1, 2, 3, .

,
. ,

,

, 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3, .
, ja ,

.
.



. ,
p
, p q q 0 , ..
q
p

: p, q , q 0 .
q

,
2 ,
. ,

.
.
3, 5, .
I .

,
.

, ..

I .

.
. ,
1
1
16
0,500 , 0,333 ,
1,4545
2
3
11

. ,
2 1, 414213562 ...,

3 1,732050808... , 3,141592654 ... .

, I

I .

1.
.

.
, .

.
a b b a a b b
a . :
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

a b b a , a b .
a b , a c b c, c .
a b c 0 , a c b c .
a b c 0 , a c b c .

. a .
, :

a () a

a () a

a () a

a () a

() ()

() ()

a () , a 0

a () , a 0

() a

a () , a 0

() a

a () , a 0

() ()

() ()

() () () ()

() ()

() ()

a
0, a

a
, a 0
0
a
, a 0
0

, a 0
a

, a 0
a

, a 0
a

, a 0
a

x x , a x b

a, b .

x , a x b -

x , a x b

a, b . b a .

x , a x b

a, b , a, b .

x
x

x , x a (a, );
x , x a (, a);
0, ;

x
x

x , x a [a, );

x , x a (, a];

, 0 .

1.

:

n
n n0 , n0 :
i) n0 .
ii) k n0 ,
k , k 1 .
1. n
:
n3n 1
1 4 7 3n 2
.
2
1) n 1 .
1 2
, .. 1=1.
1
2
n 1 .
2) n k , ..
k 3k 1
.
2
.
1 4 7 3k 2

3) n k 1 , ..

1 4 7 3k 2 3k 1 2

k 13k 1 1.

2

:
k 3k 1
3k 1
2
3k 2 5k 2 k 13k 2 k 13k 1 1

,
2
2
2

.

1 4 7 3k 2 3k 1 2

n
n ! ( n ), ..
n! n (n 1) (n 2)

3 2 1 .

0! 1.
n ! n (n 1)! n (n 1) (n 2)!

n (n 1) (n 2)
3 2! n (n 1) (n 2)

2 1.

n (2n)!! , ..
(2n)!! (2n) (2n 2) (2n 4)
42,
n (2n 1)!!, ..

(2n 1)!! (2n 1) (2n 3) (2n 5)

5 3 1 .

2. n
:
11! 2 2! 3 3! n n! (n 1)!1.
1) n 1 :

11! (1 1)! 1. , .. 1=1.

n 1 .
2) n k , ..
11! 2 2! 3 3!

k k ! (k 1)! 1 .

3) n k 1 , ..

11! 2 2! 3 3!

k k ! (k 1) (k 1)! (k 2)!1 .

11! 2 2! 3 3! k k ! (k 1) ( k 1)!
(k 1)! 1 (k 1) (k 1)!
(k 1)!(1 k 1) 1 (k 2)(k 1)! 1 (k 2)! 1,

.

3. n
: (1 x)n 1 nx, x , x 1.
1) n 1 ,
.
2) n k , ..
(1 x)k 1 kx ( ).
3) n k 1 , ..
(1 x)k 1 1 (k 1) x .
x 1 0 :
(1 x)k (1 x) (1 kx) (1 x) .

:

(1 x)k 1 (1 x)k (1 x) (1 kx) (1 x) 1 x kx kx 2

1 ( k 1) x kx 2 1 ( k 1) x.

.

2.

nn 1 n k 1
n!
,

k!
k!n k !
n, k {0} , k n
n
n
, n k. , 1 ,
0
k
n {0} .
:

n n
1)
, n, k {0} , k n .
k nk
n n n 1

, n, k {0} , k n .
2)
k k 1 k 1
,

n
n
n!
n!

n k (n k )!(n n k )! (n k )!k ! k

n n
n!
n!

k k 1 k ! n k ! k 1! n k 1!

10

(k 1)n !
(n k )n !

(k 1)! n k ! k 1! n k !

n 1
n 1 n !
n 1!

.
k 1! n k ! k 1! n 1 k 1 ! k 1

. a b
n :

a b

n
n
n
a nb0 a n 1b1 a n 2b 2
0
1
2
n 1 n 1 n 0 n n n n i i

a b a b a b .
i 0 i
n 1
n

.
1) n 1 :

a b1

1 1 0 1 0 1
a b a b a b.
0
1
n 1 .
2) n k , ..

a b

k
k
k
a k b0 a k 1b1 a k 2b 2
0
1
2
k 1 k 1 k 0 k

a b a b .
k 1
k

3) n k 1 .

11

a b

k 1

a b a b
k

k
k
k
a b a k b0 a k 1b1 a k 2b 2
1
2
0

k 1 k 1 k 0 k

a b a b
k 1
k

k k
k k
k
a k 1 a k b1 a k 1b2
0
0 1
1 2

k k 2 k 1 k k 1 k

a b
a b
k 1 k 2
k k 1
k
b k 1 (osobina 2 za binomnite koeficienti) =

k 1 k 1 0 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 2

a b
a b
a b
0
1
2
k 1 1 k k 1 0 k 1

a b
a b ,
k
k 1

. a b 1
:

n n n
2n
0 1 2

n n

, n
n 1 n

a b

n
i n
1 a ni bi , a, b , n .
i 0
i

a b 1 :

12

n n n
0
0 1 2

n n
1 , n
n

. ,
:

n n n n
,
,
0 n 1 n 1

n n
,
,
k nk

..
, , .
. :

a 3

5
5
5
5
a5 a 4 (3)1 a3 (3) 2 a 2 (3)3
0
1
2
3
5
5
a(3)4 (3)5
4
5
a5 15a 4 90a3 270a 2 405a 243.

13

3.
x
:

x, x 0
.
x
x, x 0
x, y

. :

i)

x 0,

ii)

x 0 x 0,

iii)

x x ,

iv)

x a, a

a x a, .. x [a, a],

v)

x a, a

x a x a , ..

x (, a] [a, ) ,

vi)

x y x y ( ),

vii) x y x y ,
viii) x y x y ,
ix)

x
x
,
y
y

y 0.

.
.
x

14

x x x x .
x, y

. , x x

y y :
x y x y ,

(*)

x x y y :

( x y) x y , ..
x y x y .

(**)

(*) (**)

x y x y x y .
x y x y .
vii).
x ( x y) y x y y ,
x y x y .
x y :

x y yx y x .
x y x y x y y x
x y x y .

1.
) x 2 2 x 2, .. x [2, 2].
) x 2

) x 0 x 0 .
) x 2 x 2 x 2 , .. x (, 2] [2, ).

15

) x 2 x
) x 0 x

.
.

