance of 'Y' Ohms/ km will now have an impedance of '0.6*Y' Ohms. We can thus see that the length of the cable, 0.6 km, can be seen as a separate set of information. This set will contain all of that information particular to the specific installation or application of the piece of cable we are considering. Information such as the derating factor of the installed cable, its local name, the nodes that it is connected to at either end; in other words, all information that is non-generic, will fall into this information set. In PowerFactory we call this "Element Data". Within the element data, there is information related to the operational point of a devise but not to the devise itself i.e. the tap position on a transformer or the active power dispatch of a generator. These kind of data, which is subject to frequent changes during a study and may be used to simulate different operation scenarios of the same network, is further grouped inside the element data set in a subset called "Operational Data". This means that there are now four distinct sets that we need to arrange the data into. In 'data base' terms this means four folders, which, in PowerFactory, we call:
''Network Data'' folder: Holds all the element data. ''Operation Scenario'' folder: Holds the operational data defining a certain operational point. ''Equipment Type'' folder: Holds all the type data ''Study Case'' folder: Holds all the study management data.
For an optimal advantage of the flexibility offered by this data arrangement approach, the aforementioned folders should be hierarchically organized within a higher directory. In PowerFactory this higher directory is called ''Project''. Besides the described data sets, a project stores all the additional database ''objects'' required to model, simulate, analyze and visualize a particular power system. The PowerFactory database supports multiple users (as mentioned in 4.1) and each user can manage several projects. ''User Account'' folders with access privileges only for their owners (and other users with shared rights) must then be used. User accounts are of course in a higher level than projects.
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Figure 4.3 shows a snapshot from a database as seen by the user in a data manager window.The folders listed contain the following type of data:
User Folder Three user accounts (Demo, Manual and Peter) containing different projects are shown. Project In this case named Simple Power System. This folder is the frame for all project subfolders. Equipment Types Holds all the type data. Network Model Holds the Network Data folder containing the element data. The Network Model folder also contains the graphical objects folders (Diagrams), storing network diagrams and the network modifications folders (Variations) storing expansions or topological changes to be applied in the original networks. Operation Scenarios Holds sets of operational data. Study Cases Contains the study Management Data - the 'tools' and 'tool settings' that are used to perform the calculations and the visualization of the results.
All the aspects related to the use and management of the project folder, including the subfolders listed above is given in chapters: For information about user accounts please refer to Chapter 5 Program Setting, Logging on and User Accounts .
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The data manager sub-window (this window is created by pressing the icon, which is the first icon on the left of the main toolbar) is always floating and more than one can be active at the same time. The database manager itself has several appearances: it may only show the database tree for selecting a database folder, or it may be the full version with the database tree, the data browser, and all editing capabilities. One of the major tasks for the data manager is to provide access to the power system components. The power system components shown in the data manager can be 'gang-edited' (or 'group-edited') within the data manager itself, where the data is presented in a tabular format, for all the selected objects. Alternatively each object may also be individually edited by double clicking on an object (or right click -> "Edit"). The output window, at the bottom of the screen, is always there; it cannot be closed although it can be minimized. The output window can be "docked'', that is: fixed to a location on the bottom of the main window. The docked state is the default, as shown in the Figure 4.4. When clicking the right mouse button, when the cursor is in the output window area, the context sensitive menu of the output window appears. The output window can then be undocked by deselecting the "Docking View" (by clicking the mouse onto "Docking View" to 'untick' it. The undocked output window is still confined to the main window, but now as a free floating window. This sometimes occurs 'accidentally' when the user left clicks the tool bar for the output window and drags the mouse (keeping the mouse button down) to somewhere outside of the output window boundaries. To rectify this simply left click in the title bar of the undocked window and drag it down to the bottom of the screen where it will dock once more (if you have right clicked 'unticked' "Docking View" to right click and select "Docking View" once more. The undocked state is not a normal situation for the output window. Because the output messages that appear in this window are important at any stage while using the program, the docked state is the best place because it will be visible then and easy to locate. The edge of the output window shows a splitter bar [a] which is used to change the size of the output window. The 'drag' cursor, as shown at [a], appears automatically when the cursor is placed on the splitter bar. The left mouse button can be pressed when the 'drag' cursor is visible. This will turn the splitter bar to grey and the output window can now be resized by holding down the mouse button and moving the mouse up or down. The icon "Maximize Output Window'' ( ) on the main toolbar will enlarge the output window to almost full-screen. Left click the button again to switch back to the small output window. On the right of the title bar of any window or sub-window there are three buttons that are used to "Minimize", "Maximize"/"Restore Down" or "Close" the window.
The button minimizes the window to a small object, somewhere on the screen (usually in the lower left corner- this is the default position) in the case of a sub-window, or to the task bar for your computer- at the bottom of the screen. The button 'opens' the minimized window to full screen size.
The button reduces the window to a smaller size on the screen; initially there is a default size for this window but the user may resize it as desired. The button will close the sub-window or end the program if this button is clicked on the main window.
Sub-windows can be re-sized as follows: place the cursor over the lower right corner of the window and left click and hold the
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button down- now drag the window to the size you require. You will find that each corner can be sized like this, as well as each edge.
Re-sizing sub-windowsThe following sections provide further information about the PowerFactory windows and their tool bars. Because the Graphical Editor and the Data Manager are main interfaces and their use is fundamental in the definition and analysis of power systems with PowerFactory, they are explained in separate chapters (11 The Data Manager and 10 The Graphics Editor ). Menu Bar Main Toolbar The Output Window
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Fig. 4.5: The help menu on the Menubar Press Alt-H to open the help menu. Use your keyboard to select the Getting Started Tutorial. Press return to open the Tutorial. The on-line Getting Started Tutorial is exactly the same as the printed version. Close the Getting Started Tutorial help (Use the on the main bar). You will return to the main PowerFactory program window. Left click the Help menu. Left click the option Users Manual. This opens the on-line User's Manual.
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All command icons are equipped with balloon help text which pop up when the cursor is held still at the icon for a moment, and no key is pressed.
Find the icon for User Settings by using the balloon help. Do not use the mouse keys: just point at the icons, hold still, and a balloon text will pop up. Scan all icons until you find the right one.
Using a command icon couldn't be easier: just click on it with the left mouse icon. Those icons that perform a task will automatically jump back when that task is finished. Some command icons however will switch between two modes, for instance the one which will reserve more place for the output window on the workspace ( command icon again to switch back to the normal view. ). This icon will stay down to show the activated mode. Click the
When PowerFactory has just been started, the toolbar shows only the general command icons. The 'toolbar select' icon ( be clicked to select additional command icons.
Main Toolbar Definitions
) can
The main PowerFactory toolbar provides the user with quick access to the main commands available in the program. This section provides a brief explanation of the purpose of the icons found on this toolbar. More detailed explanations for each of the functions that the icons command are provided in the other sections of the manual. The main toolbar is depicted in two parts in Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8. The icons from the lower part of figures 4.7 and 4.8 correspond to the options of the Graphic Window and are presented in Section 10.6.1.
