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Baldor UL 2200
UL Verified Components Tested as a Complete System
Not every UL 2200 genset on the market is fully tested as a complete system. Many are open units that are upgraded with third party components and shipped to customers without a complete system test to verify performance and reliability. Every Baldor UL 2200 genset is a complete system designed, manufactured AND tested at our plant. We use only UL verified components and every genset is tested as a complete system before it leaves our factory. Once each genset passes rainwater ingress tests, hipot alternator tests, air blockage and flammability tests, proper safety shutdown checks and verification that component temperatures are below combustion levels, then and only then will we apply the UL label and the Baldor name.
Gensets
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479-646-4711
2012 Baldor Electric Company
input #1 at www.csemag.com/information
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2012 Cleaver-Brooks, Inc. input #3 at www.csemag.com/information
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JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013
FEATURES 25 | Special report: New rules for 2013

BY MICK MORRISSEY
36 | Specifying pipe and piping materials

BY MATT DOLAN, PE, LEED AP BD+C
44 | Updates to 2014 NEC

ON THE COVER: This general surgery (Class B and C) operating room at Matagorda Regional Medical Center in Bay City, Texas, shows a clean environment with laminar flow air delivery served by a central station air handler containing code required filters. Courtesy: Smith Seckman Reid Inc., Thomas McConnell Photography
BY JUSTIN SCHULTZ, PE, LEED AP BD+C
49 | VAV systems and return air balancing

BY JAMES E. HALL, PE, TBE
AND
COVER STORY
28 | IAQ, infection control in hospitals
Learn how to reduce the potential for infection and airborne pathogen dispersion in hospitals and health care facilities as they relate to HVAC systems and design.
BY J. PATRICK BANSE, PE, LEED AP
ODEAN H. JUKAM, TBE, CXA
53 | Green is gold, but may be risky

BY DAN KNISE
DEPARTMENTS
07 | Viewpoint
A glimpse of the HVAC, BAS market
INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY PROFILES

21 | Codes & Standards
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 sets the energy standard
57 | Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery 59 | University of Michigan North Quad 61 | Green field oil seed processing facility
08 | MEP Roundtable
Focus on data centers
56 | New Products 63 | Advertiser Index 64 | 2 More Minutes

Engineers should focus on integration
KEY
AUTOMATION & CONTROLS COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRICAL FIRE, SECURITY & LIFE SAFETY HVAC LIGHTING PLUMBING
19 | Career Smart
Finding a leadership and management balance
CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER (ISSN 0892-5046, Vol. 50, No. 1, GST #123397457) is published 11x per year, monthly except in February, by CFE Media, LLC, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Jim Langhenry, Group Publisher /Co-Founder; Steve Rourke CEO/COO/Co-Founder. CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER copyright 2013 by CFE Media, LLC. All rights reserved. CONSULTINGSPECIFYING ENGINEER is a registered trademark of CFE Media, LLC used under license. Periodicals postage paid at Oak Brook, IL 60523 and additional mailing of ces. Circulation records are maintained at CFE Media, LLC, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Telephone: 630/571-4070 x2220. E-mail: customerservice@cfemedia.com. Postmaster: send address changes to CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Publications Mail Agreement No. 40685520. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Email: customerservice@cfemedia.com. Rates for nonquali ed subscriptions, including all issues: USA, $ 145/yr; Canada, $ 180/yr (includes 7% GST, GST#123397457); Mexico, $ 172/yr; International air delivery $318/yr. Except for special issues where price changes are indicated, single copies are available for $20.00 US and $25.00 foreign. Please address all subscription mail to CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Printed in the USA. CFE Media, LLC does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in the material contained herein, regardless of whether such errors result from negligence, accident or any other cause whatsoever. www.csemag.com Consulting-Specifying Engineer JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013
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online now csemag.com

When engineering systems in data centers and mission critical facilities, whats the No. 1 most difficult issue you face?
HVAC Energy efficiency, sustainability Automation and controls Electrical and power Fire and life safety Codes and standards
Would you prefer to receive this issue as a digital publication? Update your subscription and get our digital edition, on our new more interactive platform, in your e-mail in-box: www.csemag. com/subscribe.
6 67% 10% 6% 6% 4% 4%
Read the Q&A about data centers and mission critical facilities on page 8. For more poll results, visit www.csemag.com/poll/cse.
of the Year contest is a premier award for new products in the HVAC, fire, electrical, and plumbing systems engineering markets. Submit your products into the 2013 Product of the Year contest at www.csemag.com/POY.
Consulting-Specifying Engineers Product
CONSULTING SPECIFYING
2013
40 Under 40 Nominations Open

Consulting-Specifying Engineer magazine is dedicated to encouraging and recognizing the most talented young individuals in the engineering community supporting the building industry. Support the young professionals and nominate them to the 2013 40 Under 40 program. Nominations are due Feb. 8, 2013. Nominate someone today: www.csemag.com/40under40.
Consulting-Specifying Engineers MEP Giants program lists the top 100 mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire 2013 protection engineering firms in the United States. To submit your firms data for the 2013 MEP Giants program visit www.csemag. com/giants.
Critical Power: Standby versus emergency power systems

On Thursday, February 21, at 1 p.m. CST, earn 1 AIA CES accredited LU by joining Consulting-Specifying Engineer for a webcast on standby and emergency power systems. Register at www.csemag.com/upcoming-webcasts. Topics will include: NFPA 70 and NFPA 110 Differences between certain critical power systems Generator sizing and loading requirements Power distribution requirements. If you are unable to attend the live webcast you can view it on demand after February 21, online at www.csemag.com/on-demand.
Read the longer versions at www.csemag.com/archives
MEP Roundtable: Focus on data centers Specifying pipe and piping materials Consulting-Specifying Engineer is on Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Follow CSE, join the discussions, and receive news and advice from your peers. Facebook: www.facebook.com/CSEmag Google+: http://tinyurl.com/CSEgoogleplus LinkedIn: http://tinyurl.com/CSElinkedin Twitter: www.twitter.com/AmaraRozgus
New e-newsletters launched

Subscribe to two new e-newsletters to get the latest engineering information on hospitals or data centers:
NEWS WATCH: DATA CENTERS
This specialty newsletter focuses on data centers and mission critical facilities, including electrical/power, HVAC, fire suppression, and other engineering topics.
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This focused newsletter covers hospitals and health care facilities, including codes and standards, electrical/power, HVAC, fire and life safety, and other engineering topics.
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Consulting-Specifying Engineer JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013
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Editors Viewpoint
1111 W. 22nd St. Suite 250, Oak Brook, IL 60523 630-571-4070 Fax 630-214-4504
CONTENT SPECIALISTS/EDITORIAL AMARA ROZGUS, Editor in Chief/Content Manager

AMARA ROZGUS, Editor in Chief/Content Manager 630-571-4070, x2211, ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
630-571-4070, x2211, ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
CONTENT SPECIALISTS/EDITORIAL
AMANDA MCLEMAN, Project Manager BEN TAYLOR, Project Manager BOB VAVRA, Content Manager
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Amara Rozgus Editor in Chief
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BRITTANY x2220, BMerchut@CFEMedia.com 630-571-4070,MERCHUT, Content Specialist 630-571-4070, x2220, BMerchut@CFEMedia.com
BRITTANY MERCHUT, Content Specialist
A glimpse of the HVAC, BAS market

ne of the things I find most interesting to constructand then pick apartis research. To me, data tells a storya sequence of events or a glimpse into a particular subject. Crunching numbers is not cold and hard; its verification that a gut feeling or a personal conversation is correct. At Consulting-Specifying Engineer, weve known for some time what our audience looks like. Anecdotes shared over the phone and in-person conversations can add to the story, but weve asked the expertyouto share more information with us. In return, I share with you the story of the HVAC and BAS market. Heres a snapshot of where your business stands today. A basic summary of the survey, conducted in December 2012: Most respondents (69%) work at consulting engineering, design/build/construction, or architecture/engineering firms. Eight out of 10 respondents are management, senior engineers, or C-level executives. In terms of age, 59% of you are over 51 (and 14% of you are older than 65). The HVAC market is strong: 47% of those surveyed work at a firm that specifies $1.1 million or more annually in HVAC and building automation/ control products. This verifies reports from the Federal Reserve Board and the Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation that HVAC product production will likely trail the rebound in housing and nonresidential construction; a 4% increase is forecast for 2013, and a 7% increase for 2014. Of the survey respondents, 54% have more than 20 years of experience. While that means were seeing many seasoned engineers in the field, it also means that succession planning is more important than ever. It means that up-and-coming engineers need to start taking leadership roles. For some leadership tips, turn to page 19.
What types of HVAC equipment or control systems do you expect to specify in the next 1 to 2 years?
Pumps, pumping systems Variable refrigerant flow systems Air handlers Building automation systems (BAS)
Courtesy: Consulting-Specifying Engineer, research from December 2012
EDITORIAL ADVISORY RCDD, BOARD ANIL AHUJA, PE, LEED AP,