2.
:
) 3x 5 8 x 10 ,
) x 2 5x 6 4 x 8 .
) :
5

3x 5, x

3x 5, 3 x 5 0
3
3x 5

.
(3x 5), 3x 5 0 (3x 5), x 5

3
5
1) x ,
3
3x 5 8x 10
5
x 1 , , .
3
5
2) x ,
3
3x 5 8x 10
15
x . 11
5
, .
3
, M 1 .
) :
2
2

x 5 x 6, x 5 x 6 0
x 5x 6 2

( x 5 x 6), x 5 x 6 0
2

16

x 2 5 x 6, x (, 2] [3, )

2
.

( x 5 x 6), x (2,3)

1) x (, 2] [3, )
x2 5x 6 4 x 8

x1 1 x2 2 . (, 2] [3, ) .
2) x (2,3)
( x2 5x 6) 4 x 8

x1 2 x2 7 . (2,3) .
,
M 1, 2 .

3.
:
) 2 x 7 x ,

) x 2 3x 4 3( x 2 x 1) .

) :

2 x 7, x

2
x

7,
2
x

2.
2x 7

(2 x 7), 2 x 7 0 (2 x 7), x 7

2
7
1) x , 2 x 7 x
2
(, 7) . 7
7
, , 7 .
2
2

17

7
2) x , (2 x 7) x
2
7
x , ) .
3
7 7 7
, , .
2 3 2
,
7 7 7 7
M , ,7 ,7 .
3 2 2 3

) a
1 1

M , 1 1, , 4 (4, ) .
2 2

18

19

2.

1.
1.1.
n,
a(n) an ,

a n .
a n a1 , a2 , , an ,
n , ,
a0 , a1 , , an , .
1. a n , n 1 ,
1
a n n :
2
1
1 1
1 1
1
1

a1 , a 2 2 , a3 3 , a 4 4 .
2
4
8
16
2
2
2
2. bn , n 1 ,
1
bn 1 n :
2

1 1
1 3
1 7
1 15
, b2 1 2 , b3 1 3 , b4 1 4 .
2 2
4
8
16
2
2
2

1 2 :

b1 1

1
b1 ,
2
3
a1 a2 b2 ,
4
a1

20

a1 a2 a3

7
b3 ,
8

1 1 1
an 2 3
2 2 2

a1 a2

1
1 n
1 1
2 1 1 b .
n
n
2
2 1 1
2n
2

3.
1, 1, 1, 1,

an (1) , n 1 ,
n

1, 1, 1, 1,
n1

n1

an (1) , n 1 an (1) , n 1 .

, (
) a n ,
.
4.
:
a
a
a1 1, a 2 1, a n n 1 n2 , n 3
n 1 n 2
:
a a 1
1
a1 1, a2 1, a3 2 1 1 ,
2 1 2
2
a a
a a
1 1
2
1 1
a4 3 2 , a5 4 3 0.
3 2
6 2
3
4 3
6 6

5. 2, 4, 6, 8,
a1 2 d 2 .

21

2.

, an 2n, n 1 .
:
a1 2, an an1 d an1 2, n 2 .

6. 1, 3, 5, 7, .
,
an 2n 1, n 1 an 2n 1,
n 0 . a1 1
d 2 , :

a1 1, an an1 d an1 2, n 2 .

7. 3,9, 27,81,
a1 3 q 3 . an 3n ,
n 1. :
a1 3, an q an1 3an1 , n 2 .

8.
: a1 5, an 5an1 , n 2 .
:
1

a1 5 5 2 , a2 51 5 5 5 4 , a3 52 5 5 5 5 8 ,
2n 1

n 5

2n

, n 1.

an 5an 1 5 5an 2 5 5 5an 3

5 5 5
n 1

5a1 5 5 5

5.

22

an 5 5 5

5 , n 1.

9.
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, .

a2 a1 2, a3 a2 3, a4 a3 4,

:
a1 1, a2 a1 2, a3 a2 3,

, an an1 n.

, .
:
a n a n 1 n a n2 n 1 n a n 3 n 2 n 1 n
1 2 3 n 2 n 1 n

an

n(n 1)
, n 1.
2

n(n 1)
.
2

1.2.
1
n
2
0 n ,
1

1 n 1 n .
2
n n
.

23

2.

a
a n 0 ,
N (
N ) an a n N .
lim an a an a n .
n

a n

.

, ..
. ,
,
.
1.
3n 1 3
lim
.
n 2n
2
0 .
N
an a

3n 1 3
1
1

n N ( ).
2n
2 2n 2n

1
1
,
n
2n
2
1
N N ( ) ,
2
[ x] x (
1

, N ( )
2
).

24

1
1
, n N ( ) , an a
,
2n
2
3n 1 3
lim

.
n 2n
2

2. lim c c , c
n

( a n an c, n

-).

0 .
N 1. an a c c 0 n N ( ) 1.

x a , 0, a

- a.
x a

x a , a x a . , a
a , a .
a a.

a a n - a, .. a , a
, , ..
, a ] [ a ,
a1 , a2 ,

, aN ( ) .

1
0 ,
n n

3. lim

1

n
2
2
10 ,10 , .

25

2.

0 .
N

1
1 1
0 n N ( ).
n
n n
1
1
n , N
n

1
1
1
. , n N ( ) , an a ,
n


1
lim 0.
n n
1
102 N ( ) 102 . 100

102 ,102 ,
an a

( )
.

a n

0,
.
4. 3
1

p , p 0 .
n

,
( )
.
,
,
. ,
.

26

1 1 1
1
2 3 4
n
1 1 1
1
, , , , , ,
4 5 6
n
, 1, , , , , ,

5. (1)n
, ..

, ..
a lim(1)n a .
n

1 1,
1 1 - a.
1
,
2
.

a a n
a
a n .
6. )

n
( 1)n

1 1 1
1, 2, , 4, , 6, , 0.
3 5 7
) {(1)n } 1,1, 1,1, 1,
1 1 .

n
) sin
1,0, 1 ,0,1,0,
2

1 ,0,... 1, 0 1.

27

2.

) {n} 1,2,3,4,5,...
.

a n
,

. .
,

n 0,
( 1)n

1.3.

, . ,
n
{(1)n } , sin
{n} .
2

a n
.
a n limes inferior lim a n ,

an

limes superior lim a n .

n

n
n
7. lim sin
1 lim sin
1.
n
n
2
2

1.1. {an }
.

.
1
a b . a b 0 . 3
, - a b .
lim an a a , a
n

,
b , b . -

28

b .
, a b .

