OBJECTIVE

To determine the rate of heat transfer for different materials with different geometries.

INTRODUCTION
For a solid object, suddenly introduced into a medium, the heat transfer from the
medium takes place with increment overtime; hence it follows transient state heat transfer.
This experiment studies the rate of heat transfer for different materials and geometries.

APPLICATIONS OF UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER:

Finding the rate of heat transfer in real time applications.

Finding the heating and cooling temperature distributions for different materials and
geometries.
Finding the relationship between fourier number and temperature distribution.

THEORY
The apparatus consists of a bath containing water. There are two cylinders made of
brass and mild steel. Initially, the current is switched on and a cylinder is immersed into the
bath till the temperature increases and becomes steady at a particular temperature. The
temperature is noted at regular interval of time and tabulated. Then the cylinder is removed
and cooled in air. The drop in temperature is noted for the same interval of time and
tabulated. From the readings, the fourier number and temperature distribution are calculated.
The experiment is repeated for other cylinder also.

SPECIFICATION

The high temperature bath serves as hot environment and thermocouple.

Brass cylinder

Thermal conductivity=110.7W/mK
Radius=0.0125m
Coefficient of thermal expansion=34.12x10^-2 m2/s
density=8522kg/m^3
Specific heat=385 J/kgK

Mild steel cylinder

Thermal conductivity=53.6W/mK
Radius=0.0125m
Coefficient of thermal expansion=14.74x10^-6 m2/s
Density=7833kg/m^3
Specific heat=465 J/kgK

PROCEDURE

The cylinder is immersed suddenly in the temperature bath.

Immediately thermocouple output and time are noted.

The readings are recorded vs time.

Cylinder is suddenly removed and allowed to cool in ambient air.

From the readings, combined heat transfer coefficient is calculated.

TABULATION
S.No

BATH
TEMP
(CELSIUS)

AMBIENT
TEMP
(CELSIUS)

TIME IN
(SEC)

CYLINDER TEMP(CELSIUS)
BRASS

MILD STEEL

HEATING

COOLING

HEATING

COOLING

55

37

44

53

42

53

55

37

12

48

52

46

52

55

37

18

50

51

48

51

55

37

24

52

51

50

51

55

37

30

53

50

51

50

55

37

36

54

50

52

50

55

37

42

54

50

53

50

55

37

48

55

50

53

50

55

37

54

55

49

54

49

10

55

37

60

55

49

54

49

11

55

37

66

55

49

54

49

12

55

37

72

55

49

54

49

13

55

37

78

55

48

54

48

14

55

37

84

55

48

54

48

15

55

37

90

55

48

54

48

16

55

37

96

55

48

54

48

17

55

37

102

55

48

54

48

18

55

37

108

55

47

54

48

19

55

37

114

55

47

54

47

20

55

37

120

55

47

55

47

21

55

37

126

55

47

55

47

22

55

37

132

55

47

55

47

23

55

37

138

55

47

55

47

24

55

37

144

55

46

55

47

25

55

37

150

55

46

55

46

26

55

37

156

55

46

55

46

27

55

37

162

55

46

55

46

28

55

37

168

55

46

55

46

29

55

37

174

55

46

55

46

30

55

37

180

55

46

55

46

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fourier no
1.313
2.626
3.94
5.253
6.566
7.880
9.193
10.506
11.819
13.133
14.446
15.759
17.073
18.386
19.699
20.963
22.274
23.584
24.894
26.204
27.514
28.825
30.135
31.445
32.755
34.065
35.376
36.686
37.996
39.306

BRASS
Heating
temp
distribution
0.611
0.3888
0.2777
0.1666
0.1111
0.0555
0.0555
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Cooling
temperature
distribution
0.8888
0.8333
0.7777
0.7777
0.7222
0.7222
0.7222
0.7222
0.6667
0.6667
0.6667
0.6667
0.6111
0.6111
0.6111
0.6111
0.6111
0.5555
0.5555
0.5555
0.5555
0.5555
0.5555
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50

Fourier no
0.57
1.13
1.69
2.26
2.83
3.39
3.96
4.53
5.09
5.66
6.23
6.79
7.358
7.92
8.49
9.056
9.622
10.188
10.754
11.320
11.886
12.452
13.018
13.584
14.150
14.716
15.282
15.848
16.414
16.980

MILD STEEL
Heating
Cooling
temp
temperature
distribution distribution
0.722
0.8888
0.5
0.8333
0.3888
0.7777
0.2777
0.7777
0.2223
0.7222
0.1667
0.7222
0.1111
0.7222
0.1111
0.7222
0.0555
0.6667
0.0555
0.6667
0.0555
0.6667
0.0555
0.6667
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.6111
0.0555
0.5555
0
0.5555
0
0.5555
0
0.5555
0
0.5555
0
0.5555
0
0.50
0
0.50
0
0.50
0
0.50
0
0.50
0
0.50

GRAPH
1

Fourier No. Vs Temp. Distrn.

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

Heating

0.4

Cooling

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

20

30

40

50Fourier No. F

-0.1

Fourier no. Vs Temperature distribution BRASS

1

Fourier No. Vs Temp Distrn.

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

Heating

0.4

Cooling

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

15

20 Fourier No. F

-0.1

Fourier no. Vs Temperature distribution MILD STEEL

CONCLUSION
From the calculations it is found that the heat transfer co-efficient of boiling increases
with increase in voltage. The value of hcal is almost same for all voltage values but hexp is
steadily increases with increase in voltage.

APPENDICES
A. Sample Calculations
Reading no. 01

Brass
Fourier no,

= ()/R2

= (34.12x10-6x06)/(0.0125)2

= 1.3102

Heating temperature distribution = (T -T4)/ (T -T0)

= (44-55)/ (37-55)
= 0.6111
Cooling temperature distribution = (T -T4)/ (T -T0)
= (53-37)/ (55-37)
= 0.8888

Mild steel
Fourier no,

F = ()/k2
F = (14.74x10-6x12)/(0.0125)2
F = 0.5666

Heating temperature distribution = (T -T4)/ (T -T0)

= (42-55)/ (37-55)
= 0.7222
Cooling temperature distribution = (T -T4)/ (T -T0)
= (53-37)/ (55-37)
= 0.8888