Hollow Section Joints in Trusses

Intro Joints & Behaviour

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Trusses

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Most common Combinations of sections for trusses

Brace Chord Joint CC RR CR RI CI

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Hollow Section Trusses

Warren Type
a. Warren truss

K-joints

Pratt Type
b. Pratt truss

N-joints

Vierendeel Type
c. Vierendeel truss

T-joints

Cross brace Type :

d. truss with cross braces

KT - joints X - joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Basic Types of Joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Definition of eccentricity (joint design)

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Definition of Gap and Overlap

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Definition of Load capacity ultimate load)

Maximum or load at a 3%d0 or 3%b0 deformation

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Further: Service ability criteria

Deformation < 1% chord width or chord diameter crack initiation

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Failure Modes e.g. for

RHS K gap joints

A : chord face plastification B : chord punching shear C : brace effective width D : chord shear failure E : local buckling brace F : local buckling chord
RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

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Symbols used (e.g. for K-Joints)

N1

d b h t e g 0 1 2

N2 b1 b2 d2

d1

h1 1 0

t1 g

t2

2 2

h2 t0 N0 b0

+e

h0

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

N1

N2 b1 b2 d2

Joint parameters
For Square Hollow Sections: T and X-joints: K gap joints: KT joints:
=
b1 b0

d1

h1 1 0

t1 g

t2

2 2

h2 t0 N0 b0

+e

h0

b1 + b 2 = 2b0 b + b + b3 = 1 2 3b0

For Rectangular Hollow Sections, include rectangularity, e.g. for K gap joints:
b1 + h1 + b2 + h2 = 4b0
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N1

N2 b1 b2 d2

Joint parameters
d b 2 = 0 or 0 t0 t0

d1

h1 1 0

t1 g

t2

2 2

h2 t0 N0 b0

+e

h0

hi = b0
N0 n= A0 f y 0

ti = t0

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Truss Behaviour

Assume pin ended Joints but only if :

- the governing elements (joints or members) have sufficient deformation/rotation capacity If loads between the joints: assume continuous chords

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Truss Behaviour

For Vierendeel trusses: use moment joints (stiffness is important)

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

General Design Aspects for Trusses

Depth h 1/10 to 1/16 L; generally 1/15 L pin jointed members if critical parts (members or joints) have sufficient rotation capacity secondary moments can be neglected for static design if possible: center lines noding gap joints preferred above overlap joints (tolerances) optimize chords, however considering joint strength consider the joint strength always in the conceptual design
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Gap joints vs Overlap joints

g gap

overlap

- end preparation - fitting (tolerances) - welding

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Multiplanar trusses

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Multiplanar Truss Behaviour

Joint strength related to that for uniplanar joints

but additional:

- Geometrical effect - Loading effect (see left)

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Hollow Section Joints in Frames

Types of Joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Bolted joint to a fin plate

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Bolted joint to a T stub

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Bolted joint to a welded I section stub

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Single sided bolted joint

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Welded RHS beam to column joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Stiffened beam to column joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Basic behaviour of Hollow Section Joints

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

General approach

follow the forces identify potential failure locations deform the structure under the acting loads consider the local stiffness and the material behaviour identify the possible failure modes

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Example: Plate to RHS joint

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Example
Possible failure locations plate weld chord (lamellar tearing) chord (face plastification) chord (punching shear) chord (side wall failure) (yielding, crippling)

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Example
Plate to RHS chord joint - plate failure

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Example
Plate to RHS chord joint - weld failure

Weld failure should be avoided (yielding only possible over a small distance)
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Example
Plate to RHS chord joint - chord lamellar tearing

No photo for this failure mode

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Example
Plate to RHS chord joint - other chord failure modes
chord punching shear side wall yielding

chord face plastification

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Plate to RHS joint (plate failure)

Different stiffness for q1 and q2

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Plate to RHS joint

(plate failure)

1. Method: Consider the deformations under a uniform stress Stress and resulting deformation
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Plate to RHS joint

(plate failure)

Resulting stress pattern in plate Compatibility

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Plate to RHS joint

(plate failure)

2. Method: Plate stiffness >> stiffness RHS face

Stress and resulting deformation for a rigid plate
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Effect of material
a: ductile redistribution of stresses b: brittle failure at reaching in one point the ultimate stress

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Stress pattern at failure (material a)

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

Other failure modes e.g. side wall failure

Chord side wall failure

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

The end of the lectures on: introduction into the joint behaviour

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RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

IIW (2008) Relation to the Basic Types of Joints

0.5N sin N = N cos

0.5N sin 0.5N + 0.5N cos 0.5N sin 0.5N cos 0.5N

0.5N sin

Example: Checking of a K joint with imbalanced brace loads

RHS Joints - Oslo Course 2009

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