ANIL AHUJA, PE, LEED AP, RCDD, President, CCJM Engineers, Chicago
President, CCJM Engineers, Chicago
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

PATRICK BANSE, PE, LEED AP, PATRICK Mechanical Engineer, AP, Senior BANSE, PE, LEED
Senior Mechanical Engineer, Smith Seckman Reid Inc., Houston Smith Seckman Reid Inc., Houston
MICHAEL CHOW, PE, LEED AP BD+C, Principal, Metro CD Engineering LLC, Dublin, Ohio Principal, Metro CD Engineering LLC, Dublin, Ohio
Fire Protection DOUGLAS EVANS, PE, FSFPE, Engineer, Clark County Building Division, Las Vegas Fire Protection Engineer, Clark County Building Division, Las Vegas
MICHAEL CHOW, PE, LEED AP BD+C, DOUGLAS EVANS, PE, FSFPE, RAYMOND GRILL, PE, FSFPE, RAYMOND GRILL, PE, FSFPE, Principal, Arup, Washington, D.C.
Principal, Arup, Washington, D.C.
PAUL BEARN, PE, Associate Electrical Services Engineer, Associate Electrical Services Engineer, KlingStubbins, Philadelphia KlingStubbins, Philadelphia
PAUL BEARN, PE,
35% 35% 33% 33%
RAJ P. GUPTA, PE, LEED AP, RAJ P. GUPTA, PE, LEED AP, President, Environmental Systems Design Inc., Chicago
President, Environmental Systems Design Inc., Chicago President, Conservation Lighting Intl. and Building Conservation GERSIL KAY, Intl., Philadelphia President, Conservation Lighting Intl. and Building Conservation WILLIAM KOSIK, PE, LEED AP, Intl., Philadelphia Managing Principal, EYP Mission Critical WILLIAM KOSIK, PE, LEED AP, Facilities Inc., Chicago Managing Principal, EYP Mission Critical TIMOTHY E. KUHLMAN, PE, RCDD, Facilities Inc., Chicago Electrical Engineer CH2M Hill, Portland, Ore.
DANNA JENSEN, PE, LEED AP BD+C, GERSIL KAY, Associate Principal, ccrd partners, Dallas
KEITH LANE, PE, RCDD, LC, LEED AP, Electrical Engineer CH2M Hill, Portland, Ore. President, Lane Coburn & Assocs., Seattle KENNETH L. LOVORN, PE, President, Lane Coburn & Assocs., Seattle President, Lovorn Engineering Assocs., Pittsburgh ALI Engineering Assocs., Pittsburgh President, Lovorn MAHMOOD, PE, Senior ALI MAHMOOD, PE, Mechanical Engineer, Stanley Consultants Inc., Chicago Senior Mechanical Engineer, Stanley ERIN MCCONAHEY, PE, Consultants Inc., Chicago Associate Principal, Arup, Los Angeles SYED PEERAN, PE, Ph.D., Associate Principal, Arup, Los Angeles Senior Engineer, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., SYED PEERAN, PE, Ph.D., Cambridge, Mass. Senior Engineer, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., MARTIN H. REISS,Mass.FSFPE, Cambridge, PE, President, CEO, The RJA Group Inc., Framingham, Mass.
President, BRIAN A.RJA GroupPE, LEED AP, CEO, The RENER, Inc., Framingham, Mass. Electrical Platform Leader and Quality Assurance Manager, BRIAN A. RENER, PE, LEED AP, M+W Group., Chicago Electrical Platform Leader and Quality Assurance Manager, DAVID SELLERS, PE, M+W Group., Chicago Senior Engineer, Facility Dynamics Engineering Inc., Portland, Ore. DAVID SELLERS, PE,
TIMOTHY E. KUHLMAN, PE, RCDD,
KEITH LANE, PE, RCDD, LC, LEED AP, KENNETH L. LOVORN, PE,
ERIN MCCONAHEY, PE,
MARTIN H. REISS, PE, FSFPE,
GERALD VERSLUYS, PE, LEED AP, Senior Engineer, Facility Dynamics Engineering Inc., Portland, Ore. Principal, Senior Electrical Engineer, TLC Engineering GERALD VERSLUYS, PE, LEED AP, for Architecture, Jacksonville, Fla. Principal, Senior Electrical Engineer, TLC Engineering MIKE WALTERS, PE, LEED Fla. for Architecture, Jacksonville, AP, Principal, Confluenc, Madison, Wis. MIKE WALTERS, PE, LEED AP, PETER D. ZAK, PE, Principal, Confluenc, Madison, Wis.
Principal, GRAEF, Milwaukee Principal, GRAEF, Milwaukee
13% of respondents indicated that codes and standards updates are the No. 1 item needed in order to perform better on the job. One of the top Google search terms in our industry is ASHRAE 90.1. To help meet this need for updated information on Standard 90.1, turn to page 21. The story does not stop here, however. As you might remember from a basic mathematics or statistics class, most data points will fall somewhere on a bell curve. Theres the average, and then there are the anomalies. So if your personal statistics in any way buck the trends above, Id like to hear from you.
PETER D. ZAK, PE,
Send your questions and comments to: ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
www.csemag.com
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MEP Roundtable
Focus on data centers

Designing efficient and effective data centers and mission critical facilities is a top priority for consulting engineers. Read about engineers work in data centers; manufacturers solutions are featured online.
CSE: Please describe a recent project youve worked on. Cyrus Gerami: I recently worked with a national collocation client on a 180,000sq-ft Tier 2I collocation data center in Fairfax County, Va. It is a four-story building with an infrastructure cellar and eight co-location suites (N+1 MEP). The central chiller plant uses highly efficient magnetic oil-free compressors and evaporative condensers. Use of waterside and airside economizers is being closely evaluated. The facility power is backed up by eight 2.5 MW standby generators plus a ninth swing generator. In another project, for a national wireless phone company, were working on a 21,000-sq-ft wireless company switch room expansion using a refrigerant cooled rear-door cooling system. At another wireless phone company, we are working on an $80 million expansion and renovation of an existing data center. This facility has an N+N redundancy capacity, which includes two separate utility power services and twice as many emergency power generators. The facility has 184,000 sq ft of building area with 70,000 sq ft of raised floor. Use of computer room air handler (CRAH) with airside economizer and ultrasonic evapo-
rative cooling was the unique feature of HVAC system. Electrical infrastructure was the first of three major phases of this project. This required that the electrical service and all main switchgear be replaced or upgraded to handle the higher projected densities for the facility IT load as well as the projected building expansion. The phase one load was projected at 15 MW of power. This necessitated installation of new 34.5 kv medium voltage switchgear with double-ended boards with unit subs at each end and six 2.5 MW generators. Concurrent with phase one was the build-out and augments of three IT suites of 5,000 sq ft each to support existing load as well as projected future IT growth. All were designed or upgraded to support 200 W/sq ft IT load. Phase three included upgrading the existing chiller systems to meet the higher load demands created. Kerr Johnstone: Our Industrial & Advanced Technology (I&AT) group recently completed a new build collocation data center for Digital Reality Trust with the end client being Terremark in the Netherlands. The I&AT office in Glasgow, Scotland, provided the skills and expertise covering architecture,
Kerr Johnstone, IEng, MIET
Senior Electrical Engineer CH2M Hill Glasgow, Scotland
mechanical, and electrical professional design services together with project management. The network access point (NAP) of Amsterdam will serve as Terremarks flagship facility located within the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol area, providing 25,000 sq ft of data center space featuring the latest in technological and engineering advancement. The facility is designed to meet Terremarks highest performance criteria, offering advanced cooling, power, redundancy, and sustainability features to maintain the availability of business-critical applications while reducing energy consumption. Keith Lane: The Sabey Quincy Data Center in Quincy, Wash., is an exciting recent project that we were heavily involved in. A brief description of the electrical topology: The MSG consists of two single-wire ground return (SWGR) with a main-tie-tie-main. Each unit substation can be fed from either of the MSG boards. The transformer switch position can be selected between MSG 1 and MSG 2 for full concurrent maintainability. Additionally, there are spare conduits brought from the MSG to the unit substations for redundancy. The system has full N+1 redundancy. Floor-mounted
Keith Lane, PE, RCDD/NTS, LC, LEED AP
President Lane Coburn & Assocs. Bothell, Wash.
Cyrus Gerami, PE, LEED, CxA