Fig. 4.8: Main Toolbar, right part New Database Manager Opens a new database manager. When the option "Use Multiple Data Manager" (see under User Settings >General) is enabled in the user settings menu the user will be able to open as many data manager windows as required. If "Use Multiple Data Manager" is disabled in the user settings menu, the user will be able to open only one data manager window. For more information please refer to Chapter 11. Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation Provides a list of elements (colored in green) or types (colored in red) that are considered for calculation: e.g. transformer types, line elements, composite models, etc. The study case determines which objects are considered for calculation (for more information about study cases refer to Chapter 13: Study Cases). These objects are grouped by 'Class' (see the Chapter: Glossary for an explanation of 'Class' in the PowerFactory context). If, for instance, no relay objects are used, then the relay-button will not be shown. All objects from the selected class(es) will be shown in a browser. For more information please refer to Section 8.2. Date/Time of Calculation Case Displays the date and time for the calculation case. This option is useful when parameter characteristics of specific elements (e.g. active and reactive power of loads) are set to change according to a certain time scale. Modifying the date/time in this dialogue adjusts those Parameters that have time based triggers/scales accordantly. Edit Trigger Displays a list of all triggers that are in current use by the active study case. These triggers can be edited in order to change the values for which one or more characteristics are defined. These values will be modified with reference to the new trigger value. All triggers for all relevant characteristics are automatically listed. If required, new triggers will be created in the study case. For more information, see 7.7 Parameter Characteristics and Parametric Studies . Calculate Load-Flow Activates the load-flow command dialogue. For more information about the specific settings, please refer to Chapter 22 Load Flow Analysis . Calculate Optimal Power Flow Activates the optimal power flow command dialogue. Calculate Short-Circuit Activates the short-circuit calculation command dialogue. For more information, please refer to Chapter 23 Short-Circuit Analysis . Edit Short-Circuits Edits Short-Circuit events. Events are used when a calculation requires more than one action or considers more than one object for the calculation. Multiple fault analysis is an example of this. If, for instance, the user multi selects two busbars (using the cursor) and then clicks the right mouse button Calculate > Multiple Faults a Short-circuit event list will be created with these two busbars in it. Execute DPL Scripts
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Displays a list of DPL scripts that are available. For more information about DPL scripts, please refer to Chapter G The DIgSILENT Programming Language - DPL . Output Calculation Analysis Presents calculation results in various formats. The output is printed to the output window and can be then used in external reports, or may be of assistance to interpret calculation results. Several different reports, depending on the actual calculation, can be created. For more information about the output of results please refer to Section 20.2.5 Output of Results . Documentation of Device Data Presents a listing of device data (a device is the model of any physical object that has been entered into the project for study). This output may be used in reports, or may be of use in checking data that has been entered. Depending on the element chosen for report, the user has two possibilities: to generate a short listing, or a detailed report. For more information please refer to Section 20.2.5 Output of Results Comparing of Results On/Off Compares the differences between two or more calculation results, for example, where certain settings or designs options of a power system have been changed from one calculation to the next. For more information please refer to 8.4 Comparisons Between Calculations . Edit Comparing of Results Enables the user to select the cases/ calculation results that are to be compared to one another, or to set the coloring mode for the difference reporting. For more information please refer to 8.4 Comparisons Between Calculations . Update database Utilizes the current calculations results (i.e. the calculation 'output' data) to change input parameters (i.e. that data that the user has entered). An example is the transformer tap positions, where these have been calculated by the load-flow command option "Automatic Tap Adjust of Tap Changers." For more information please refer to Section 8.4 Comparisons Between Calculations . Break Stops a transient simulation or DPL script that is running. Reset Calculation Resets any calculation performed previously. This icon is only enabled after a calculation has been carried out. User Settings User options for many global features of PowerFactory may be set from the dialogue accessed by this icon. For more information please refer to Chapter 6 User Settings . Maximize Graphic Window Maximizes the graphic window. Pressing this icon again will return the graphic window to its original state. Maximize Output Window Maximizes the output window. Pressing this icon again will return the output window to its original state. Current Study Case This drop down window displays the name of the study case that is currently activate. The user may also 'toggle' between study cases in the project by selecting them from this drop down list. Select ToolBar Drops down when pressed to present sets of icons (to the right of it) for various calculation commands: e.g. Stability, Reliability, Harmonics, Optimal Capacitor Placement and Data Acquisition.
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When clicking the right mouse button, when the cursor is in the output window area, the context sensitive menu of the output window appears. The output window can then be undocked by deselecting the "Docking View'' (by clicking the mouse onto "Docking View" to 'untick' it). The undocked output window is still confined to the main window, but now as a free floating window.
Note This sometimes occurs 'accidentally' when the user left clicks the tool bar for the output
window and drags the mouse (keeping the mouse button down) to somewhere outside of the output window boundaries. To rectify this simply left click in the title bar of the undocked window and drag it down to the bottom of the screen, where it will dock once more (if you have right-clicked 'unticked' "Docking View" to right-click and select "Docking View" once more.
The undocked state is not a normal situation for the output window. Because the output messages that appear in this window are important at any stage while using the program, the docked state is the best place because it will be visible then and easy to locate. The upper edge of the output window shows a splitter bar which is used to change the size of the output window. The 'drag' cursor, appears automatically when the cursor is placed on the splitter bar. The left mouse button can be pressed when the 'drag' cursor is visible. This will turn the splitter bar to grey and the output window can now be resized by holding down the mouse button and moving the mouse up or down. The output window may be moved and resized by:
Dragging the splitter bar as shown in Figure 4.9, when the output window is in the 'docking' mode Double-clicking the frame of the output window to dock/undock it from the main window. Pressing the Pressing the on the main toolbar, which enlarges the graphics board by hiding the output window. icons on the main toolbar, which enlarges the output window
The contents of the output window may be stored, edited, redirected, etc., using the following icons:
Opens an editor and pastes any selected or complete text from the output window Opens a different output file Either saves the selected text to an ASCII file, or the complete contents of the output window if no selection was made Copies the selected text to the Windows Clipboard for use in other programs Clears the output window by deleting all messages Searches the text in the output window for the occurrences of a given text. A "?'' wild cart may be used Changes the font used in the output window Redirects everything to a file on disk. The output window will stop displaying messages while this icon is down Acts like "redirect to disk", but all messages will now be printed directly Pre-sets the option for the print dialogue. Either chooses printing of the selected text or all buffered text if no selection was made
Using the Output Window Context Sensitive Menu inside the Output Window Output Window Legend Copying from the output window
Using the Output Window
The output window is more than just a dumb message viewer. It is an interactive tool, which helps in preparing your data for calculations and it improves any search for errors or bugs in your projects. Every line in the output window with a full folder and object name can be double-clicked with the left mouse button. This will open the appropriate edit dialogue for the shown object. See the example in Figure 4.10.
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In this example, a calculation function reported an error because a transformer element has not been assigned a transformer type. Double-clicking the error message opens the edit dialogue of the transformer.
Context Sensitive Menu inside the Output Window
It is also possible to press the right mouse button while pointing at the object name. The context sensitive menu will pop-up and show entries to easily find and edit objects, if the printed object name was found to be an existing object in the database tree. These option are
Edit Object will open the edit dialogue of the printed object, which is i.e. the reason for the error message Edit and Browse Object will open the data manager and show the element and its parameters there. Mark in Graphic will mark the clicked element in the single line diagram and zoom into the region of its place. The interactive feature of the output window is extremely convenient when 'debugging' a new or changed power system design. Faulty elements don't have to be searched for in order to correct their parameters. Output Window Legend
The output window uses colors and other formatting to distinguish between different types of messages or for specials like bar diagrams. Text messages formats:
DIgSI/err - ... Error messages. Format: red colored. DIgSI/info - .... Information messages. Format: green colored. DIgSI/wrng - ... Warning message. Format: brown colored. DIgSI/pcl - ...' Protocol message. Format: blue colored. Text only Output text. Format: black colored.
Reports of calculation results may contain bar graph information. The "voltage profiles'' report after a load-flow command, for instance, produces bar graphs of the per-unit voltages of busbars. These bars will be colored blue, green or red if the "Verification'' option in the load-flow command dialogue has been enabled. They will be hatch-crossed if the bars are too large to display. An part of a bar graph output is shown in Figure 4.11. The following formatting is visible:
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Fig. 4.11: Output window bar diagram Green Solid Bar Used when the value is in the tolerated range. Blue Solid Bar Used when the value is too low. Red Solid Bar Used when the value is too high Hatch-crossed Bar Used when the value is out of reach and cannot be displayed correctly. Copying from the output window
The contents of the output window, or parts of its contents, may be copied to the build-in editor of PowerFactory or to any other program. Normally, not all selected lines will be copied and the format of the copied text may undergo changes. The latter is caused by the fact that the PowerFactory output window uses special formatting 'escape sequences'. Other programs may not be capable of dealing with these formatting commands.