1.2. ( ) a n , bn c n
lim an lim bn a .
n

N an cn bn n N , lim cn a .
n

. 0 .
lim an lim bn a
n

n1 n1 ( ) n2 n2 ( ) n n1
a an a n n2
a bn a .
n0 max{n1, n2 , N} . n n0

a an cn bn a ,
.. cn a , lim cn a .
n

sin n
0.
n
n

8. lim

1 sin n 1, n

1 sin n 1

, n ,
n
n
n

a n , bn c n :
1
1
sin n
.
an , bn cn
n
n
n

lim an lim bn 0 lim cn lim

n

sin n
0.
n

29

2.

a n
M 0 , N
M ( N (M ) ), an M n N (M )
lim an .
n

a n
M 0 , N (M )
an M n N (M ) lim a n .
n

, .
9. lim log n , n

{log n} (1, ) .
M 0 .
N M an log n M
n N (M ). log n M n 10M ,

N M :

N ( M ) 10M . , n N (M ) an M , -

lim log n .
n

M 1 N (M ) 10M 10 . , 10

(1, ) ,
( )
.

. 1.2
a a .

30

a n bn lim a n .
n

N an bn n N , lim bn .
n

, a n bn lim bn
n

N an bn n N , lim an .
n

an a , , ,
.

1.3.
a n ( ,
) M
n a n M . M
a n .

, a n ( ,
) m
n a n m . m
a n .
a n ,
aa a.
a n
, .. m M
n m an M .
a n
M 0 n an M .

31

2.

1. an sin n, n
1 sin n 1 , n .

2. an
n

n3 1
,
n3 4

.
,

n3 1 n3 4

1,
n3 4 n3 4
4 n 0 an 1 , ..
.

0 an

3. an n , n
, an 1 ,
n .
n
bn n( 1) ,
1
1
n b1 1, b2 2, b3 , b4 4, b5 . 3
5
, bn 0 , n .

c1 2, c2 1, c3 4, c4 3, c5 6 .
cn (1)n n , n
,
(1)n 1 n 1 n

cn (1) n 0 , n .
4.
an n cos n , n 1 .

,
an n cos n n(1) n n n , n .

32

M 0
n an n M , .

1.1. a n
.
. a n
0 , N ( )

lim a n a .
n

an a n N ( ).

1 . N ,
a n a 1 n N , a 1 an a 1 ,
n N . a1 ,

M max a 1, a1 ,

, aN , m min a 1, a1 ,

, aN .

, aN ,

n m an M , a n .

,
( 1.1. ).
, {(1)n } , n
1 an 1 , n , ( 5 1.2).
,

. ,
3 4 .
,
,
.

33

2.

1.2. a n bn
( ), cn
cn anbn , n 1 .
. bn
M 0 n
bn M . lim an 0
n

0 , N ( ) , an
n N ( ) . , n N ( )

cn an bn an bn M

cn .

cos n
2 , n 1 , ..
n
cos n
1
lim 2 0 {cos n} , 2
n n
n
.

5.

a n
an1 an , n

an1 an , n

an1 an , n

34

(
),
an1 an , n

( ).

:
1) an1 an 0 , n , .
an1 an 0 , n , .
2) an 0, n , .. a
. n 1 1 , n , .
an
a
, n 1 1 , n , .
an

an 0, n , ..
a
. n 1 1 , n , .
an
a
, n 1 1 , n , .
an
6. :
n
n
a) a n n ,
) a n ,
n!
2
n
(1)
1
1
1

) an 2 ,
) a n
.
n
n 1 n 2
2n
)
:

35

2.

n 1 n 1 n

0, n ,
2n1 2n 2n1
.
,
an 0, n
an1 an

n 1
an 1 2n 1 n 1 n n

1 , n .
n
an
2n
2n
2n
) an 0, n
n 1
an 1 (n 1)! 1

1, n ,
n
an
n
n!
.

)
:
2
2
(1)n1 (1)n
n 1 n ( n 1)
.
an 1 an

1)
(n 1)2
n2
n2 (n 1)2

n 2 (n 1)2
0, n ,
n 2 (n 1) 2
an1 an (1)n1 . n ,

an1 an 0 , .. an1 an , n ,
an1 an 0 , .. an1 an . , .
) an1 an

1
1

n2 n3

1
1
1

2n 2n 1 2n 2

1
1
1

n 1 n 2 n 3

2n

36

1
1
1
1

0, n ,
2n 1 2n 2 n 1 (2n 1)(2n 2)

1.3. ( )

.
.
1.3. . ,

(1)n
lim
0 , n
n
.
. ,
( )
. ,
,

n0 1 (..

n0 1 , n ).

2n
7. , n 1 .
n!
.
,
:
2n 1
an 1 (n 1)!
2

1, n .
n
2
an
n 1
n!

37

2.

an 0, n an1 an , . an 0 , n
. 1.3.
.

1
8. an 1
n
.

an 1 n 1

n
an
1
1

n 1

n(n 2)

2
(n 1)

n 1

1
1
2
(n 1)

n 1

n 1

n2
n2

n 1 n 1
n 1

n
n 1
n 1 n 1 n
n 1

n
n
n
n 1 n 2 2n 1 1

2
n
(n 1)

n 1

n 1

n 1

n 1

n 1
n 1 n 1
1
1.
2
n
(n 1) n

(1 x)n 1 nx, x , x 1, n .

an 0, n
an1 an , n ,
.
, .
n
1 n n 1 n 1 n 1
an 1 2 3
n 0 1 n 2 n 3 n

11

n(n 1) 1 n(n 1)(n 2) 1

2
3
2!
n
3!
n

n 1
n
n n

n(n 1) 2 1 1
n.
n!
n

38

2 k n
n 1 n(n 1) (n k 1) 1
1 n n 1
k
k
k!
n
k! n n
k n
1
1
1
1

k 1 ,
k ! 1 2 3 k 1 2 2 2 2

n k 1

n 1

1
1
n 1
1 1
1
1
2 3 1 3 ,
an 1 1 2 n 1 2

1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
3.

n

1
an 1 .
n

1.4.
1.4. a n bn

lim an a lim bn b ,
n

a , (a )

an
( bn 0 , n ), c an ( c
bn
(k )

a ( m

; m , an 0 ) ,

an bn , an bn ,
k

39

),

2.

1. lim an bn a b ;
n

2. lim an bn a b ;
n

3. lim
n

an a
, b 0, bn 0, n
bn b

4. lim c an c a, c ;
n

5. lim an a ;
n

6. lim(an )k a k , k
n

7. lim m an m a , m
n

an 0, n

;
( m ,

a 0 ).