Associate, Senior Project Engineer/ Manager exp Global Inc. Maitland, Fla.
www.csemag.com
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static transfer switches allow for full concurrent maintainability without reducing dual-cord servers to one cord. Tier certification by the Uptime Institute was not pursued, but the data center is designed toward a Tier 3+ scenario. James McEnteggart: We recently completed mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) commissioning of the two phases of a new data center in Sweden. This is a 370,000-sq-ft facility, which includes a 60,000-sq-ft white space designed to achieve U.S. Green Building Council LEED Gold. The design uses 100% airside economization with an evaporative cooling system and an electrical system with a 48 Vdc UPS system integrated with a 240 Vac server power supply. In winter, the hot air from the servers is even used to heat the office area. This mechanical solution also avoided the costs of buying, designing, and installing a conventional chiller system.
CSE: How have the characteristics of mission critical facilities and data centers changed in recent years, and what should engineers expect to see in the near future? Lane: Mission critical facility owners expect more with less. The engineer needs to stay abreast of the latest technologies and distribution scenarios to ensure the most reliability for the money. At the same time, energy efficiency as measured by both average and maximum power usage effectiveness (PUE) is critical. We are also seeing more failures of existing
James McEnteggart, PE
Vice President Primary Integration Solutions Inc. Charlotte, N.C.
CH2M Hills recent work on a Terremark data center in the Netherlands included advanced cooling, power, redundancy, and sustainability features to maintain the availability of business-critical applications while reducing energy consumption. Photo: CH2M Hill
data center electrical duct banks. These failures are typically seen in data centers designed a decade or so ago that are now being used to their full potential. High load factors seen with new servers are heating the electrical duct banks to levels not anticipated. In most of the cases that we see, Neher-McGrath heating calculations were either not performed or not performed correctly, or the contractors did not install the duct banks with proper compaction. Rener: There has been an increasing focus on facility costs, energy efficiency, and flexible/expandable designs. I believe we are approaching limits in what we can do on the facility side in terms of energy efficiency, commonly measured as PUE, and the focus is turning to the data equipment itself. Menuet: Energy efficiency is increasing in importance, the environmental envelope has widened, and options for cooling delivery systems have multiplied. Data center HVAC systems are
Robert M. Menuet, PE
Senior Principal GHT Ltd. Arlington, Va.
the low-hanging fruit now in the quest for improved energy performance of data centers, deservedly so. Systems and equipment have historically been targeted to maximize availability, and there is plenty of room for improvement. Next, we will see improved partnerships between engineered cooling solutions and server manufacturers. Data center environments can be improved if room cooling configurations are taken into account by the manufacturers. In addition, mechanical systems will be more closely coupled to end load. There is a large energy advantage to removing heat directly from the source with water, rather than moving it around in big clouds of air. Cold plate technology and direct water-cooled microprocessors will become more common. Johnstone: A large and continuing focus for mission critical facilities is providing the infrastructure required to support the increased load and demand due to the increased processing power
Brian Rener, PE, LEED AP
Electrical Platform Leader and Quality Assurance Manager M+W Group Chicago
www.csemag.com
1/16/13 11:21 AM
MEP Roundtable
available in the data center racks. Clients want to provide resilience and capacity, but designers need to be cognizant of overdesign and overprovision at an early stage, so designs need to be able to adapt. This increased demand will continue the focus on design efficiency in the use of materials, plant, and space in addition to true operating costs. culations for the underground electrical duct banks. Additionally, based on the type of application and the level of georedundancy, we are seeing varying levels of redundancy within a data center. Gone is the time where the entire data center was designed toward a certain tier level. Some applications may not require extremely high levels of reliability. Other applications may require a Tier 3 to Tier 4 topology. The client can save money during the installation and run at lower PUE levels for those applications requiring less reliability. Menuet: The direct impact has been nominal based on our clients, which are typically brick-and-mortar companies, and the majority of our customers still want control over their data. We see companies creating business in the cloud but not taking business to the cloudfor now. McEnteggart: With the development of cloud computing, there is a trend toward ensuring reliability and availability using multiple data centers in different geographic locations rather than one, highly robust data center with redundant mechanical and electrical systems. An owner can effectively build two Tier 2 data centers for far less than the cost of one Tier 4 data centerand when the Tier 2 facilities act as backup to one another, the result is a more reliable system than a single Tier 4. As commissioning agents, this means we may be testing and commissioning a greater number of data centers for a given owner, but spending less time at each because of the lower level of system complexity.
CSE: When designing integration monitoring and control systems, what factors do you consider? Rener: The level of data and control the owner is seeking. Examples of data include the level of power quality information that is needed on at the mains, energy usage down to rack level, and temperature and humidity information. On the controls, we often have involved discussions on power shutoff (emergency power off, or EPO) systems. Menuet: Controls design is a compromise between necessary complexity and making the system simple to operate, as well as providing access to information necessary to monitor the system. Its a balance between user flexibility and system integrity. Johnstone: Key considerations in the
We are seeing higher densities and high load factors in the new cloud-based data center. Keith Lane
McEnteggart: Twenty years ago, banks, telecom companies, and other major data center owners were primarily focused on ensuring reliability and maintaining high levels of availability, which required a lot of redundant mechanical and electrical systems at a high capital cost. As energy prices have increased, owners are taking a much broader view of the total cost of ownershipthe total cost to build and operate a facility and provide IT capabilityusing new metrics such as cost per megawatt. Gerami: Changes include: Collocation/ cloud computing, upward trend of W/sq ft or KW/rack seems to be flattening as more efficient servers are being introduced to market; energy conservation codes impact on data centers design and operation; and telecommunication facilities upgrading to be data centerslandline phone facilities providing wireless smartphone contents. CSE: How have cloud data centers affected your work? What trends are you seeing? Lane: We are seeing higher densities and high load factors in the new cloudbased data center. Loading of generators and the rating of the generator becomes more important, as well as the requirement for Neher-McGrath heating cal-
Features of the Sabey Quincy (Wash.) data center, engineered by staff from Lane Coburn & Assocs., include many aimed to enhance electrical reliability, including advanced generators and transformer switches. Photo: Lane Coburn & Assocs.
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MEP Roundtable
design and integration of monitoring and control systems are the resilience of the system and the fundamental actions of the system in a fail condition. Systems are designed to allow components to failsafe and work independently of central control and monitoring upon the loss of network capability. Another important aspect particularly in a co-hosting environment is where clients require Web-based monitoring to allow their external clients to review and audit the operation of the rented space and services to the space. Gerami: Controls are prepackaged and tested by the equipment manufacturers. This minimizes equipment level failure and limits the levels of responsibilities. Integrate various systems and components into dashboards. Develop what if? scenarios to identify fail modes for better risk analysis. Interactive and intuitive user interface graphics can be set up to provide real-time data and trending. Consider PUE real-time calculations and built-in tools that will allow operators to adjust variables. McEnteggart: As commissioning agent, Ive seen many integrated MEP control systems that did not perform as designed during testing and commissioning. From my experience, two critical success factors are use of a third-party integrator for multi-vendor system integration and physical separation of the MEP and IT network infrastructures. these are not applicable for all projects due to client constraints and risk-averse industries (banking/ financial). As these cooling technologies become mainstream, solutions will focus on energy efficiency. Menuet: The Green Grid led the way, developing the first accepted metric for data centers: PUE. ASHRAE is addressing critical environmental conditions and system configuration issues with manufacturers. One challenge presented by ASHRAE guidelines is that when initially developed (prior to TC 9.9), they were very commercial office building-centric, and it was difficult to apply them to data centers. The development of TC9.9 has created useful guidance and tools for mission critical facility designers.
CSE: Describe some recent electrical/power system challenges you encountered when designing a new building or retro-commissioning an existing building. Rener: We recently faced a challenge
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CSE: How have Energy Star, ASHRAE, The Green Grid, etc., affected your work on mission critical facilities and data centers? What are some positive/negative aspects of these guides? Gerami: There is a need for more integration of efforts and publications. Codes rely on the research and recommendations from the industry. Sometimes the published data are in conflict or outdated. Johnstone: ASHRAE TC 9.9 has opened opportunities to use a broader range of cooling solutions; however,
in coordinating the ride-through time of rotary UPSs and the standby generators. The generators require a certain amount of time to ramp up and come to full load while the rotary UPSs have limited ridethrough time. McEnteggart: On a recent project, our client was expanding the UPS system to support new white space. The challenge was testing the new equipment without putting the ongoing data center operations at risk. Because we were involved during design, we were able to ensure that the system was configured to allow independent operation of the new equipment while allowing the existing UPS system to continue to support the critical space. Johnstone: On a Terremark project, a considerable electrical systems challenge we encountered was where we converted an existing catering facility into a new data center. One of the main electrical systems challenges was achieving the adequate space required for the considerable amount of electrical equipment,
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MEP Roundtable
ety of topologies from UPS vendors to provide highly energy efficient designs. Coincidentally, higher power densities had resulted in the use of higher voltages such as 400 Vac and even 380 Vdc, which also results in less energy loss. Johnstone: On a Terremark project, When using backup power systems such as we implemented UPSs, there has been a great focus on energy a static flywheel UPS system, which efficiency conversion technologies. provided reliable Brian Rener backup power until the facilitys standby plant was compartmentalized but located diesel generators started and were availin extremely close proximity to related able to take the facilitys full load. The flyplant, which increased efficiency while wheels autonomy was 15 seconds at full IT design load. While this appears insufreducing installation cost. ficient time in terms of a UPS autonomy, it was proved during factory testsand CSE: How do you balance the more importantly on-site during commisneed for reliable power with the sioning of the electrical systemsthat we desire for efficiency and sustainwere able to have the generators online ability? and supporting the full load of the facilLane: Good engineers can provide a ity in less than 10 seconds. This meant design that provides both reliable power we didnt have a large quantity of batterand energy efficiency. Right-sizing ies that are typically found in traditional equipment, understanding the clients data center designs. By removing these reliability needs (they are not all the batteries we became considerably more same), selecting the most efficient equip- efficient in terms of not just the space and ment, using higher voltages, and working the requirement to condition the rooms to closely with the mechanical engineer can tight environmental tolerances, but also the sustainable aspect of disposal/replaceensure success. McEnteggart: The catcher system is a ment of a large quantity of batteries over good example of a design concept that the facility lifespan was an added benefit. attempts to balance reliability with efficiency. It allows high utilization of the CSE: What PUE goals are clients installed infrastructure; however, it intro- requesting, and what tactics are you duces the risk of fault propagation from using to accomplish this? the primary system to the redundant system. This can allow a fault in one part of McEnteggart: Typical PUE requests the system to cascade through the redun- range from 1.3 to 1.5. To achieve this, the dant system and take down multiple parts design must incorporate into the buildof the facility. On paper, it is as reliable as ings mechanical and electrical infrastrucsome of the more conservative designs, ture techniques, such as air-side econobut the owner has to decide if the poten- mization and evaporative cooling, water tial efficiency of the catcher system is cooling, new UPS systems with energy worth the risk to the systems reliability. saver mode, and high-voltage power Rener: When using backup power supply, where these are appropriate. systems such as UPSs, there has been a Rener: We are seeing requests for PUE great focus on energy efficiency conver- less than 1.3 and sometimes much less. sion technologies. There is a wider vari- The key has been the ability to use free
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which is essential in ensuring a reliable and high availability electrical system. We overcame these challenges by working extremely closely as a project and client team to develop an electrical system efficiently space planned ensuring all
cooling depending on site location, using hot and cold aisle containment, and pushing the thermal limits for operating inlet temperatures of data equipment. The use of 400 Vac distribution is also allowing us to avoid additional transformers and the losses associated with stepping down to 120/208 V. Lane: We see a lot of claims of extremely low PUE numbers in the industry. We must be careful to dig deeper and understand what these numbers represent: for example, best case scenario, calculations, average or peak real PUE numbers. The electrical infrastructure must be sized based on the peak worst-case PUE, but the cost of running the facility will be based on average PUE. Johnstone: Clients are targeting very low PUEsindustry advertising indicates PUEs in the 1.1 to 1.2 levels. However, these are not achievable for every solution. In some aspects there is still an element of informing the client about the achievable solutions based upon their design criteria, location, and tier aspirations, and not all clients are educated in the implications of achieving very low PUEs. Adopting good design principles will typically achieve below 1.5 PUE on all but the most demanding projects.
CSE: What is your primary choice for standby, backup, and emergency power? Rener: The old standard of a diesel generator is still commonplace. In many cases due to high power demands, the standby equipment is now specified at medium voltage (15 kV). However, we are getting requests for more batteryless continuous power systems to marry up to the generators. This commonly points to rotary UPS or in some cases generator rotary combination systems. There are interesting new developments , such as compressed air storage, fuel cells, and other new technologies. McEnteggart: From an operational perspective, diesel generators are still my primary choice for emergency power. Some
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owners are interested in microturbines, gas turbines, or cogeneration. While these may be economically attractive alternatives for data centers, an owner cannot rely on these systems to be there when they are neededespecially if they are burning natural gas. As we learned on the East Coast during Hurricane Sandy, natural gas utilities may shut down the flow for safety reasons. As far as I know, this did not impact any large commercial data centers, but in my mind, the benefit of natural-gas-fired emergency power isnt worth the risk. Johnstone: We do not believe that there is a single primary choice on this subject as every project has its own challenges that can and do very often result in very different solution in terms of standby, backup, and emergency power. These challenges are influenced by clients preference, geographical location, product support, space availability, and cost of ownership.
CSE: What unique fire suppression systems have you specified or designed in mission critical facilities and data centers? Johnstone: For different clients we have used various suppression systems, and while Terremark employed a water mist system within its data center, we have used other methodologies. A project in Budapest (Hungary) employed a nitrogen-based system, which for code compliance required a live test for the local authorities. In addition we also have experience with a CO2 suppression installation for generator containers, while an argonite gas suppression system was retrofitted into an existing live data center without any impact on its operation. CSE: Energy efficiency and sustainability are often the No. 1 request from building owners during new building design. What is your experience in this area? Johnstone: Energy efficiency is an
increasingly important element for all clients, and PUE is a focus for all data center design. However, while we can be innovative in our approach to energy efficiency, this is sometimes compromised by the requirement to comply with conservative and more traditional design and approaches inherent within some client briefing and internal client design standards. Within all projects, we design elements of free cooling, and variable volume technology to drive down cooling production and distribution costs. Lane: For mission critical facilities, the No. 1 priority is reliability. One outage can erase all the energy savings from a more efficient design. That being said, there are numerous strategies that can make a data center more efficient without reducing reliability. That is the secret sauce in the design. Menuet: All data center end-users have increased their attention to energy efficiency, and in some cases have used the LEED program as a guide to building more efficient facilities. We continue to be challenged by the fact that mission critical buildings are heavy utility users, and the proportion of credits that address those issues in many green building programs is limited. The next generation of sustainable design guidelines specific to mission critical facilities must be heavily weighted toward electric and water usage.
CSE: What unique requirements do mission critical facility and data center HVAC systems have that you wouldnt encounter on other structures? Rener: High power density, medium voltage distribution systems, need for specialized cooling and air floor containment, low impedance grounding, and multiple tiered generator and UPS systems are some of the requirements. However, we also design semiconductor cleanrooms, so we are used to encountering many of these issues regularly.
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Gerami: Enormous power and cooling requirements that must be delivered with reliability, redundancy, and energy efficiency.
In my mind, one of the most interesting developments is related to the dramatic decrease in the cost of VFD in recent years. James McEnteggart
Menuet: Challenges include the 24/7 aspect of continuing operation; concurrent maintenance; fault tolerance; equipment redundancy; chemical treatment of large redundant piping systems; computer room air quality issues, particularly when using large amounts of outside air; and coordination of HVAC systems with end-user requirements, especially when server requirements are unknown. You have to try to anticipate future needs during design and accommodate a variety of future scenarios. We are also working in a lot of tight spaces, trying to design air delivery system that optimize the space available while delivering adequate cooling and loads. In response, we are using hot and cold aisle containment. The design must be flexible enough to allow users to choose from a variety of equipment but with a rigid enough structure to make sure the HVAC works. McEnteggart: Mission critical facilities and data centers have a unique requirement for continuous operation during power outages. As data center power densities have climbed into the stratosphere above 150 to 200 W/sq ft, a power outage that shuts down the air handlers even for a minute will result in enough heat to shut down the computers. Today, many mission critical building owners require UPS systems on the air handlers so they can maintain a constant air temperature until the emergency generators start. Johnstone: Selecting a provider with experience in operating a data center is critical as it helps demonstrate they have
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input #10 at www.csemag.com/information Page 1 of 1 Job #: 08502012 Editor:
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Date: 01/07/13
Client: Mee Industries
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Account Director: CJ Ramirez
the experience and knowledge of providing and ensuring high resilience availability, which is the major difference between normal commercial buildings and data centers and mission critical facilities. The increased levels of resilience and tier matrices criteria require larger space requirements and maintenance regimes than would be otherwise be found in a commercial environment.
CSE: What changes in fans, variable frequency drives (VFDs), and other related equipment have you experienced? Johnstone: Working in an almost industrial application, noise can be a significant concern, but fan types have changed to being more efficient plug fans and fan selection is more influenced by reduced fan maintenance and assessing energy consumption. VFDs help improve the energy performance of the fan and are now seen as a standard requirement on all systems, helping reduce costs dramatically over the last 10 years. Rener: Ive seen the use of large fan arrays for air circulation and exhausting, chillers that are more robust and responsive to load fluctuations, and a variety of equipment dedicated to air side economization and increased energy efficiency. McEnteggart: In my mind, one of the most interesting developments is related to the dramatic decrease in the cost of VFD in recent years. As a result, Im seeing designs in which VFDs are being used in constant speed applications simply for the soft-start capability due to the low cost of the VFD versus the traditional starter. Many engineers have stopped specifying balancing valves on pumps; instead, they use VFDs to support balancing and flow adjustment of the pumps. Menuet: There has been an increased application of electronically commutated motors (ECMs). VFD use for fan speed control is also more widely used and applied to traditional forward-curved fans to achieve energy savings through
variable speed operation. We are seeing increased application of variable speed control to air delivery systems to reduce consumption.
CSE: Is water-based cooling becoming more prevalent in new facilities? What about outside air (free cooling)? Gerami: Yes. Both are being used more and more. Rener: There is a certain heat density where water cooling becomes preferable, if not required. Water or air side economization (free cooling) is becoming more and more a part of most facilities, depending on local climate and the temperature and humidity range the IT equipment will allow. Adiabatic (evaporative) cooling using nothing but ground water has been implemented in several of our projects. Johnstone: In Europe, the majority of solutions will be derived from air-cooled equipment. The majority of this equipment will be free cooling in nature or additional free cooling circuits will be introduced as part of the cooling circuits. Where water-cooled chillers are introduced, this in normally via a dry cooling heat rejection cycle. Menuet: Yes, were seeing end users build in provisions to their systems for direct water cooling of IT equipment for servers. We are also seeing a drive toward direct evaporative cooling and outside air. McEnteggart: Adoption of water cooling has been slow, with a notable exception being high-performance computing arrays. Outside air, or free cooling, is becoming commonplace in new designs; however, these systems need more space due to large ductwork requirements. The cost trade-off between the larger space requirements and energy savings should evaluated with an energy model before committing to this approach.
Read the longer version of this online at: www.csemag.com/archives.
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Career Smart
BY JOHN SUZUKIDA, PE, Minneapolis
Finding a leadership and management balance