Which lines will be copied is determined by the output window settings. See Section 6.4 for more information. When text from the output window is about to be copied, an info message will pop up, informing the user about the current settings. See Figure 4.12. A button is supplied which brings the user directly to the user settings dialogue. The info message may be disabled, in which case it will never show up again.
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5. 6.
Command buttons/icons are sometimes referenced by their name, instead of by their image. For large buttons, this is normally the case. The name of a button is either the name on the button itself (OK, Cancel), or the name that appears in the balloon help (e. g. = User Settings).
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Once PF has been set up in a computer, the installation setting is carried out by means of a 'Log-on' dialogue. This dialogue pops up automatically when the program is opened for the first time. Through the Licence, Network and Database tabs of the Log-on dialogue, the answers to the questions above are provided and the program installation is configured. A detailed description of the installation procedure and the program configuration alternatives is given in the PowerFactory Installation Manual. The next section provides reference information about the Log-on dialog.
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Log On Configuration License Settings Network Settings Database Configuration Advanced Settings Appearance Settings
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Once the PF installation had been set, a name and a password must be given in order to access an account and start to use the program. Two special accounts are created when installing PF, the Demo and the Administrator. The Demo account is used to access and run the examples provided with the program. The administrator (database administrator) account is used to create and manage user's accounts in a multi-user environment (see Section 5.3). To log on as Demo, just select the corresponding option on the users name drop down menu (Figure 5.1), no password is required. To log on as administrator, select the Administrator name from the menu and use the assigned password. By default the administrator account password is Administrator. Users other than the Administrator and the Demo, require their own name and password to log on. If you are using a stand alone installation, you can create a new user account by typing in a new name and a password of your choice (an empty password is also accepted). After creating the new account the 'Do you really want to create a new user account' message will pop up, click Ok to continue. In a multi-user installation (see Section 5.3) new accounts and passwords are created by the administrator. For further information about the roll of the database administrator please refer to Section 5.3.2. Further information about the Demo account is given in Section 5.3.5.
Note To run the prepared examples please log on as Demo user. This user requires no password and you have the possibility to use the demo projects with the full functionality of PowerFactory.
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In order to run the program, users require access to a license key (also known as dongle or hardlock). By means of the interface described below (License tab of the Log-on dialogue), this access is defined.
License Key
In the License Key field, the installed license key setting must be selected. PowerFactory offers four choices to install the license key:
not available (Demo) No local key is installed, only Demo version of PowerFactory can be run. on local port A valid PowerFactory license key ('hardlock') must be connected to a USB or parallel port.
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in network (file based communication) A connection to a network computer, which has the PowerFactory network license service running must be available. The communication between the user and the license server is done trough shared directories. in network (protocol based communication) A connection to a network computer, which has the PowerFactory network license service running must be available. The communication between the user and the license server is done trough a protocol.
A detailed description of the different license key settings is given in the PowerFactory Installation Manual. Demo users (those without licence) should select 'not available (Demo)'.
Serial Number
Your serial number must be provided in the 'Serial Number' field. It can be found on the page 2 of the license agreement.
License Server
If the you are using a network key with file based communication, the path to the PowerFactory working directory of license server must be provided. This path is usually mapped on the client machine. If you are working with a protocol based communication key, you are required to specify the computer name or the IP network address (as in Figure 5.2) of the license server.
Advanced RPC-Settings
If a network license key with protocol based communication is used, the 'Advanced RPC-Settings' must be given. To reach these fields, press the arrow button ( ) on the first page of the License tab.
The 'RPC' settings must be the ones specified in the license server. For detailed information consult your network management or see Section 3.2.3 of the PowerFactory Installation Manual.
NOTE: If you are not sure about your license key setting please refer to your network administrator. File based communication is only recommended for old versions of PowerFactory that don't support protocol based. For further information on the license key configuration refer to the Installation Manual.
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A detailed description of the different installation methods is given in the PowerFactory Installation Manual.
Note: If you are not sure about your installation type please refer to your network administrator. For detailed information about the installation types see the installation manual Chapter 5.
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DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides drivers for the following multi-user database systems:
Oracle. Microsoft SQL Server.
For further information about the database configuration please refer to the PowerFactory Installation Manual.
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The user account managing system provides each user with his/her own ''private'' database space. The user is nevertheless able to use shared data, either from the common system database or from other users, and may enable other users to use some of his/her 'private' data. The user account managing system manages this whilst using only one single database in the background, which allows for simple backup and management of the overall database. PowerFactory Database Overview The Database Administrator Creating and Managing User Accounts Creating User Groups The Demo Account
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The top level structure described above can be seen in the Data Manager's screen shot from Figure 5.3.
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Under a multiuser database environment, the administrator is the only user with the rigth to:
Add and delete users. Define users groups. Set individual user rights. Restrict or allow calculation functions. Set/reset user passwords.
The administrator is also the only user that can modify the main library and the system folders. Although the administrator has access to all the projects of all the users, it does not have the rigth to perform any calculation. To log on as administrator, select the 'Administrator' user from the drop down menu of the 'Log on' page from the Log-on dialogue and write the corresponding password. By default the administrator password is Administrator. For further information about the administrator roll, please refer to the PowerFactory Installation Manual (Chapter 6).
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The administrator can edit any user account to change the user name, set new calculation rights or change the password. To edit an existing user account:
Right-click on the desired user and select Edit from the context sensitive menu. The User edit dialogue will pop up.
Any user can edit her/his own account by means of the User edit dialogue. In this case only the full name and the password can be changed.
Note: The administrator is the only one who may delete a user account. Although users can delete all projects inside their account folder, they cannot delete the account folder itself or the standard folders that belong to it (i.e. the 'Recycle Bin' or the 'Settings' folder).
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The administrator can change the name of an existing group by means of the corresponding edit dialogue (rigth clicking on it and selecting Edit from the context sensitive menu). Via the context sensitive menu, groups can also be deleted. The administrator can add users to a group by:
Copying the user in the Data Manager (right click on the user and select Copy from the context sensitive menu). Selecting a user group in the left pane of the Data Manager. Pasting a shortcut of the copied user inside the group.
The last action is carried out by: Right-clicking the user group and selecting Paste Shortcut from the context sensitive menu. Users are taken out of a group by deleting their shortcut from the corresponding group. For information about sharing projects please refer to Chapter 21 Data Management .
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The ''Demo'' projects may also be activated and observed in the manner normally employed by PowerFactory. To learn how this is achieved it is best to work through the on-line tutorial that is provided. A demo user has read and write permissions for all demonstration projects. However, calculations will only be permitted for the demonstration networks as long as they have not been changed in a topological sense. This means that adding or deleting lines, transformers, loads, machines, etc., will lead to error messages. Licensed users may log on as demo users, change the demonstration projects in any way, and still be able to start a calculation (as long as their hardlock is available to PowerFactory). However licensed users are recommended to copy and paste into their own account the ''Demo'' projects of their interest. As long as a user does not make any topological changes, these demonstration projects may be used to experiment with PowerFactory. Such experimentation may include:
Changing and executing commands such as load-flow, short-circuit or transient analysis. Changing power system elements such as selecting other line types, changing generator settings, etc. Creating new calculation cases Changing the appearance of the single line graphics except for adding or deleting power system elements. Creating or changing virtual instruments panels such as defining graphs or changing bar diagrams.
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the main tool bar, or by selecting the Options > User Settings... menu item from the main menu.