. 1. 0 .
lim a n a lim bn b
n

n1 n1 ( ) n2 n2 ( ) , n n1
an a

, n n2 bn b

.
2
2
n0 max{n1 , n2 } . n n0

(an bn ) (a b) an a bn b

2. 0 . lim bn b
n

1.1. bn ,
M 0 n
bn M . lim a n a lim bn b n

n1 n1 ( ) n2 n2 ( ) ,

40

n n1 an a
bn b

2a

2M

n n2

n0 max{n1 , n2 } . n n0

an bn a b an bn a bn a bn a b
bn an a a bn b M

2M

2a

3. ,
1 1
lim 2.
n b
b
n
4. 0 . lim a n a
n

n0 n0 ( )
n n0 an a

. n n0

can ca c an a c

5. 0 . lim a n a
n

n0 n0 ( )
n n0 an a . vii)
n n0
an a an a .

. 1.4. ,
a
.. an bn , an bn , n , c an , an , (an )k
bn

41

2.

a , a b
m

(1) n
. ,

n
(1)n
lim
0 , (1)n ,
n
n
1
1
0.
lim
n n
n

. 1.4.
, .
,
.
.
,
. :
;
0
0
; ; 1 ; ; 00 .
0 ;

0
0

1
() () () 0 0 .
0
0
.

lim
n

n2 4 n [ ] lim
n

n2 4 n

n2 4 n
n2 4 n

42

lim

n2 4 n2
n 4n

4 lim

4
n 1 2 1
n

4
4

0.
() 2

1.5.
1. lim n n 1.
n

n 1 (
n

n n

0 1

n 1)

n
n 1
2

n 1

n

n

n 1 .

n n 1 0 , n
,

n n
n
0 1
n

2
, n

n
n 1
2

n 1

n(n 1)
2

n(n 1)
2

n 1

n 1 .

n

n

n 1

n 1 ,

0 n n 1

43

2
, n 1.
n 1

2.

2
0 ,
n
n 1
lim n n 1 0 , lim n n 1 .

lim
n

2. lim n a 1, a , a 0.
n

a 1 . n0
n n0 1 a n ,
1 n a n n .

lim1 lim n n 1 ,
n

lim a 1 , a 1 .
n

1
1 ,
a
1
1
lim n 1 . lim n 1 , .. lim n a 1, 0 a 1.
n
n
n
a
a

0 a 1 .

0,
q 1

q 1
,
.
3. lim q n
n
q 1
1,
, q 1

q 1 lim q n lim1n 1.

q 1 (1)n

1 1, .

q 1 0 .
N q n 0 q
n

n N ( ).

44

(1 x)n 1 nx, x 1, n

1
1

.
n

q
q
q

n 1 q

, n

1 q

q
N : N ( )
,
1 q
lim q n 0 q 1 .
n

q 1 M 0 .
N (M ) q n M
log M
,
n N (M ) . q n M n
log q
log M
q n q 1 .
N (M )
. lim
n
log
q

q 1 .
, .

4. 8 1.3.
n

1
an 1
n
,
. e, ..
n

1
lim 1 e .
n
n

45

2.

e,
( e 2,71828... ). e
. (
) (
).
0, 1 .
lim n lim n ,
n

an

1
lim 1 e .
n
an

5. ak , ak 1 , , a1 , a0 , bm , bm1, , b1, b0 , k , m .

ak nk ak 1n k 1 a2 n 2 a1n a0
lim

m 1
n b n m b
b2 n 2 b1n b0
m
m 1n

n k ak ak 1
n
lim
n
1

n m bm bm1
n

1
1
a0 k
k 1
n
n

1
1
b1 m1 b0 m
n
n

a1

n
lim n k m
n
1
bm bm1
n
ak ak 1

0,
a
k,
bm

1
1
a0 k
k 1
n
n
1
1
b1 m1 b0 m
n
n
a1

km
k m
k m,

.
ak
0
bm

k m,

ak
0
bm

46

,

:
n
an
lim n 0, a , a 1, . ,
lim 0, a , a 1.
n a
n n !

1.6.
a n ()
0 , N ( )
p an p an
n N ( ).

1.5. (
) a n
.
1.

an

cos1! cos 2!

1 2
23

cos n!
, n 1
n n 1

.
0 p .
, .. N

an p an n N ( ). ,
an p an

47

cos1! cos 2!

1 2
23

cos n 1!
cos n 2 !
cos n !

n n 1 n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3

cos n p !
cos1! cos 2!

n p n p 1 1 2 2 3

cos n !

n n 1

2.

cos n 1!
cos n 2 !

n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3

cos n 1!
cos n 2 !

n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3

1
1

n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3

1
1
1
1

n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3

1
1
1
1

.
n 1 n p 1 n 1 n

cos n p !

n p n p 1

cos n p !

n p n p 1

n p n p 1

1
1

n p n p 1

1
N . ,
1.5. .

2.

1 1
1
an 1 , n 1
2 3
n
. .
. ,
0 ,
n , p ,
an p an .

48

1
n . p n ,
2

an p an a2n an
1 1
1
2 3

1
1

n 1 n 2

1
1
1

n n 1 n 2

1
1
1

2n 2n 2n

1
1 1
1
2n
2 3

1
n 1

.
2n 2n 2

, 1.5.
.

49

2.

2.

2.1.

1B

. , ,
,
.
X Y

. ,
X
Y,
.
f,
g, h, r, f : X Y
y f ( x) , x X .
X
f D f , Y
f .

V f f ( x) x D f Y f .
f y f ( x) , Y ,
X D f x

, .. f ( x)

. an
f

50

, .. f :

, f (n) an , n .

f D f x D f .
y f ( x) V f
x, x
f .

G f ( x, y) y f ( x), x D f

f : X Y .
, ,
G f .
1. f ( x) 0 , g ( x) c ,
c , h( x) 1 .

,
V f 0 , Vg c V f 1 .

2.
1
f ( x) D f V f \ 0 .
x

51

2.

f ( x) x D f V f [0, ) .

f ( x) log a x , a 0, a 1
D f (0, ) V f .

2.1.1.
f g X
f ( x) g ( x), x X .
X
,
:
f g f ( x) g ( x), x D f Dg .
, f g.

52

1 x3
3. f ( x)
g ( x) 1 x x2
1 x
,
D f \ 1 Dg . , X (1, 1) -

f g .

x
,
x
, D f

4. f ( x) x g ( x)

Dg

\ 0 .

, f ( x) log x 2 g ( x) 2log x
, ,
D f \ 0 Dg (0, ) .

2.1.2.
: ,
.
1) D f x1 , x2 , , xn f ( xi ) yi , i 1, 2, , n ,
y f ( x) a :
x
y f ( x)

x1

x2

...

xn

y1

y2

...

yn

2) (
)
G f f .
3) f : X Y
() X
Y .
f .