Balancing leadership through management is critical.
hen youre asked to take a supervisory position at any level, finding the right balance when interacting with those for whom you are responsible is a constant challenge. How do you manage without micromanaging? How do you promote your team members motivation and ownership of tasks, yet maintain awareness of what is going on? The answer is not black-and-white, so lets look at some practical ways to strike a balance to be effective. One great way of looking at leadership is to observe others, both those you consider good leaders and those you consider poor ones. Do others follow these leaders because they want to rather than because they have to? If you were in a war, would you put your life on the line and follow these people into battle? If the answer to those questions is yes, why do you and others feel that way? If the answer is no, the same question applies but obviously results in a different answer. Leadership is often strongest when people intuitively sense that leader has the broader organization in mind over his or her personal agenda. People feel protected or that the leader has their back, giving them courage and comfort to do what needs to be done and not try to satisfy internal politics as the primary driver. While leadership is inspirational, balancing it through management is critical. That means doing mundane activities like following up, holding people accountable for commitments, monitorwww.csemag.com
ing how things are really going, having regular communication, and so on. Consider these four tasks: 1. Leading: Creating an environment in which others are compelled to follow (see the story in the last paragraph) 2. Managing: Monitoring, overseeing the many tactical actions in all our workplaces 3. Delegating: Handing off an assign-
Supervising people at any level requires a balance between knowing what theyre doing, and doing it yourself
ment, following up to ensure it was done and done correctly 4. Abdicating: Handing off an assignment, not following up to see if and how it was done. An effective leadership style employs enough management tools to allow you to monitor whats going on, without micromanaging. For example, consider limiting project review meetings to 5-minute summaries whose purpose is not for the presenter to go into excruciating detail but for you to find problems that need your time after the review. Think about using a standard format focusing on cost and schedule compared to the original plan, the last review, and current status in addition to any barriers the project is encountering. Supervising people at any level requires
a balance between knowing what theyre doing and doing it yourself. Its easy to micromanage without realizing it, but it should be avoided because it can destroy peoples pride in their work. Its also easy to delegate a task so that its out of sight, out of mind. Not following up on or not appropriately monitoring delegated work is called abdicating. One particularly great leader for whom I had the privilege to work told me that I was being too conservative as a firsttime manager, that he wanted me to take on more risk. He suggested that after I had taken a risk and found Id made a big mistakenot a small one but a really big oneto walk into his office and tell him about it. He said, Ill be the first to shake your hand and congratulate you that youre taking more risk for the good of the business. Imagine the release from the fear of making mistakes when your boss makes that kind of statement. That is leadership. John Suzukida was Tranes senior VP of global marketing and strategy prior to founding Lanex Consulting in 2002, which focuses on energy efficiency, product-to-solutions transitions, and strategy. He has facilitated meetings for the West Coast Zero Net Energy Coordinating Council, Daikin, Danfoss, and the National Conference on Building Commissioning, and has written articles for industry publications. He was a presenter at the 2012 Career Smart Engineers Conference.
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Codes & Standards