General Settings Graphic Windows Settings Data Manager Settings Output Window Settings Functions Settings Directories Editor
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The graphic windows has the following settings. Cursor settings General Options Coordinate Output at statusbar in mm Update Hidden pages always Exclude Feeder Colors Update Graphic while Simulation is running Use own background color for single line graphics Allow Resizing of branch objects Edit Mode Cursor Set Mark Objects in Region Show balloon Help
Cursor settings Defines the cursor shape: Arrow A normal, arrow shaped cursor. Crosshair A large, full screen cross. Tracking cross A small cross. General Options
Specifies that the status bar will display the cursor position in millimeters.
Update Hidden pages always
Results in all graphical pages on a graphics board being updated, even when they are not visible. Note that this can slow the processing speed considerably. The advantage is that no updating is required when a different graphics page is selected.
Exclude Feeder Colors
May be used to exclude colors, by number code, which are to be used for feeder definitions. This is used to prevent the use of colors which are already used for other purposes. Ranges of color numbers are entered as '2-9'. Multiple ranges of colors must separated by commas, as in '2-9;16-23'.
Update Graphic while Simulation is running Use own background color for single line graphics
If the option is enabled, the user can define the background color of the single line graphics by using the pop up menu and then pressing OK.
By pressing the ( )button more graphic setting options are available:
If the option is enabled, the user can left click a branch element within the single line graphic and then resize it.
Edit Mode Cursor Set
Defines how objects within an user defined region of the single line graphic (defined by left clicking and then drawing a rectangle) are selected:
Complete Only the objects, that are completely enclosed in the defined region, are selected. Partial All the objects within the defined area are selected. Show balloon Help
Enables or disables the balloon help dialogues. For information about the Graphic Window refer to Chapter 10 The Graphics Editor .
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Object classes that are selected will be displayed in the database tree.
Browser Save data automatically The data manager will not ask for confirmation every time a value is changed in the data browser when this option is selected. Sort Automatically Specifies that objects are automatically sorted (by name) in the data browser. Operation Scenario
If the Save active Operation Scenario automatically is enabled, the period for automatic saving must be defined.
Export/Import Data
The default global type folder is the System\Library\Types folder. This default folder contains many predefined object types, but objects within this folder may not be changed by the user (read-only access). This option allows the user to specify a different ''Global Type Folder'', possibly a company specific and defined type library. For information about the Power Factory Database Manager refer to Chapter 11 The Data Manager .
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6.6 Directories
Compiled DSL Models Pre-compiled DSL models may be available for use as external models. The DSL directory should be directed to the correct folder/ directory in order for PowerFactory to find these models. PFM-DSM
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6.7 Editor
The editor which is used to enter large pieces of text (such as DPL scripts, objects descriptions, etc.) can be configured on this page. Options Tabs Language coloring ShortCuts
Options Enable Virtual Space Allows the cursor to move into empty areas. Enable Auto Indent Automatically indents the next line. Enable Backspace at Start of Line Will not stop the backspace at the left-most position, but will continue at the end of the previous line. View blanks and tabs Shows these spaces. Show Selection Margin Provides a column on the left side where bookmarks and other markings are shown. Show line Numbers Shows line numbers. Tab Size Defines the width of a single tab. Tabs
Toggles between the use of standard tabs, or to insert spaces when the tab-key is used.
Language coloring
Defines the syntax-highlighting used when the type of text is not known.
ShortCuts
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'Everything is an object, all the objects belong to a class and are stored according to a hierarchical arrangement in the database tree'
The following sections describe the arrangement of folders in the database and the objects that are used to represent and analyze power systems with PowerFactory.
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The objects mentioned above are stored in folders according to their functionality. These folders are hierarchically arranged within the project in order to facilitate the definition of the studies and optimize the use of the tools provided by the program. To understand the structure of the 'project folder' it is useful to examine which kind of information is represented by the data and what it is used for. This will lead us to PowerFactory's data model, which is organized in folders as illustrated in Figure 7.1. In PowerFactory Version 14, all changes in the projects are tracked: the date (day and time) of each change and the user who made the change are stored inside the database.
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Fig. 7.1: Data Arrangement Inside a Project (Default Structure of a Project Folder)
The default project structure (the data model described above) is shown in Figure 7.1. The remaining sections of this chapter deal with the description of the objects/folders shown above. For information on how to create and configure a new project please refer to Section 9.1 Defining and Configuring a Project .
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Fig. 7.2: The Operational Library To create a new element in one of these folders, first select the folder by clicking once on it. Then press the `New Object' button ( select the desired element. ), and
The network may need to be analyzed at different times of the day, week or year, where changed load conditions and different component ratings are considered. As described above, Operational Library objects and Operation Scenarios facilitate this analysis by allowing the definition of different operational data. The Parameter Characteristics tool is designed to extend this flexibility of analysis via the use of characteristics. Characteristics are defined by a range of values, as opposed to a single fixed value, which are assigned to the parameters of selected power systems elements. Within this range, the selection of the appropriate value for the parameter is carried out according to a user-defined trigger. For example, the active power demand of a load can be modeled by means of a characteristic with 12 values, each one corresponding to a month of the year. If the trigger is set to January (triggers are user-defined), then the value used by the program to perform the calculations will be the first value of the characteristic; if the trigger is set to December, the last value of the characteristic will be used. Additional objects which support the calculations and the modeling of the system are also stored inside the Library folder. These objects include: automation commands developed with the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) and user-defined templates for composite network elements.
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We may need to analyze the network at different times during the day, week or year, where changed loading conditions and different component ratings are considered. As described above, Operational Library objects and Operation Scenarios facilitate this feature by allowing the definition of different operation points. Scenarios facilitate this analysis by allowing the definition of different operational data. The Parameter Characteristics tool is designed to extend this flexibility of analysis via the use of characteristics. Characteristics are defined by a range of values, as opposed to a single fixed value, which are assigned to the parameters of selected power systems elements. Within this range, the selection of the appropriate value for the parameter is carried out according to a user-defined trigger. For example, the active power demand of a load can be modeled by means of a characteristic with 12 values, each one corresponding to a month of the year. If the trigger is set to January (triggers are userdefined), then the value used by the program to perform the calculations will be the first value of the characteristic; if the trigger is set to December, the last value of the characteristic will be used.
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Variations (
The following subsections describe how the network data model is organized in these folders. Before any explanation of the Network Data folder is given, a subsection explaining PowerFactory's handling of network topology is presented. For an improved understanding of the following subsections, the key concepts related to the modeling of electric power systems with PowerFactory are recapped:
Data model: The hierarchical set of objects from the database which are used to model and analyze a power system. All objects which comprise the data model are stored in the project folder.
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Network data model: The hierarchical subset of objects, within the data model, which are used to represent and model the electrical networks of the power system under analysis. Most objects from the network data model correspond to: electrical network components; graphical representations of the electrical components and sets of electrical components, grouped for analysis purposes. The objects comprising the network data model are stored inside the Network Model folder, within the Project folder. Network topology handling: The approach used by the data model to represent and connect the nodes and branches of real networks. This is achieved using by single electrical network components and sets of them. Electrical network components (or simply network components or elements): Are the objects used to represent real network elements, i.e. generators, switches, lines, etc. Each of these objects contains a model that DIgSILENT has developed to reproduce the static and dynamic behavior of the represented element. The theoretical information about the models and the relation among their parameters are given in the corresponding technical reference documents, which are attached to the sections of Appendix C and D. Like all objects in PowerFactory, components can be identified by their class, for example ElmLod (for loads), ElmLne (for transmission lines), etc. Each element class has a symbol that helps to distinguish it within the database, for example the symbol used to represent a load is ( ), and that used to represent a transmission line is ( ).