53

2.

: ,
.

y f (x).
, y x3 , y cos x 1 y x
.
f : X Y , X , Y

y f ( x) , x X
F ( x, y) 0, F : X Y
.
y
F ( x, y) 0 x
y f ( x) , ,
.
,
x log3 ( y 2) 0

y 3x 2 ,
y 4 e y x sin xy 0 .
f : X Y , X , Y

x (t ), y (t ), t I

: I
:I
(t ) X ,
(t ) Y , t I .
t .
, x t 1 , y t 2 , t

y ( x 1)2 . t , x , ..
.
t [1, ) , x t 1 ,
2
y t y ( x 1)2 [0, ) ,
t [1, ) x [0, ) .

54

5.
y 1 x 2
1.
x 2 y 2 1, y 0 ,
x cos t , y sin t , t 0, .

.

.
, x 2 y 2 1 y ,

1.
x cos t , y sin t , t [0, 2 ) .
x 2 y 2 1
x (1,1) y ,

y 1 x2 .
, x t 2 4 , y t 2 ,
t x ( y 2)2 4 . ,
x ( y 2)2 4 , x (4, ) y ,
y 2 x 4 .

I1 , I 2 ,

, In

Ii I j ,

i j .

f1 ( x), x I1
f ( x), x I

2
f ( x) 2

f n ( x), x I n
. D f I1 I 2 I n .

55

2.

6.
:
0, x 0
H ( x)
1, x 0
.

y
1

:
y = sgn( x)

O
-1

1, x 0

sgn( x) 0, x 0
1, x 0

x.

x0
x,

x, 0 x 2 ,
h( x )
4 x 2 ,
x2

,
.

56

2.1.3.
f g
D f Dg X . : f g , f g ,
f g , cf ( c )
f
:
g
1) f g ( x) f ( x) g ( x), x X ,

2) f g ( x) f ( x) g ( x), x X ,
3) cf ( x) cf ( x), x X ,

f
f ( x)
4) ( x)
, x X g ( x) 0 .
g ( x)
g
.

D f Dg ,

f g f g D f Dg ,

f
D f Dg \ x : g ( x) 0 .
g
sin x
7. f ( x) tgx

cos x
cos x

D f \ k : k , f ( x) ctgx
sin x
2

D f \ k : k .

8.

f ( x), x a
f ( x) 1
,
f 2 ( x), x a

:

57

2.

f ( x) f1 ( x) ( f 2 ( x) f1 ( x)) H ( x a) .

2.1.4.
( )
f : X Y g : Y Z , X , Y , Z
f g : X Z f g :

( f g )( x) g f ( x) , x X .
9. f ( x) x3 g ( x) sin x .
f g : g f : , f :
g: .
( f g )( x) g f ( x) g x3 sin x3 , x ,

( g f )( x) f g ( x) f sin x sin 3 x , x .
f g g f .

58

2.1.5.
f ( x) x0 D f
f ( x0 ) 0 .
x0 f ,
x - ( x0 , 0) .

x - ,
, (0, f (0))
f y-.
, f ( x) x 2 1 x1 1
x2 1 ( x2 1 0 ).
x - (1, 0) (1, 0) , y-
(0, 1) .

g ( x)

1
x 1

1
0 .
x 1

h( x) sin x ,
sin x 0 .

59

2.

,
xk k , k .

h( x) sin x

2.1.6.
f D f

( x, f ( x)) , x D f .

( f ( x), x), x D f .
:
g ?
x1 , x2 D f , x1 x2
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ).
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) , x1 , x2 D f
x1 x2 , .. V f f ( D f )

D f . f
g : V f D f
g ( y ) x f ( x) y .

60

, g ( f ( x)) x , x D f f ( g ( y)) y , y V f .
f f
D f 1 V f V f 1 D f .

f 1
f
y x ( ).
, M( x1 , y1 )
f . N( y1 , x1 ) f 1 . p
x y
M( x1 , y1 ) N( y1 , x1 ) y y1 1 1 ( x x1 ) , ..
y1 x1
p : y x x1 y1 .
p q : y x
k p kq 1 .

p q
x y x y
P 1 1 , 1 1 ,
2
2
MN .
, M( x1 , y1 ) N( y1 , x1 )
y x . M
f 1 f
y x.

61

2.

10.
f ( x) 3 x 2
.
,
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) , x1 , x2 D f

3x1 2 3x2 2 ,
x1 x2 .

y 3x 2
x y :
x2
f 1 ( x)
.
3
f ( x) , f 1 ( x) .

11.
f ( x) x 3
.
,
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) , x1 , x2 D f
x13 x23 ,
x1 x2 .

1
f ( x) 3 x .

f ( x)

, f 1 ( x)
.

62

12. f ( x) x 2 , x [0, ) f 1 ( x) x . g ( x) x 2 , x (,0] g 1 ( x) x . f ( x) ,

g ( x) ,
f 1 ( x) , g 1 ( x) .

h( x) x 2 , x

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) , x1 , x2 D f , .. x12 x22 x1 x2 .

63

2.

2.2.

2.2.1.
X

x X x X .
,
: (2, 2) , [1,1] , [5, 3) (3,5] , .
D f f ( x)

.
f ( x) , j x D f
f ( x) f ( x) , j x D f

f ( x) f ( x).

M ( x1 , y1 )
f . N ( x1 , y1 )
f ,
y-.
, M ( x1 , y1 )
f , N ( x1 , y1 )
f .
.
,
,
[0, ) (, 0] , ,
.

64

1. f ( x) x 2

f ( x) x x 2 f ( x) , x D f
2

x, x 0
g ( x) x
x 0
x, x 0
x 0 g ( x) ( x) x g ( x) , x 0 x 0
g ( x) x g ( x) .

h( x) x3 r ( x) sin x
h( x) x x3 h( x) , x Dh
3

r ( x) sin( x) sin x r ( x) , x Dr

65

2.

2.

f ( x) xe x
,
f ( x) xe x ,

f ( x) f ( x)
f ( x) f ( x) .

3. f ( x) log x
D f (0, ) . (0, )
,
, .

f ( x) 0, x .
,
.
,
,
.
2.2.2.
f ( x)
T 0 x D f x T D f
f ( x T ) f ( x). T f .

f T , kT ( k
0) f .

66

T0
, .