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 sets the energy standard
The widely used energy standard reaches an inflection point that demands both efficient design and accountability from building inhabitants.
By DaviD P. Callan, PE, CEM, HBDP, lEED aP, Environmental Systems Design, Chicago
s ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, has evolved and expanded over time, so has its impact on the industry. In 1992, the Energy Policy Act required the Dept. of Energy to review each new version of Standard 90.1, while requiring all states to adopt energy codes that are substantially equal to the standard as well. Additionally, the International Energy Conservation Code registers compliance with 90.1 as an alternative way of meeting that code, while the U.S. Green Building Councils LEED also references 90.1, making it one of the most successful and widely adapted energy codes to this date. Today, however, ASHRAE 90.1, with its newest 2010 version, and scheduled for a new release in 2013, stands at a key inflection point. Calling for a 30% energy improvement over the 2004 standard, the law of diminishing returns will begin to come into play as the code authoring committees and designers continue to increase the performance requirements for each new building, squeezing every last kilowatt hour out of the sponge. This inflection point begs the question: What makes a building truly energy efficient, and how does one quantify it? In light of the 2008 report by the New Building Institute, which suggests the first generation of LEED buildings hasnt lived up to its expectations, ASHRAE 90.1-2010 must demand a new definition of high performance that moves beyond initial design to consider and account for the life of the building. And thats just what it does. ASHRAE 90.12010 demands much more from a building than
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ever before, architecturally, aesthetically, and through modified human consumption. From the building envelope to its HVAC systems, commissioning, lighting, and power, ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ushers in a new area of accountability not only for those who design buildings, but also for those who inhabit them. Heres a quick look at whats new and how, where, and when it all applies.
Building envelope
More insulation and better glass will be required of tomorrows building envelope. Cool roofs are now required in climate zones 1 through 3, while building orientation will play a larger role as well. Additionally, the early integration of architecture and mechanical, electrical, plumbing (MEP), and fire protection engineering will be inevitable to achieve compliance and optimal envelope performance. n 40% maximum glazing. Per the prescriptive path, no more than 40% of any surface faade can be fenestration unless the faade can perform as well as a wall that is 40% window or less. And, while the energy cost budget method allows for more flexibility and tradeoffs between building systems, its likely that the floor-to-ceiling glass tower built just five years ago wont be able to be replicated, as its very difficult to get enough performance out of a floor-to-ceiling glazed curtainwall. n Orientation requirements. While ASHRAE 90.1 previously had no orientation requirements, the 2010 version now requires that buildings be oriented so that more of the glass is distributed across the south faade, minimizing glazing on the east and west walls. This will further reduce cooling loads and take
ASHRAE 90.12010 demands much more from a building than ever before, architecturally, aesthetically, and through modified human consumption.
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Codes & Standards