Network Diagrams Network Topology Handling Network Data Variations and Expansion Stages
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The relation between graphical objects and network components allows the definition and modification of the studied networks directly from the single line diagrams. In addition to this, the network components can be represented by more than one graphical object (manyIntGrf objects can refer to the same network component). Therefore, one component can appear in several diagrams. Thanks to the relation described above, several diagrams for one network can be defined. Diagrams displaying components from different networks are also possible. These diagrams are managed by the active Study Case, and specifically by an object called the Graphics Board. If a reference to a network diagram is stored in a Study Case's Graphics Board, every time the study case is activated, the diagram is automatically opened. As with any other object, diagrams can be added/deleted from the Graphics Boards. Each diagram is related to a specific grid (ElmNet). When a grid is added to an active study case, the user is asked to select (among the diagrams pointing to that grid) the diagrams that s/he wants to display. References to the selected diagrams are then automatically created in the corresponding Graphics Board. Chapter 10 The Graphics Editor , explains how to define and work with single line graphics. Additional information about the relation between graphical objects and network components is given below in Section 7.3.2 Network Topology Handling . For further information about symbols and the appearance of graphical objects, please refer to Appendix E Reference to the use of Symbols in PowerFactory . Single Line Graphics and Data Objects
Single Line Graphics and Data Objects
In a simple network there may be a 1:1 relationship between data objects and their graphical representations, i.e. every load, generator, terminal and line is represented once in the graphic. However, in this regard, PowerFactory provides additional flexibility Data objects may be represented graphically on more than one graphic, but only once per individual graphic. Thus a data
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object for a single terminal can be represented graphically on two or more graphics. Both graphical representations contain the link to the same network component (i.e. the terminal element). Furthermore, graphical symbols may be moved without losing the link to the data object (network component) that they represent. Likewise, data objects may be moved without affecting the graphic. The graphics themselves are saved in the database tree. This makes finding the correct single line graphic representation of a particular grid easy, even in the case where there are several graphical representations of one grid. When PowerFactory's drawing tools are used to place a new component (i.e. a line, transformer, bar graph, etc.) a new data object is also created in the database tree (in a target Grid folder). A Single Line Graphic object therefore has a reference to a target Grid folder. The new data objects are stored in the 'target' folders that the graphics page is associated with. Since data objects may have more than one graphical representation, the deletion of a graphic object should not mean that the data object will also be deleted. Hence the user may choose to delete only the graphical object (context sensitive menu --> Delete Graphical Object Only). In this case the user is warned that the data object will not be deleted. This suggests that a user may delete all graphical objects related to a data object, with the data object still residing in the database and being considered for calculation. This is indeed what will occur, when this kind of graphical deletion is performed. When an element is deleted completely (context sensitive menu --> Delete Element) a warning message will request confirmation of the deletion. This warning may be switched off - see User Settings on the main menu, General tab, and untick Always confirm deletion of Grid Data).
Note: A graphical object represents an electrical element from the database but is not the element itself. PowerFactory allows the generation of single line graphics containing any of the defined graphical objects. Therefore single line graphics containing objects not necessarily stored in the same grid or substation can be created.
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In circuit theory, the junction points connecting lines, generators, loads, etc. to the network are generally termed `nodes'. In PowerFactory, nodes are modeled by means of objects called 'terminals' (ElmTerm). Depending on their usage within the power system, terminals can represent busbars, junctions or simply internal nodes (their usage is defined by a drop down menu found in the Basic Data tab of the terminal dialogue). According to the selected usage, different calculation functions are enabled; for example the short-circuit calculation can be performed only for busbars or for busbars and internal nodes, and so on. When any branch element is directly connected to a terminal, PowerFactory uses a 'cubicle' (StaCubic) to define the connection. Cubicles may be visualized as the panels on a switchgear board, or bays in a high voltage yard, to which the branch elements are connected. Normally a cubicle is created automatically when an element is connected to a node. In this case the switch configuration of the new cubicles has been previously defined by the user and is carried out using simple switches of class StaSwitch (for further information about defining cubicles refer to Section 11.2: Defining Network Models with the Data Manager).
PowerFactory also offers the possibility to create more detailed cubicle connections (in order to model complex busbar-substation configurations) by using switches of class ElmCoup, whose usage can be set to circuit breaker, disconnector, switch disconnector or load switch. In this case the branch elements are connected to the terminals (busbars) through ElmCoup objects. The connection of an ElmCoup to a terminal is carried out by means of automatically generated cubicles without any additional switch (StaSwitch) object.
For further information regarding how to connect nodes with branch elements using circuit breakers (ElmCoup objects) please refer to Section 11.2 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager .
Note: The use of ElmCoup objects also allows the representation of complex busbar systems by connecting several terminals together. Additionally they allow the application of running arrangements (7.5.6: Running Arrangements).
Branch Elements
As explained earlier, branch elements are connected to nodes via cubicles. A connection between two nodes is made by two-port elements like transformers, switches or lines. Three-port elements require a connection to three different nodes.
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Generally, branch elements are single components whose connection to the network is automatically set when selecting the connected terminals. From the data model point of view, the case of transmission lines (and cables) is interesting, because they can be defined as a one-to-one connection between two nodes, or as folders containing line sections that together connect two nodes. The purpose of sectionalizing the line into parts is so that different line types may be used for the different sections (such as when a cable connecting two nodes uses different types in different sections, or when a line uses two or more different tower types, or when manual transpositions should be modeled - since the Transposed option in the type object is a perfect, balanced, transposition). For information about how to define transmission lines (and cables) and sections please refer to Section 10.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor . For technical information about the transmission line and cable model, please refer to Appendix C.10 Line (ElmLne) .
Substations
Detailed representations of electrical substations can be achieved in PowerFactory by connecting and storing terminals and switches together, under one 'Substation' object (ElmSubstat ). Substations can also be used to model composite busbar systems, by storing terminal and switch arrangements under the same object. Separate single line diagrams of individual substations can be created. Substation objects allow the use of running arrangements to store/set a certain status of the station circuit breakers (ElmCoup objects) (see 7.5.6: Running Arrangements). For information about how to define substations please refer to Section 10.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor and 11.2 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager .
Branches
Similar to substations, PowerFactory allows nodes and branch elements to be stored under the same object (the branch object, ElmBranch ) in order to represent branched-off connections between two terminals or substations. Branches are 'composite' two-port elements that may be connected at each end to a node. One typical application is a distribution line with branched-off loads along the connection: transmission lines, loads and the corresponding terminals can be stored together under the same branch, and the two ends of the line correspond to the branch connections with the grid. As in the case of substations, separate single line graphics for branches can be created with the graphical editor. For information about how to define branches please refer to Section 10.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor and 11.2 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager .
Sites
Substations, branches and any other network component can be stored together under the same 'Site' object in order to represent and analyze a network according to its geographical (topological) regions. Sites are high-level hierarchical objects that can store any defined component within a network. For information about how to define sites please refer to Section 11.2 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager .
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Additionally to grids, the Network Data folder contains a set of special objects that allow the further grouping of network components. This additional grouping of elements is carried out in order to allow further analysis and calculations of the power system. By default, when a new project is created, new empty folders to store these special objects are created inside the Network Model folder. The left pane shown in Figure 7.6 illustrates the complete structure of the Network Data folder from the example shown in Figure 7.5. Besides the two defined grids (North and South), folders to store the grouping objects are created. The user can define any of the corresponding grouping objects inside each of these folders. The right pane shown in Figure 7.6 shows the contents of the 'Feeders' subfolder, which contains a 'Feeder' object named F1.
Descriptions of the above mentioned grouping objects and a component's parameter characteristics is given in the following subsections. The user can define any of these additional grouping objects via the use of references to relevant network components stored in the grid folders. For information about defining grids please refer to Section 9.2 Creating New Grids .
Note: A grid (and in general any object comprising the data model) is active when it is referred to by the current study case. Only objects referred in the current (active) study case are considered for calculation. An active object can be distinguished in the data manager because of the red color seen on its icon.