T0 ,
T0 ( [0, T0 ]
T0 / 2, T0 / 2 ),
.
4. y sin 2 x .
,

f ( x T ) f ( x) sin(2 x 2T ) sin 2 x
2sin

2 x 2T 2 x
2 x 2T 2 x
cos

2
2

2sin T cos(2 x T ),
f ( x T ) f ( x) 2sin T cos(2 x T ) 0 x D f , sin T 0.
T k , k \{0} .

k , k

.

k , k \{0} T0

y sin 2 x .
5. y sin x y cos x T0 2 x D f

67

2.

sin( x 2k ) sin x cos( x 2k ) cos x, k .

y tgx y ctgx
T0

\ k : k
2

ctg( x k ) ctgx, x D f \ k : k .
tg( x k ) tgx , x D f

6. f ( x) c, x ( c ) , ,
x , T 0 f ( x T ) f ( x) , .

7. f ( x) x 2
T 0 x D f
f ( x T ) f ( x) ( x T )2 x 2 T (2 x T ) 0 .

2.2.3.
f ( x) M x D f f ( x) M .
f ( x) m x D f f ( x) m.
f ( x)
, .. m M
x D f m f ( x) M .
y f ( x) y m y M .

68

f ( x)
M 0 x D f f ( x) M .
8. f ( x) 2 x
2 x 0, x D f , g ( x) 2 x
2 x 0, x Dg

. h( x) cos x

1 cos x 1, x Dh

9. f ( x) sin x cos x ,
1
1

1 sin 2 x 1, x sin x cos x .

2
2
2.2.4.
f (x)

I D f x1 x2 , x1 , x2 I f x1 f x2 ,
I D f x1 x2 ,

x1 , x2 I f x1 f x2 .

f x1 f x2 , f x1 f x2 ,

69

2.

( ), ..
( ).

,
.
10.
1
f ( x)
x


D f (,0) (0, )
x1 , x2 D f

x1 x2
f x1 f x2 .

1 1
, ..
x1 x2

g ( x) x3
D f , h( x) x 2
(, 0] ,

70

[0, ) ( 1
2.2.1).

.
.
x

1
, 4
2
y log1/ 2 x
(0, ) ,
x

1
log1/ 2 log1/ 2 4 x 2 .
2
y log5 x

5sin x 1
(0, ) ,
log5 5sin x log5 1 , sin x 0
x (2k , 2k ), k .
. f
I D f ,
f 1 : f ( I ) I .

, f ( x)
I D f , x1 x2 , x1 , x2 I

f x1 f x2 . , x1 x2 , x1 , x2 I f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )

f 1 : f ( I ) I . f
I D f .
f (x) (
) c D f
f ( x) f (c), x D f ( f ( x) f (c), x D f ).

71

2.

f (x) ( )
( ) c D f ,
.
f (x) (
) c D f
I c
f ( x) f (c), x I D f

( f ( x) f (c), x I D f ).

.
,
, .
11.

x0
x,

x, 0 x 2
h( x )
4 x 2 ,
x2

x 0 ,
x 2 , .

1
12. f ( x) x 2

2
1
x 0 f (0) ,
2
.

72

g ( x) x 2 1
x 0 g (0) 1 ,
.

.
, .
, ,
, .
13.

x, 3 x 0

x, 0 x 2
g ( x)
4 x 2 ,
x2

x 0 ,
x 2 x 3 .
x 3
g (3) 3 , .

73

3.

3.

3.1.


f ( x) x a ,
f a .
,
f x a .
f a ,
f x a
f (a) ,
.

.
XVII XVIII ,

.
E
. a E , 0
(a , a )
E a .
E
E . a

74

E , 0
(a , a )
E a .
1
1 1

, E 1, , , , ,
n
2 3

0 E
0 E
0.
[a, b]
. ,
(a, b) , a b ,
1
1 (2,3) . 1, 2, 3
.
a
D f f .
A

f a
0 , ( ) 0

f ( x) A 0 x a , x D f .
lim f ( x) A , f ( x) A , x a .
x a

0 x a x a . ,
0 x a , x D f

x a , x D f \{a} . ,
a
.

75

3.

lim f ( x) A
x a

( A , A ) , (a , a )
f ( x) ( A , A ) x (a , a ) D f ,
x a . -
A, - a ,
a , f -
A.
, a , , f (a)
A.
1.
lim (3x 2) 5.
x 1

0 .

f ( x) A 3 x 2 5 3 x 3 3 x 1

( ).
3
, 0 ,

x 1

0 f ( x) 5 x 1 , lim f ( x) 5.
x 1

76

, .
a D f f .
A f
a lim f (a n ) A n

a n , an D f \{a}, n ,
lim a n a .
n

.
f
a ,
a n , an D f \{a}, n
lim a n a , lim f (an ) .
n

1
.
x 0
x
2
an
lim an 0 .
n
n
1
n
f ( x) sin f (an ) sin
.
x
2
n
f (an ) sin
1 , 0 1 ( 6
2
1.2.), , .. lim f (an ) .
, lim sin

, f
a ,
a n bn , an D f \{a} ,
bn D f \{a} , n

77

3.

lim an lim bn a , lim f (an ) lim f (bn ) .

n

a
D f f
x D f , x a .
A
f a 0 ,
( ) 0

f ( x) A x (a , a) D f .
lim f ( x) A lim f ( x) A .
x a 0

x a

a
D f f
x D f , x a .
A

f a
0 , ( ) 0

f ( x) A x (a, a ) D f .
lim f ( x) A lim f ( x) A .
x a 0

x a

lim f ( x) f (a 0) ( f (a ) ) lim f ( x) f (a 0) ( f (a ) ).
x a

x a

3.1. f A
x a
a A, ..
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) A. .
x a

x a

x a

78

2.

2 x 1, x 1
x 1 .
f ( x)
2 x 3, x 1


x 1.
lim f ( x) lim (2 x 1) 3,

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) lim(
2 x 3) 1.

x 1

x 1

,

x 1 .

3.
1

f ( x) e x x 0 .

x 0 .
1
1
x 0 , 0
0

lim f ( x)
lim e lim e e 0,

0
x 0
0
0

1
1
x 0 , 0
0

lim f ( x)
lim e lim e e .

0
x 0
0
0

79

3.

, x 0
.

3.2.

D f f
a a, D f .
A f
0 ,
M ( ) 0

f ( x) A x M , x D f .
lim f ( x) A .
x

x .

D f f
a

, a D f .

80

A f
0 ,
M ( ) 0

f ( x) A x M , x D f .
lim f ( x) A .
x

lim f ( x) A

lim f ( x) A

lim f ( x) A
x

0 , M ( ) 0
f y A y A
x M ( ). , lim f ( x) A
x

0 , M ( ) 0
f y A
y A x M ( ) .
. ,
,
.