advantage of southern solar gains when the sun is low in the sky during the winter months, while being able to more effectively shade the high summer sun. n Continuous air barrier. Assemblies, such as curtainwalls, must be rated to limit air leakage to 0.04 cfm/sq ft. The air barrier and all the joints on the faade need to be detailed. n Daylight controls. Automatic daylight controls are required in any space adjacent to a window 250 sq ft or larger. While most new buildings employ this technology as a sustainable element, 90.1-2010 made it standard. n Minimum insulation. Though more significant changes are expected in the 2013 edition, the minimum insulation values for opaque assembles have also increased, depending on the climate.
HVAC systems
variable speed drive (VSD), or another means of reducing fan power consumption. n Energy recovery. In some climate zones (see ASHRAE Table 6.5.6.1), energy recovery may be required for airhandling systems with as little as 30% outside air, reducing the size of a unit that triggers the requirement. n Reheat limitations. Reheat will not be allowed unless the air being reheated is less than or equal to 30% of the peak
HVAC systems saw the greatest change in ASHRAE 90.1-2010, including alterations to the minimum equipment efficiency ratings, fan power limitations, energy recovery, reheat limitation, economizers, and duct sealing and leakage. n Fan power. Calling for more efficient fans, ASHRAE 90.1-2010 will reduce the amount of fan power allowed to be used in a building. This can be achieved through lower static pressure duct systems, which translates to fewer bends, wider ducts, and shorter runs all of which impact architectural space planning. Additionally, individual variable air volume (VAV) fans with motors greater than or equal to 10 hp need a
HVAC systems saw the greatest change in ASHRAE 90.1-2010, including alterations to the minimum equipment efficiency ratings, fan power limitations, energy recovery, reheat limitation, economizers, and duct sealing and leakage.
flow or the minimum required ventilation rates. This effectively encourages HVAC designers to look toward a dedicated outside air systems (DOAS) in commercial spaces, as well as likely eliminating constant volume systems for hospitals and labs. Employing separate perimeter heating, or finned tube radiation, is another simple way to meet this requirement.
n Economizers. Economizers are now required for all climate zones, except 1A and 1B (see ASHRAE climate table), for systems with more than 54,000 Btu/hour (previously 134,000 Btu/hour). This applies to air conditioning units 4.5 tons and larger, which includes just about every commercial setting. A waterside economizer may be able to be displaced. n Duct sealing and leakage (addendum cq). Duct work higher than 3-in. w.g. and all outdoor air ducts need to be Seal Class A and Leakage Class 4. By surface area, 25% needs to be tested to demonstrate conformance. n Minimum equipment efficiencies. Minimum performance requirements of heating and air conditioning equipment, including chillers, boilers, and packaged equipment, continue to increase from the previous standard. Designers must pay special attention to which path of compliance will be used when testing chillers with or without VFDs. n Supply air temperature reset. While often employed in commercial HVAC design, 90.1-2010 marks the first time supply air temperature reset control is actually required. n Heat rejection. This now effectively limits the use of centrifugal fans in cooling towers. n HVAC commissioning. Possibly the most significant ASHRAE 90.1-2010 update, HVAC commissioning is now required for control systems on most projects greater than 50,000 sq ft.
Lighting
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 compliance

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 compliance will once again permit the use of the energy cost budget method to demonstrate that the proposed buildings energy cost will be the same or less than that of a building designed to minimally comply with the standard. This is different than the Appendix G simulation, often used in calculating U.S. Green Building Council LEED compliance, that includes more flexibility for trade-offs. While both methods employ energy modeling, and Appendix G is often preferred for its allowance of different baseline and proposed HVAC system types, only the energy cost budget method can be used to demonstrate compliance with ASHRAE 90.1-2010 or the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).
From exit signs to parking garages, artificial lighting (and the lack of it) continues to gain efficiency with 90.12010, not only in the lighting power density (LPD) requirements, but also in the application and use of lamps and controls. n Whole building lighting power density. Power allowances are reduced, dropping about 10% on average (see Table 9.5.1). n Daylighting. Previously used to add efficiency, daylighting is now required in many spaces in the prescriptive path.
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n Efficient lighting. More efficient lighting is now also required, including exit signs that are limited to 5 W/lighted face, which means using LED or LEC (electroluminescent) exit lights. Parking garage lighting needs to be reduced by 30% when there is no activity. n Controls. Daylighting controls are now required in projects larger than 50,000 sq ft, while more sophisticated occupancy sensors are required for training rooms, lecture halls, and storage rooms 50 to 1,000 sq ft. Automatic shut-off is required, with the exception of patient care areas, spaces where lighting is required for 24-hour use, and where automatic shut-off would be unsafe. Functional testing of all of these controls is also now required.
Power
aesthetics, cost, and human behavior will have to change. David P. Callan is senior vice president at Environmental Systems Design, where he oversees the management of the technical staff in the design of high-performance projects. His experience includes
the design and analysis of building systems and energy-saving measures for new and existing buildings worldwide, as well as the research and development of analysis techniques for new building technologies.
Beyond the power that supports the energy-consuming building systems, ASHRAE 90.1-2010 targets the local receptacle, attempting to reduce the ever-growing vampire plug loads, both during downtime and after hours. 120-V outlets. Fifty percent of 120-V outlets that serve private offices, open offices, and computer classrooms must be provided with automatic receptacle control. Buildings are encouraged to put parasitic loads (i.e., printers, chargers, heaters, etc.) on half of the outlets so they can be switched off with occupancy, as plug-in loads can account for 15% to 50% of a buildings electricity. To reach the next level of performance, efficiency requirements must trickle down to building inhabitants and their behaviors. How people interact with the building and how process loads are handled in the building will all be crucial to the success and compliance of ASHRAE 90.1-2010, and beyond. While previously, energy standards focused only on construction practices, tomorrows standards will require that all building inhabitants become active participants in reducing the energy consumption of their buildings by being cognizant of their surroundings. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 has hit this inflection point. To do a whole lot better than 90.1-2010,
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Special report:
New rules for 2013