Areas Virtual Power Plants Boundaries Circuits Feeders Operators Owners Paths Routes Zones
Areas
To facilitate the visualization and analysis of a power system, elements may be allocated into areas (ElmArea ). The single line graphics can then be colored according to these areas and special reports after load flow calculations ('Area summary report' and 'Area interchange report') can be generated. Area objects are stored inside the Areas folder ( ) in the Network Data directory. For information about defining an Area please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects . For information concerning the visualization of areas within the single line Graphic please refer to 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics . For information about reporting Area results please refer to Chapter 20 Reporting Results in PowerFactory .
Virtual Power Plants
Virtual Power Plants are used to group generators in the network, in such a way that the total dispatched active power is set to a target value. The dispatch of each generator (the Active Power field available in the Dispatch section of the Load Flow tab in the generator element dialogue) is scaled according to the Virtual Power Plant rules (must run, merit of order, etc.), in order to achieve the total target value. Virtual Power Plant objects (ElmBmu Data directory. ) are stored inside the Virtual Power Plants folder ( ) within the Network
For information regarding how to define a Virtual Power Plant, please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects .
Boundaries
Boundaries are objects used in the definition of network reductions and in summation reports after a load flow calculation (to report the active and reactive power flow along the boundary). Boundary objects (ElmBoundary ) may define topological regions by
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specifying a topological cut through the network. New boundaries are created by specifying the cubicles that define the cut through the network. An interior region, corresponding to the boundary cut, is defined by specifying a direction for each cubicle. Interior regions and boundaries can be colored in the single line graphic. New boundaries are stored in the Boundaries folder within the Network Data folder. For information on the definition and functionality of boundaries please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects . For information on coloring options for boundaries and interior points please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics .
Circuits
Circuits are objects of class ElmCircuit ( ), and are used to group branches in order to clarify which branches are connected galvanically. Each branch (ElmBranch) can have a reference to any defined circuit object. This feature allows branches to be sorted according to the circuit to which they belong. For information regarding the definition of circuits and the assignment of branches to a circuit, please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects .
Feeders
When analyzing a system it is often useful to know where the various elements are receiving their power supply from. In PowerFactory this is achieved using Feeder Definitions (ElmFeeder ). A feeder is defined at a line or transformer end, and then the feeder definition algorithm searches the system from the definition point to determine the extent of the feeder. The feeder ends when:
An open breaker is encountered; or The end of a line of supply is encountered; or `Terminate feeder at this point' is enabled in a cubicle (optional); or A higher voltage is encountered (optional).
Once a feeder has been defined it may be used to scale the loads connected along it according to a measured current or power, to create voltage profile plots or to select particular branches and connected objects in the network. Following load flow calculations, special reports can be created for the defined feeders. To distinguish the different feeder definitions, they can be colored uniquely in the single line graphic. All feeder objects are stored in the Feeders folder ( ) in the Network Data folder. For information regarding the definition of feeders and load scaling please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects . For information about coloring the single line graphic according to feeder definitions please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics . For information about voltage profile plots, please refer to Chapter 20 Reporting Results in PowerFactory .
Operators
For descriptive purposes, it is useful to sort network components according to their operators. Additionally, system operators may find it advantageous to generate summary reports of the losses, generation, load, etc. according to their designated region(s). PowerFactory allows the definition of operators, the assignment of network components to these operators, and the identification of operators on single line diagrams by means of Operator objects. The Operator objects (ElmOperator, ) are stored in the Operators folder ( ) in the Network Model directory.
Further information about the definition and functionality of Operator objects is given in Chapter 12 Grouping Objects .
Owners
For descriptive purposes it is useful to sort network components according to their owners. Additionally, for network owners it may prove advantageous to generate summary reports of the losses, generation, load, etc. for their region(s). Similar to Operators, PowerFactory allows the definition of network owners, and the assignment of network components to them, by means of Owner objects. The Owner objects (ElmOwner, ) are stored in the 'Owners' folder ( ) in the Network Model directory.
Further information regarding the definition and functionality of Owner objects is given in Chapter 12 Grouping Objects .
Paths
A path (SetPath, ) is a set of two or more terminals and their interconnected objects. This is used primarily by the protection module to analyze the operation of protection devices within a network. The defined paths can be colored in a single line graphic using the coloring function. New paths are stored inside the Paths folder ( ) in the Network Data directory. For information regarding how to define a path please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects . For information about the coloring function please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics . For information about the use of the path definitions for the analysis of the protective devices, please refer to Chapter 32 Protection .
Routes
Routes are objects which are used to group line couplings (tower elements). Each coupling (ElmTow) can have a reference to any defined route (ElmRoute, ). Each route has a color that can be used to identify it in single line diagrams, when the corresponding coloring function is enabled. For information regarding line couplings please refer to the technical reference for the transmission line model (Appendix C.10 Line (ElmLne) ); for information about the definition of routes and the assignment of couplings to a route, please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects . For information about coloring functions in single line diagrams, please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics .
Zones
Components of a network may be allocated to a zone object (ElmZone, ) in order to represent geographical regions of the system. Each zone has a color which can be used to identify the elements belonging to it in the single line graphic. These elements can be listed in a browser format for group editing; additionally all loads belonging to the zone can be quickly scaled from the zone edit dialogue. Reports for the defined zones can be generated following calculations.
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Upon being defined, zones are by default stored inside the Zones folder ( ) in the Network Data folder. For information regarding the definition of a zone and its functionality, please refer to Chapter 12 Grouping Objects .
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The example shown in Figure 7.7 illustrates the concept of variations and expansion stages. Variation 1 is composed of expansion stages: Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3. Assume that the activation time of each of the expansion stages is t1, t2 and t3, respectively. With Variation 1 active and a study time between t1 and t2, the changes stored in Stage 1 apply to the original network. For a study time between t2 and t3, the changes from Stage 1 and Stage 2 apply. Similarly, for a study time greater than t3, changes from Stage 1 to Stage 3 apply. In this case, the red coloring of Variation 1 indicates that it is activated and that the changes included in its expansion stages are considered. The dark red color on Stage 1 means that the stored changes were already applied (the study time precedes t1). The red color on Stage 2 means that this is the current stage (the study time is between t2 and t3). The changes inside it have been applied and modifications carried out on the network will be stored inside this stage. The black color on Stage 3 means that the study time precedes t3; therefore the included changes have not yet been applied.
Within an active variation, all changes applied to the actual network (i.e original network plus changes of preceding expansion stages) are recorded in the current expansion stage. Therefore, it is important to note that the current expansion stage is also the "recording" expansion stage. It may be possible to have two (or more) active variations and therefore two (or more) current expansion stages; only one of them can be set as the recording expansion stage (changes can only be stored in one of the actual expansion stages). In such cases the user must set one of the current expansion stages as the recording stage. In the example shown in Figure 7.7, if it assumed that Variation 1 is the only active variation: the recording expansion stage for a study time between t1 and t2 is Stage 1; for a study time between t2 and t3 it is Stage 2 (as illustrated in the figure); for a study time greater than t3 it is Stage 3. The study time may be changed to store modifications in a different expansion stage. It is also possible (and recommended) to directly set the desired stage as the recording expansion stage. This last action will automatically change the study time. Variations and expansion stages are not only used to record time-dependant modifications to the network model. Time dependencies of operational objects can also be modeled by means of them, in this case they are known as 'Variations'. For information about defining, setting, activating and working with Variations and Expansion Stages, please refer to Chapter 17
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Network Variations and Expansion Stages . For information about Study Cases and the Study Time please refer to Section 13.3 Study Time .
Note: Operational parameters can only be changed if there is no active operation scenario.