81

3.

y b , b f :
lim f ( x) b lim f ( x) b .

lim f ( x) b
x

, y b

f
( ), lim f ( x) b ,
x

y b ( ).
,
, .
1. 2 x2
f ( x) 2
.
x 2

2 x2
lim f ( x) lim 2
lim
x
x x 2
x

2 x2

2.
2

x 1 2
x
, lim f ( x) 2 , y 2
2

82

2.
x
f ( x)
.
2
x 2
x
x
x
lim f ( x) lim
lim
lim
1,
x
x
x 2 2 x x 1 2 x x 1 2
x2
x2
lim f ( x) lim

x
x 2
2

lim

2
1 2
x

lim

x
2
x 1 2
x

1.

y 1
, y 1 .

83

3.

3.3.

a D f
f .
f
a K 0 ,
( K ) 0
f ( x) K 0 x a , x D f .

lim f ( x) .
x a

lim f ( x) ,
x a

K 0 ,
(a , a )
f ( x) K
x (a , a ) D f ,

x a.
f
a K 0 ,
( K ) 0
f ( x) K 0 x a , x D f .

lim f ( x) .
x a

84

lim f ( x) ,
x a

K 0 ,

(a , a )
f ( x) K
x (a , a ) D f ,

x a.
. ,
,
.
1.
1
lim 2 .
x 0 x
K 0 . f ( x) K , .
1
1
1
1
, .. | x |
.
x
K
2
x
K
K
K
1

0 .
K
1

lim 2 .
x 0 x

:
lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) ,

x a

x a

lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) .

x a

85

x a

3.

x a , a f
:
lim f ( x) ,

lim f ( x) ,

x a

x a

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .

x a

x a

2. 1
f ( x)
.
x 1

lim f ( x) lim

x 1

x 1

x 1 , 0
1
1
1

lim
,
lim

0
x 1 0
1 1

x 1
x 1 , 0

1
lim

0 1 1
1
lim ,

lim f ( x) lim

x 1

x 1

x 1
.

:
lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .

86

3.4.
f x ( ) x x .
lim f ( x) (kx n) 0

lim f ( x) (kx n) 0 ,

, x x ,
y kx n .
k , n

lim f ( x) (kx n) 0 3.2. ),
x

lim f ( x) (kx n)

1
1
lim f ( x) (kx n) lim 0 .
x x
x x

0 lim f ( x) ( kx n)
x

1
n
f ( x)
lim
k
x x x
x

f ( x)
f ( x)

lim
k lim
k , ..
x
x
x x
k lim

f ( x)
.
x

lim f ( x) (kx n) 0 n
x

n lim f ( x) kx .
x

x .

87

3.

y kx n , k , n , k 0
f
:
lim

f ( x)
f ( x)
k lim
k.
x

x
x

lim f ( x) kx n , lim f ( x) kx n .
x

f ( x)
k , k 0 ,
x
x
y kx n , n lim f ( x) kx

lim

( ),
f ( x)
lim
k , k 0 , y kx n ,
x
x
n lim f ( x) kx
x

( ).
,
.
.
( ),
. ,

.
.
x3 x
.
f ( x) 2
x 1
1

x3 1 2
3
f ( x)
x x
x
k lim
lim
lim
1,
2
x
x

1
x
x x 1
3
x 1 2
x

88

x3 x

n lim f ( x) kx lim 2
x
x
x x 1

2x
lim
x x 1
x

lim

2x
1

x 1 2
x

0,

f ( x)
1 n lim f ( x) kx 0, x
x
x
y x
x x .

, k lim

,
:

x3 x
y 2
x 1

y x

x3 x
x 2

x 1
y x

x3 x x3 x
x 0


.
y 0
y x

, O(0, 0)
.

89

3.

3.5.
3.2. a D f g .
)
lim f ( x) A , lim g ( x) B , A, B
x a

x a

:
lim f ( x) g ( x) A B;
x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) A B;
x a

lim[cf ( x)] cA, c ;

x a

lim
x a

f ( x) A
, g ( x) 0, x D B 0.
g ( x) B

) lim f ( x) , lim g ( x) B, B ,
x a

x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) ;
x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) , B 0 ;
x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) , B 0 ;
x a

lim
x a

g ( x)
0 , f ( x) 0, x D .
f ( x)

90

) lim f ( x) , lim g ( x) B, B ,
x a

x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) ;
x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) , B 0 ;
x a

lim f ( x) g ( x) , B 0 ;
x a

lim
x a

g ( x)
0 , f ( x) 0, x D .
f ( x)

. ).

. ,



.
) 0 . lim f ( x) A ,
x a

lim g ( x) B , A, B
x a

, 1 1 ( ) 0

2 2 ( ) 0
f ( x) A
g ( x) B

0 x a 1 , x D
0 x a 2 , x D .

min{1 , 2 } . 0 x a , x D :
( f ( x) g ( x)) ( A B) f ( x) A g ( x) B

. )
:

91

3.

() B , B ;
() B , B 0;
() B , B 0;
B
0.

),
.

, .
.
,
. :
0
[ ], 0 () ,
, , 1 , ( )0 , 00 .

0
)
, ,
.
3.3. ( -) a
D
f , g h .

lim f ( x) lim g ( x) A , A ,
x a

x a

f ( x) h( x) g ( x) , x D \ a ,

lim h( x)
x a

lim h( x) A .
x a

92

, .
cos x
0.
x
x

1. lim

1 cos x 1 x 0

1 cos x 1

.
x
x
x

1
1
lim lim 0 , -
x
x x x
cos x
cos x
lim

0 . lim
0.
x
x
x
x

f ( x) x a
lim f ( x) 0 .
x a

3.4. a
D f g .
x a g
, f g
x a .

. 0 .
g M 0
x D g ( x) M . lim f ( x) 0
x a

( ) 0

f ( x) 0

0 x a , x D .

,
M
0 x a , x D ,
f ( x ) g ( x ) 0 f ( x) g ( x) M

93

3.

lim f ( x) g ( x) 0 .
x a

3.4. ,
.
1

2. lim x sin 0 .
x 0
x

f ( x) x x 0
1
1
g ( x) sin \ 0 , x sin
x
x
x 0 .
,
sin x
sin x

lim
0 lim
0.
x
x
x
x

94

3.6.

a
D f f .
f a D f
( 0)( ( ) 0)

f ( x) f (a) x a , x D f .
a
D f f .
f a
1. f a ;
2. lim f ( x) ;
x a

3. lim f ( x) f (a).
x a

. ,
a
a ,
lim f ( x) lim f ( x )
x a

x a

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a).

x a

x a

f
a D f lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a) .
x a

x a

f
lim f ( x) f (a) .
a D f lim f ( x)
x a

95

x a

3.

f
a D f , .. lim f ( x) lim f ( x )
x a

x a

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a) ,

x a

x a

f a .
f g
a , a
f
f g , f g , c f ( c ) , g () 0 .
g
f a, b .
f a, b

a, b ,

a b .
f a, b a, b
b . , f

a, b

a, b

a .
1. f ( x) Pn ( x) an x n an1 x n1 a1 x a0 ,
an , an1 , , a1 , a0 n . Pn ( x)
D f .