buildings (12%), manufacturing buildings (8%), and multifamily housing (16%). So, if youre seeing more and better opportunities than you have in the recent past, then take a deep breath, smile, and allow yourself to feel optimistic. Its OK.
As a new year begins in a post fiscal-cliff world, we lay out what we see as four new rules for the industry that have major implications for every firm principal and manager.
BY MICK MORRISSEY, Morrissey Goodale LLC, Newton, Mass.
Optimism is OK againand this again year, well-founded. For many firms in our industry, the past four years have been bleak, a little like the second book of the Lord of the Rings trilogy: dark, dreary, full of despair, and seemingly endless. As an industry, we thought the good times would return in 2010. Then when they didnt, we were sure 2011 would be better. Then when that was pretty much the same as the prior years, we believed the corner would be turned in 2012. And while some firms had very goodindeed recordyears in 2012, for most it was dj vu all over again. Well, 2013 will be different. This yeardespite all of the fiscal cliff worries and posturing the mechanical, electrical, plumbing (MEP), fire protection, and commissioning sector overall will see growth in overall revenues and earnings. Firms that did well in 2012 typically had a good position in the energy and/or power sectors. Many MEP and commissioning firms in these sectors had record sales, revenues, and earnings last year. This year, we expect the love to spread to other sectors. In its 2013 Dodge Construction Outlook, McGrawHill Construction predicts construction starts will increase 6% this year. Sectors that are expected to see particularly strong growth include commercial
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More projects will be done through public-private partnerships (P3s), design-build, and alternative project delivery. The fiscal realities facing federal, state, and local governments will cause these entities to seek private investment in the development and rehabilitation of buildings and infrastructure. Slowly but surely, state-by-state, municipality-bymunicipality, regulations across the United States will change to look more like those in Canada, Europe, and Australia and facilitate private sector participation (investment, maintenance, and operations) in traditionally public-sector projects. A number of states, including Virginia, California, Florida, Texas, Ohio, and Illinois, have passed various laws allowing for greater flexibility in private sector participation in infrastructure and buildings projects. And according to a recent study by McGraw-Hill Construction, some 40% of government decision makers surveyed expected more public-private
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2013
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Instead of directly marketing government agencies as in the past, firms will have to direct their business development activities more and more to contractors.
partnership projects in the future. The implications of this trend for MEP and commissioning engineers are immense. Instead of directly marketing government agencies as in the past, firms will have to direct their business development activities more and more to contractors. Management will have to put in place more sophisticated risk management protocols and systems to manage the greater risks associated with these types of projects. And culturally, firms will have to become more adept at identifying and managing risk though more advanced training, development, and hiring programs. This new rule will require MEP and commissioning teams to make investments and changes to survive. Were all competitors now. Prior to the great recession, the client world for most MEP and commissioning firms was neatly divided into two groups: owners and architects. Sure, architects were always the more problematic of two groups. They are typically slower to pay (they continue to be the big reason why many MEP firms have average collection periods in excess of 100 daysone of our professions saddest and dirtiest little secrets) and harder to manage. However, we had to love them as they typically comprised between 25% and 75% of the MEP industrys annual revenues. However, the recession changed all that. With the domestic construction market cratering (construction spending dropped from $1 trillion in 2008 to $800 million in 2011), architects ran into a buzz saw with gross revenues for American Institute of Architect (AIA) member firms declining some 40% over the same period, from $44 billion to $26 billion (The Business of Architecture, AIA, 2012). In response to this decline in their core design business, many architecture firms looked to augment their offerings to owners with other adjacent services including MEP and commissioning. Consider that one-third of AIA
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member firms report that they are multidisciplinary (with architecture as the lead discipline), whereas a decade ago, just over a quarter reported themselves as such. It doesnt help our profession that as our traditional clientele have continued to morph into competitors, many of our own have shown a disappointing tendency to feed the forces of commoditization. Through the reces-
New rules
for
2013
sion, a common refrain we heard from clients was that there was always one MEP firm in every competitive situation that was willing to price a proposal at an impossibly low fee just to keep the doors open. This created a rapid downward spiral in fees across our industry from 2008 through 2012. With such excess production capacity in the market (more MEP design firms than there is design work), there is no guarantee that we will see prices increase in the aggregate anytime soon; such is the legacy of the flight to the cheapest solution. The implication for MEP firms is that we will need to continue to do more with less in a hyper-competitive environment. Size matters. The inexorable consolidation of the industry through mergers will continue in 2013, driven by a new set of competitive drivers and rules. The number of design industry mergers in 2012 was on pace with the tally from the prior year, with deals happening about one every two days. Notable MEP and commissioning mergers that occurred at the tail end of 2012 included: The merger of full-service, multidiscipline consulting engineering and planning firm Cameron Engineering
& Associates (Woodbury, N.Y.) with Laszlo Bodak Engineer (New York City), a provider of HVAC, electrical, sanitary, fire protection, and site engineering design services for new and rehabilitation projects across numerous client/market sectors Global engineering, architecture, design-build, surveying, and geospatial solutions firm Merrick & Companys (Aurora, Colo.) merger with leading commissioning and sustainability consulting firm Energy Ace (Decatur, Ga.). Whats driving this new rule? Owners are looking for more one-stopshopping solutions. They want to have faith that in a new public-private partnership and design build environment, their construction team can handle their needs with no worries. Smaller firms tend to be a risker proposition and will be hurt in this environment. Larger firms will do betterhence the continued buying spree by the largest firms in the industry. One the flipside, smaller, privately held firms are finding it harder and harder to make their employee ownership models work. Demographically, younger engineers are less likely to want to buy into their firms than prior generations were. Plus, given the debt that many Generation X and Millennials have compared with prior generations, they are less able to become owners in their firms. So watch out for bigger, full-service firms becoming the norm rather than the exception.
Mick Morrissey is managing principal of Morrissey Goodale LLC, a management consulting and research firm based in Newton, Mass., with offices in Phoenix and Denver, that serves the AEC industry exclusively. An engineer by training, Morrissey has assisted numerous MEP firms in the areas of strategy development and implementation, leadership development and transition, technical and professional talent recruitment, ownership transition, and mergers and acquisitions.
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IAQ,
infection control in hospitals