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Unlike the Global Library (Section 5.3: User Accounts and User Groups), which is accessible to all users, the local Equipment Type Library can only be used by the project owner and those with which the project is shared. It is used to define types that are going to be used in the specific project. When defining a new network component, the user is asked for a type object. There s/he can choose among a 'Global Type' (from the Global Library), a 'Project Type' (from the project Equipment Library) or a New Project Type (Figure 7.9). If the latter option is selected, a new type will be defined and automatically stored in the local Equipment Type Library.
Notice: The local Equipment Type Library is generated automatically with a project. By default the equipment libraries include the 'Scales' folder (IntScales), which is used to store time scales (for further information please refer to Chapter 18: Parameter Characteristics).
Inside the equipment libraries, the user can define new suitable types for her/his project or simply copy types from the Global Library or other folders. If the types inside the Equipment Type Library are to be sorted according to their class, the user must create new folders for each class. For information regarding how to set the equipment library please refer to Chapter 14 The Equipment Type Library . For an explanation about type data please refer to Section 4.4 Data Arrangement .
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Considering that different network components may have identical operational parameters (for example 2 generators with the same MVAr limits or various circuit breakers with the same ratings for short-circuit currents); references to objects storing operational data would facilitate the definition of different network operational points. Similar to types, the use of objects containing operational data avoids redundancy. The Operational Library is the folder where objects containing operational data are stored. The description of these objects and their hierarchical organization within the Operational Library is the subject of the following subsections. Figure 7.10 shows how the Operational Library looks from its uppermost hierarchical level.
Note: Please note that fault conditions of network components are also considered part of the operational data.
Circuit Breaker Ratings Demand Transfer Faults Capability Curves for Generators Outages Running Arrangements Thermal Ratings
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As shown in Figure 7.11, the parameters defined by a circuit breaker rating are:
Three phase initial peak short circuit current Single phase initial peak short circuit current Three phase peak break short circuit current Single phase peak break short circuit current Three phase RMS break short circuit current Single phase RMS break short circuit current DC time constant
For information about how to define new circuit breaker ratings please refer to Section 15.1 Circuit Breaker Ratings .
Note: Circuit breaker elements (ElmCoup) must be distinguished from Switch objects (StaSwitch); the latter are automatically created inside cubicles when connecting a branch element (which differs to a circuit breaker) to a terminal. StaSwitch object employ references to Circuit Breaker Rating objects.
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The demand transfer can be defined with absolute values (MW and MVA) or with relative (percent) values. For information regarding how to define and how to apply Load Demand Transfers, please refer to Section 15.2 Demand Transfers .
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7.5.3 Faults
The calculation commands provided by the reliability assessment function of PowerFactory use objects called Contingencies (ComContingency and ComOutage) to simulate the outage (and subsequent recovery) of one or more system elements. In order to facilitate the definition of these Contingencies and to avoid data redundancy, objects called Fault Cases (class IntEvt) are defined in the Operational Library. Whenever it is required, the user can create new Contingencies based on the defined fault cases. Fault cases can be considered to be fault scenarios that determine the outage of one or more system elements. They are comprised of a collection of events (i.e. short-circuits, switching) that define how the elements are taken out of service. Fault cases are stored inside the Faults folder within the Operational Library. Besides fault cases, other objects which facilitate the management of fault scenarios and the creation of contingencies are stored in the Faults folder. This section focusses on the data structure of the Faults folder and the objects that comprise it. The actual functionality of these objects will be presented in Chapter 29 Reliability Assessment . The 'Faults' folder (
1. 2.
Fault Cases folders (IntFltcases Fault Groups folders (IntFltgroups, to fault cases.
The user can define as many subfolders (fault cases-IntFltcases and fault groups-IntFltgroups) and objects (fault cases-IntEvt and fault groups-IntFaultgrp) as s/he needs. The uppermost window in Figure 7.13 shows the Faults folder in a project. Two Fault Cases subfolders (Cases North and Cases South) have been defined; and a Fault Groups subfolder, called Grouping Faults is also contained. The middle window in Figure 7.13 shows the content of Cases South, which stores three fault cases: namely Bus 1, G1 and T1. In the bottom window of Figure 7.13, a fault group called Fault Group has been defined inside Grouping Faults which contains references to the fault case Line2-Line5 (defined in the Cases North).
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In the following subsections more detailed descriptions of the fault case object and the fault group object are given. For information on how to define new objects in the Faults folder, please refer to Section 15.3 Fault Cases and Fault Groups .
Fault Cases
Fault cases are objects of class IntEvt (in PowerFactory terminology IntEvt objects are called Simulation Events/Faults) which are used to model fault scenarios as explained in the previous section. They are comprised of objects called Events, which represent the specific events taking place on the network and leading to the unintended outage of the elements. A fault case can of course represent a fault in more than one component; in this case more than one event would be defined. The fault case Line 2-Line 5 shown in Figure 7.13, represents a short-circuit fault in transmission lines Line2 and Line 5 of the sample network. Line 2-Line 5 is therefore made of short-circuit events for the two corresponding components. There are two types of Fault Cases:
1. Fault cases without switch events (Type 1): Independent of the current topology and only stores the fault locations. The corresponding switch events are automatically generated by the contingency analysis tools. For further information please refer to Chapter 29 Reliability Assessment . Fault Case with at least one switch event (Type 2): A Fault Case of Type 2 predefines the switch events that will be used to clear the fault. No automatic generation of switch events will take place. For further information please refer to Chapter 29 Reliability Assessment .
2.
Note: Event objects can generate more than short-circuits. PowerFactory offers several kinds of events for contingency analysis and time-domain simulations, a detailed description of each event class is given in Section 13.8 Events . In the case of fault representations in the Operational Library by means of fault cases, only short-circuit and switching events are relevant.
For information on how to define fault cases and how the events of the defined faults are created please refer to Section 15.3 Fault Cases and Fault Groups .
Fault Cases and The Contingency Analysis Tool
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The main purpose of defining fault cases in the Operational Library is to facilitate the definition of reliability analyses on complex networks. From the contingency analysis command (ComSimoutage), the user makes references to the desired fault cases and the program automatically generates the contingencies for the corresponding components. There is no need to redefine the same contingencies each time a contingency analysis of the network (regardless of its operational point or current configuration) is required. This is demonstrated by performing a contingency analysis of the critical components T1, G1 and Bus 1 in the network South in Figure 7.13. Once the fault cases G1, T1 and Bus 1 have been created, the user can call them from the contingency analysis command every time s/he needs to analyze the network, considering the contingencies of these components. For further information regarding the use of fault cases to create outages for PowerFactory's contingency analysis tools please refer to Chapter 29 Reliability Assessment .
Note: The use of IntEvt objects extends beyond PowerFactory's reliability analysis functions. Time domain simulations (EMT/RMS) make reference to IntEvt objects, in order to include simulation events which take place during runtime. In this case the execution time sequence of the events must be defined by the user.
Fault Groups
A fault group object (IntFaultgrp) as introduced in 7.5.3 can store references to different fault cases; therefore they may be considered as 'sets' of faults. Like fault cases, fault groups can be referred to by the contingency analysis command (ComSimoutage); in this case all the faults contained in the set will be considered. For the use of fault cases to create outages for the contingency analysis tools please refer to Chapter 29 Reliability Assessment .