Pn ( x)
, Pn (x) Qm (x)
Qm ( x )
n m ,
f ( x)

96

- .

D f x : Qm ( x) 0 .
f ( x) sin x f ( x) cos x

Df .
f ( x) tgx

\ k : k ,
2

f ( x) ctgx
Df

Df

\ k : k

f ( x) a x , a 0, a 1 D f , f ( x) log a x ,
a 0, a 1 D f (0, ) .

u g (x)
a A, .. lim g ( x) A, y f (u)
x a

u A .
y f ( g ( x)) , a
f (A) , ..

lim f ( g ( x)) f (lim g ( x)) f ( A).

x a

x a

.
x
x

1
1

2. lim ln 1 ln lim 1 ln e 1.
x
x
x
x

97

3.

3.5. ( )
u g (x) a Dg ,
y f (u) g (a) D f .
y f g ( x) ,
a.
3.6. ( ) f (x) a, b, c1 , c2 a, b
x a, b

f (c1 ) f ( x) f (c2 ).

,
( )
( ). ,
min f ( x) f (c1 ) max f ( x) f (c2 ) .
x[ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

98

3.6.1.

.
a
D f f . a
f
:
1. f x a ;
2. lim f ( x)
x a

3. lim f ( x)
x a

, lim f ( x) f (a).
x a

lim f ( x) ,
x a

lim f ( x) ( lim f ( x) ), a x a

x a

( ) f .
1. f x a
lim f ( x) b , f a .
x a

a .
lim f ( x) b
x a

x a ,


f (a) b .

99

3.

f ( x), x a
F x
b, x a
x a .
2. f () x a
:
2.1. a
, , ..
f (a 0) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a 0) .
x a

x a

,
x a ( ).
2.2. lim f ( x) b
x a

f (a) , f (a) b ( -

).

3. f ( )
x a
x a
( ).
,
x a .

100

a , lim f ( x) ,
x a

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x a

x a

x a .
3. x 2
x 1, x 2
f x
.
2 x, x 2

x 2 f (2) 1 .
x 2

lim f ( x) lim ( x 1) 1,

x 2

x 2

lim f ( x) lim 2 x 4 .

x 2

x 2

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) x 2

x 2

x 2
.

101

3.

x2 1
4. f ( x) 2
.
x x2

f ( x)

( x 1)( x 1)
.
( x 1)( x 2)

-
x 1 x 2 . ,
x 1 x 2
.
x 1
x 1
. x 1
f ( x)
x2
x 1 2
lim f ( x) lim
,
x 1
x 1 x 2
3

. f ( x)
x 1 ,
x 1
x 2 , x 1
F ( x)
2 , x 1
3
x 1 .
x 2 ,
lim f ( x) lim

x 2

x 2

x 1 x 2 , 0
1

,
lim
x 2 0
0

102

lim f ( x) lim

x 2

x 2

x 1 x 2 , 0
1

.
lim

0
x 2 0

, x 2 .

1
5. f x sin
x
x 0 , x 0 .
x 0 (
3.1.),
.

.
, lim f ( x )
x a

.
f (a)

lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) f (a) ,
x a

x a

x a .
x a .
, lim f ( x)
x a

( )
x a .
x a .

103

3.

3.7.
sin x
1
x 0
x

1. lim

, O(0, 0) R 1 . x DOA, 0 x

.
2
B A x -
DC D .

AB AD CD , AD
AB
AD . sin x
,
R
CD
tg x
, R 1 AB sin x CD tg x .
R
AD x sin x x tg x .
x
1
sin x
sin x 0 1
, .. cos x

1.
sin x cos x
x

104

lim

x 0

lim cos x 1 -,

x 0

sin x
1.
x

lim

x 0

x 0

sin x x t
sin(t )
sin t

lim
lim
1.

t 0
x
t
x 0 t 0 t 0 t
sin x
1.
x 0
x

, lim

sin kx kx t
sin t

lim
1, k

x 0
kx
x 0 t 0 t 0 t

lim

\ 0 ,

1 t
sin t

lim x sin x
1.
tlim

0
x
t

x t 0

lim x sin
x

1
1.
x

, lim u ( x) 0, a , ,
x a

lim
x a

105

sin(u ( x))
1.
u x

3.

1
x 1 , lim u ( x) lim 1 0
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
1
x
. 2 3.5.

1
sin
x lim x sin 1 0 .
lim
x 0
x 0
1
x

x
sin

1
2. lim 1 e
x
x

,
n

1
lim 1 e .
n
n
x , x 0 . n
n x n 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
, .. 1 1 1
.

n x n 1
n
x
n 1
n 1 x n

1
1
n

n 1

1
1
1 1
.
x n 1

1
lim 1
n
n

n 1

1
lim 1
n
n
n

1
1 e
n

1
1

lim 1
lim
1

n
n

n 1
n 1

( n 1)

n
n 1

e,

106

1
- lim 1 e .
x
x

, lim u( x) , a , ,
x a

1
lim 1

x a
u ( x)

u ( x)

e.

1
lim 1 e .
x
x

,
x
t
t

1
1 x t

t 1
lim 1
lim 1 tlim

x x t t t
t

1
t
t 1 1

lim
tlim

tlim
1

t t 1

t 1
t 1
t

t 1

1
1

lim 1
1

e.
t
t 1 t 1

, lim u ( x) lim u( x) ,

a , ,

x a

1
lim 1

x a
u ( x)

x a

u ( x)

e.
1

lim 1 x x e .
x 0

107

3.

t
1
t

1
lim 1 x x x

lim
1

t
e.
x 0
t

x 0 t

, lim u ( x) 0, a , ,
x a

lim 1 u ( x) u ( x ) e .
x a

3.

a x 1
ln a, a 0, a 1
x 0
x

lim

,
x
a x 1 a 1 t x log a (1 t )
t

lim

x 0
t 0 log (1 t )
x
a
x 0 t 0

lim

lim
t 0

1
1
log a (1 t )
t

lim
t 0

log a (1 t )

1
t

1
1

ln a.
log a e ln e
ln a

ex 1
1.
x 0
x

, a e lim

, lim u ( x) 0, b , ,
x b

au ( x ) 1
lim
ln a, a 0, a 1 .
x b u ( x)
log a (1 x)
1

, a 0, a 1
x 0
x
ln a

4. lim

108