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7.5.5 Outages
Outages are objects which are used to check and/or apply programmed actions (programmed outages or generator deratings) over a set of network components. An outage object requires the definition of the outage period (start and end time), the actions that are taken during that period (outage type), and the network components affected by these actions. The outages (objects of class IntOutage) are stored in the Outages folder inside the Operational Library. According to the actions performed on the selected elements, the outages can be of two different types: Outage of an Element or Generator Derating. Outage of Element Generator Derating
Outage of Element
Outages of elements are used to intentionally take certain network components out of service according to programmed actions (i.e. because of maintenance). In this case, references to network components which should be out of service during the defined period, are stored inside the outage object. If the Check button of the outage dialogue is pressed, the program looks for the current state of the referred-to elements. If, according to the current study time (and the outage period), a referred-to component is out of service but still energized, a warning message is shown in the output window. The fulfillment of programmed outages can also be checked using the single line graphic coloring functions. If the Apply button is pressed, the program automatically executes the outage (which can also be manually carried out by the user) of the referred-to element(s), as long as the study time lies within the outage period. The outage of an element consists of the disconnection (deenergizing) and the earthing of the target component. Figure 7.14 (front) shows the edit dialogue of the outage object called Planned Outage. The Outage Type selected is `Outage of Element'. The outage period starts on 01.01.2007 and ends on 01.10.2007. The outage contains references to the network components G2 and Line 3 (back, right pane of Data Manager window). If the current study time lies between the start and the end of the outage, both G2 and Line 3 must be out of service during this period. This condition may be checked by pressing the Check button or by setting the coloring mode of the single line graphic to `Outage Check'.
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For information on defining Outages please refer to Section 15.5 Element Outages and Generator Deratings . For information regarding the single line graphic coloring function please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics .
Generator Derating
In this case, a reference to the generator which is to be derated and the amount of MW reduction is given. Similar to Outage of Element, the fulfillment of the derated condition, according to the outage period and the current study time, can be known via the Check button or by setting the coloring function of the single line graphic. The Apply button automatically executes the derating of the generator (according to the outage period). For information on defining Outages please refer to Section 15.5 Element Outages and Generator Deratings . For information regarding the single line graphic coloring function please refer to Section 10.6.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics .
Load Demand Transfer
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Different configurations of the same substation can be defined by storing the corresponding switch statuses in running arrangements. During the study, the user can apply any of the stored statuses simply by selecting the corresponding running arrangement. If a running arrangement is selected for a substation, the status of the switches cannot be modified (i.e. they become read-only). If there is no setting for a switch in a running arrangement (i.e. the running arrangement is incomplete), the switch will remain unchanged but its status will also be set to read-only. If the current running arrangement is deselected, the switches recover the status that they had before the running arrangement was selected (and therefore resume their write access status).
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Running arrangements can be defined and selected in the substation object dialogue (Figure 7.16). For information regarding defining, selecting and working with running arrangements please refer to Section 15.6 Running Arrangements .
Fig. 7.16: Definition of a running arrangement via the station object dialogue
Note: Running arrangements store only the status of switches of class ElmCoup. The status of switches which are automatically created in a cubicle following the connection of a branch element (StaSwitch objects) are not considered in a running arrangement.
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Templates are normally stored in the Templates folder ( ), in the Library. When a template for a single network element is defined, a copy of the original element is automatically created in the Templates folder. New templates of substations and branches will copy the objects together with all of their contents (including the diagram) to the Templates folder. New templates for groups of objects will copy the corresponding objects, together with their graphical information to a subfolder for groups of class IntTemplate ( ) within the Templates Library.
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For further information about working with templates, please refer to Section 10.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor .
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When the scale is created, a means to 'set' the scale, and thereby to set the parameter to the corresponding value, is required. This ). New scales are normally defined in the Scales folder of the Equipment Type Library. is called a trigger (SetTrigger, After a new scale has been defined, a trigger is automatically created in the active study case folder (see also Section 13.11: Triggers). When a trigger is edited and a 'current' value is set (the triggers are accessed by pressing the set and the parameter value is changed. in the main toolbar) the scale is
When a different study case is activated, or a new study case is created, and a load-flow is performed, all relevant triggers are copied into the study case folder and may be used in the new study case. For information about the different kinds of scales and characteristics and how are they defined, please refer to Chapter 18 Parameter Characteristics .
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DPL command objects (ComDpl, ) contain the DPL script itself (amongst other things). DPL command objects provide an interface for the configuration, preparation and use of DPL scripts. These objects may take input parameters, variables and/or objects, pass these to functions or subroutines, and may then output results. This process takes place following the execution of the object's corresponding DPL script. DPL scripts are written by the user utilizing the DPL editor which resides inside the DPL command object. DPL commands are stored inside the Scripts folder ( ) in the project directory. For further information about DPL commands and how to write and execute DPL scripts please refer to Chapter G The DIgSILENT Programming Language - DPL and Appendix H DPL Reference (only available in the online help).
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are the most important. Calculations are performed using data as defined by the active study case (see Section 13.1 Creating and Using Study Cases for more information on study cases). Therefore a study case, having at least one grid or system stage, should be activated prior to starting any calculation function. See the Chapter 13 Study Cases for more information. The main menu calculation icons will be enabled as soon as a correct study case is active. These icons will pop up the default calculation command dialogues which are used to configure and execute a calculation. The default calculation command objects are stored in the active study case. The main toolbar shows the following calculation icons.
Calculate Load-Flow (Chapter 22: Load Flow Analysis) Calculate Optimal Power Flow (OPF, Chapter 30: Optimal Power Flow) Calculate Short-Circuit (Chapter 23: Short-Circuit Analysis) Break Reset Calculation Undo (to reverse the last changings)
Other command icons are grouped together in sub-toolbars which are selected by the toolbar selection list. If you press the 'Select Toolbar' button ( ), the options for the different toolbars are depicted by their icons. If you have selected a toolbar different from the 'Stability' toolbar, the icon for the 'Select Toolbar' button changes.
Fig. 8.1: Available additional toolbars in the main icon bar The toolbar selection icon (this icon differs in dependence of the selected toolbar). Stability analysis commands (Chapter 25: Stability and EMT Simulations) Modal analysis commands (Chapter 26: Modal Analysis / Eigenvalue Calculation) Contingency analysis commands (Chapter 28: Contingency Analysis)
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Reliability analysis commands (Chapter 29: Reliability Assessment) Harmonics analysis commands (Chapter 24: Harmonics Analysis) Protection tools (Chapter 32: Protection) Additional tools (sensitivity analysis, network reduction, cable reinforcement optimization etc.) Optimal capacitor placement commands (Chapter 31.1: Optimal Capacitor Placement) User defined tools
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8.3 Results
Following calculations some messages are printed to the output window. These generally consist of errors, warnings or information that may be useful when interpreting the calculated data. The load-flow calculation function, for example, will provide the following message when the power system under analysis is has 2 separated areas:
DIgSI/wrng - 1 area(s) are unsupplied. DIgSI/info - Grid splitted into 2 isolated areas
More extensive output is given in the output window, for example, by the (N-1) outage calculation, which is an option in the loadflow command dialogue. The output given by that calculation is a list of load-flow calculations that were performed, each with a table in which the element on outage and all overloaded elements are provided. The usual place, however, to visualize load-flow or short-circuit calculation results is in the single line graphics, or the data manager and object filter (when tabulated results are required). The results on view may configured using the highly flexible, user-definable, variable sets. These are accessed from the results boxes or flexible data tab. See Chapter 19 Defining Variable Sets for more information. Some calculations offer additional results in the form of bar-graphs, vector diagrams or other graphical output. All such outputs are presented by so-called virtual instruments, which are placed on a virtual instruments page in the current graphics board.
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The differences between cases are colored according to the severity of the deviation, making it possible to recognize the differences between calculation cases very easily. The coloring and severity ranges may be set in the Edit Comparing of Results... menu option, found by pressing (see the next section).
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With the Compare dialogue, the two cases which are to be compared can be selected. Furthermore, a list of colors may be set which is then used to color the results displayed in the result boxes, according to certain levels of percentage change.
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Note The corresponding input parameters of the database will be overwritten by the calculated values.
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A load-flow is calculated with the options "Automatic Tap Adjust of Transformers" and "Automatic Shunt Adjustment" enabled. The calculated tap and shunt positions may be seen in the single line diagram, but it will be noticed that the input data parameter in the element data dialogue is as originally entered. The icon calculated values found on the single line diagram. is clicked, and the input parameters are now overwritten by the
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