Learn how to reduce the potential for infection and airborne pathogen dispersion in hospitals and health care facilities as they relate to HVAC systems and design.
BY J. PATRICK BANSE, PE, LEED AP, Smith Seckman Reid, Houston
Figure 1: The general surgery (Class B and C) operating room at Matagorda Regional Medical Center in Bay City, Texas, shows a clean environment with laminar flow air delivery served by a central station air handler containing code required filters. Courtesy: Smith Seckman Reid Inc., Thomas McConnell Photography
irst, do no harm. This is a phrase generally applied to health care practitioners and attributed to the meaning contained within the Hippocratic Oath. However, the same phrase can be used and applied to HVAC engineers/designers, contractors, and facility managers in the design, construction, and operation of hospitals and health care facilities.
Related codes and standards
Learning objectives
Understand how to reduce the potential for infection and airborne pathogen dispersion. Learn the codes that pertain to hospital HVAC systems. Learn the importance of air cleaning and construction techniques.
As we get started down this path, there are many codes, standards, and regulations governing the design and operation of hospitals and health care facilities. Three prominent organizations include ASHRAE, the Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI), and NFPA. These and others draw on research and studies performed by organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goal of many of these organizations and their written
standards is to improve indoor air quality (IAQ), patient and caregiver comfort, and patient and caregiver safety, and to reduce the infection rates of patients while in the hospital. Standards and guidelines produced by these organizations relate directly to the planning design and construction of health care facilities (FGI Guidelines-2010 and proposed 2014), Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010), Ventilation of Health Care Facilities (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 170-2008 and associated addenda), and the Standard for Health Care Facilities Code (NFPA 99-2012). Additionally, state and local health departments, local building codes, hospital accreditation groups such as The Joint Commission, and the United States Pharmacopeial Convention have requirements and guidelines that influence HVAC design to meet the environmental and cleanliness standards that relate to patient and caregiver safety.
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Deciphering these various codes can be as challenging as wading through the new hospital billing codes. As designers, we must focus on meeting codes and standards at a minimum, and we also must be aware of the bigger picturehow HVAC designs impact and influence the long-term effects of maintenance, energy use, and infection control. Again, it would seem the goal of the HVAC design is to reduce them all. When should we start thinking of how to do this? Reality and research says at the programming stage and initiation of a project; at the same time as the planning stakeholders are involved. This increases the collaboration between HVAC engineers, architects, medical planners, facility managers, and infection control and risk assessment personnel.
Planning
Good and thorough planning yields good results. Design it with good equipwww.csemag.com
ment, system types, and features; construct it tightly; balance it well; commission it for the long term. How many projects allow this? All of them, when we recognize what is paramount to the patient and caregiver. New project deliveries involve users, designers, contractors, and managers to produce the finished product correctly and usually at the fastest pace possible. Continuous planning through clear communication techniques, regular review meetings, acceptance and concurrence with goals and design requirements, and resolution are but a few of the requirements for a successful project. According to the FGI Guidelines, a Patient and Caregiver Safety Risk Assessment (PaCSRA) and an Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA) must be done to determine what may be affected by the construction and renovation and how it must be dealt with. The health facility owner develops these assessments with input of HVAC and plumbing engineers,
architects, facility managers, infection control experts, medical staff, clinical department heads, safety specialists, and other individuals with an interest in the project. Construction materials, HVAC system types and design criteria, patient flow, hand washing locations, environmental cleaning agents, and spill control/ cleanup are but a few of the considerations of the assessments. If IAQ goals are required on a project, the owner should discuss them with the design and construction team to establish the ranges expected. Renovation/addition projects are complex in that new and existing HVAC systems must get along and protect the occupants in the nonaffected areas. Adherence to proper occupancy separations and airflow direction can reduce the risks of infections (see Figure 2). Common to each of these assessments is the HVAC design including equipment control methods, ventilation techniques, filtration, pressurization, systems reliability,
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The long-term plan is essential to maintaining the required level of IAQ and infection control in any facility.
Increased ventilation rates (higher air Planning for project commissioning is a changes per hour, ACH) HEPA and other filtration techniques requirement of the FGI Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Guidelines and the project if the guidelines are (UVGI) Room relative humidity range control adopted by the authority having jurisdiction (30% to 60%). As with any strategy, a thorough risk (AHJ). Early involvement by the commis- assessment that emphasizes infection consioning team aids the trol should be performed prior to impleo w n e r a n d H VA C mentation. designers in preparation of the basis of Ventilation Figure 2: Adherence to proper occupancy separations and design, the functional ASHRAE 170-2008 and ASHRAE airflow direction can reduce the risks of infection in health and long-term operation 62.1-2010 both define minimum recomcare facilities. Courtesy: Smith Seckman Reid Inc. and maintenance of all mended ventilation rates for occupied air device placement, and equipment opera- HVAC equipment, automatic temperature space; however, Standard 62.1 defers to tion. All of these play an important role in controls, and essential electrical power Standard 170 for the patient occupied porpatient safety, infection control, and IAQ. A systems. The long-term plan is essen- tions of health care facilities. Hospitals design and construction phasing plan must tial to maintaining the required level of and health care facilities generally have be developed and implemented during IAQ and infection control in any facility. administrative, service, and sometimes renovation projects so the IAQ of existing Additionally, the HVAC system planning assembly-type occupancy, which fall occupied areas is maintained. Likewise, as and design must include discussions and under the Standard 62.1 criteria. Maina tenet to judicious HVAC system planning, collaboration with the architects and containing the required minimum acceptable once methods of IAQ and ventilation rates struction team regarding the tightness outdoor air ventilation rates must be part have been established, an operational plan of the building or room construction to of the HVAC system design and control should be developed to maintain the IAQ allow for the HVAC system to function functions. Standard 170 defines the minof the new or renovated space on a continu- correctly, maintaining the required room imum outdoor air change rate by room ous basis. This effort should be done with cleanliness, pressurization, and airflow type as well as the minimum total ACH. the facility staff prior to project completion. direction that will result in the measured Standard 62.1 defines the minimum cfm Commissioning of the facility and sys- particle counts within the space meeting per person or cfm per square foot for varitems will allow for the maintenance of the the code and/or standard criteria. For ous space types. Space ventilation is accomplished systems at the required levels of ventila- example, wall and ceiling construction tion and system function. Commissioning that allows air leakage will negate the air- by proper air movement and rates of involves review of the basis of design, flow direction from the adjareview of the construction documents, cent space into the room or functional testing, and verification that the vice versa, creating difficult results and operation are repeatable on a air balancing and pressure continuing basisnot just a single time relationships that are critical to infection control protocol. when initially turned on. Many HVAC planning Airflow direction from clean to less clean is one of the basic design features strategies have been used to that must be used when planning and improve the IAQ, some of locating both HVAC equipment and space which are more cost-effective airflow. Figure 3 shows an airborne infec- than others. Some strategies include: tion isolation (AII) room airflow example. Pressurization control The planning also includes: planning for construction including phasing; system (clean to less clean) Purging with outside air downtime; movement of staff, patients, and public; potential reduction in patient (100% outside air with 100% Figure 3: This shows an airborne infection isolation safety; and airflow direction and pressur- exhaust air without recircula- (AII) room airflow example. Courtesy: Smith Secktion) ization. man Reid Inc.
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Consulting-Specifying Engineer JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2013 www.csemag.com
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exchange, introduction of a clean source of outdoor air, removal of contaminants (via filtration and/or direct exhaust), proper placement of the correct type air devices for the space served, and control capability to maintain the required air quantities. An assessment of outdoor air quality, including air quality and particulate measurements to determine contaminant levels, must be performed initially to determine the cleanliness and suitability for introduction into the HVAC air handling system. A wind tunnel analysis can be very beneficial to identify potential airflow or re-entrainment issues. Proper air treatment is necessary to prevent unwanted odors or contaminants from being introduced. Without high-quality ventilation in health care facilities, patients, caregivers and the public can become infected through the normal respiration of particles in the air. Poorly ventilated health care facilities are places where the likelihood of pathogenic particles in the air is high. Most individuals with normal, healthy immune systems can cope with and overcome the effects of these particles. However, immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to these pathogens and airborne organisms such as spores. As these organisms are found in higher concentration in health care facilities, additional care must be taken in the design of the HVAC systems. The provisions and requirements of each of the standards as adopted by the AHJ apply to new construction, additions, and alterations to existing buildings. See Figure 4 for a sample of pathogen type and size. The ventilation systems serving airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environment rooms, Class B and C operating rooms, and labor and delivery rooms are required to continue to operate to maintain space ventilation and pressure relationships in the event of a loss of normal power. To enhance HVAC systems reliability in serving these spaces, a minimum of two units or capability to continue services upon any fan failure/component
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maintenance is also recommended. Additionally, space ventilation in order to provide heating is required for patient care areas unless the ASHRAE 99% heating dry bulb temperature is greater than 25 F. This requirement indicates Figure 4: The relative size of airborne particles and that in most facilities, pathogens. Each affects indoor air quality and must be continuous ventilation addressed differently. Courtesy: Smith Seckman Reid Inc. will be provided at all times, unless heating for these areas is mum number and location of filter banks provided by other sources such as radiant required with filter minimum efficiency panels or baseboard heating. reporting value (MERV) ratings based on Acceptable location of air intakes and space designation by function. Two filter air discharges are noted in the codes banks are required for patient care areas. to avoid potential recirculation of con- See Table 1 for filter MERV ratings and taminated air and provide minimum inlet particle removal efficiency. The higher the locations that will allow for a clean air potential for infection or the more immulocation. Suspect outdoor air locations, nodeficient a patient is (and therefore even though meeting minimum distance the cleaner the air required), the higher requirements, should be monitored using the required filter rating. Studies cited appropriate air sensors as well as regu- by Memarzadeh contained in the Aerolarly scheduled portable air sampling for biological Engineering Handbook on AirCO, CO 2, volatile organic compounds borne Disease and Control Technologies (VOCs), NO 2, and related pollutants. (McGraw Hill) by W.J. Kowalski in 2005 Dont wait for the phone call that says showed multiple options for increasing someone has been taken ill due to any of the ability of specified filters to prevent these contaminants. Consider including spores from entering a building, including wind tunnel testing and/or computational biocidal filters, electrostatic filters, carbon fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis early in adsorbers, low-level ozonation, and negathe design process to minimize the poten- tive air ionization. In addition to filtration, pressurization tial for any adverse effects. As with most ventilation systems, the control is used to prevent migration of fungi method of air distribution, air delivery spores and bacteria from one area to another. to the space, and the types of air devices Systems that use 100% outside air without greatly affect the actual air change rates any recirculation have been used successand the ability of any system to minimize fully to minimize contaminants. HEPA filcontaminants and/or infection. HVAC tration has also been used to improve IAQ designers must follow codes and carefully by trapping fungi spores and most bacteria. choose the proper method of air delivery Care must be taken in the placement of filters in equipment and air systems to keep based on room type and function. filters dry, as a wet filter may cause spores to grow through the filter media, creating Air treatment, filtration, cleaning All air delivery systems require filters more problems than the filter was supto remove particles from the airstream to posed to solve. The proper code-specified keep equipment clean and functional as minimum distances and good engineering well as reduce dust and contaminant distri- practice for filter installation from cooling bution through the air systems. ASHRAE coils and humidifiers must be maintained to Standard 170-2008 identifies the mini- prevent moisture collection.
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Once systems are operational, a continual program to measure IAQ is necessary to identify and remediate any IAQ issues.
As with any HVAC strategy, the design and implementation must be in line with any owner/user established project microbial and particulate IAQ goals. To achieve the goals using particulate filters, first the particle size must be known and then the minimum filter MERV rating chosen to increase the filter effectiveness. Odors and VOCs have been successfully removed using carbon adsorbers or higher outside air dilution rates. The use of UVGI in combination with lower MERV rating filters has shown to be an effective alternative to HEPA filters in less critical applications. UVGI has also proven effective to control microbial growth on cooling coils, and continuous UV exposure will inhibit fungal growth in airstreams; however, the effectiveness is dependent on the contact time and distance to the UV source. Multiple air passes will increase the exposure and the potential benefit of UVGI. Monitoring and reporting (alarming) when filters reach their recommended pressure drop limitations along with regularly scheduled preventive maintenance will aid in reducing the risk of infections. Proper maintenance and tight-fitting filters are a must. Monitoring through differential pressure sensors to the BAS is a costeffective method to provide alerts to proper filter maintenance.
Equipment
Table 1: Filter MERV rating efficiency

Particle size in microns MERV
8 9 10 12 13 14 16
0.30-1.0
N/A N/A N/A N/A 75% 75% 95%
1.0-3.0
N/A 50% 65% 80% 90% 90% 95%
3.0-10.0
70% 85% 85% 90% 90% 90% 95%
ment and ductwork. All equipment should remain clean before and after it arrives on the job site. All ductwork should be sealed from the fabrication shop through the installation to avoid construction dust from entering and contaminating the duct. Air handling systems should be operated only with the scheduled filters in place including all final filters. This action will keep the downstream duct clean and lessen the risks of introducing contaminants upon start-up. Once systems are operational, a continual program to measure IAQ is necessary to identify and remediate any IAQ issues due to odors, VOCs, airborne pathogens, and other related issues.
Summary
Data from ASHRAE 52.2-2007, 2008 supplement.
trap and remove the particles from the airstream. ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007: Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size identifies the minimum MERV rating for preventing infiltration of fungi spores at 9 to 12, and bacteria at 13 to 16. Studies also indicate that the use of HEPA filters is most effective in positive pressure rooms such as operating rooms and protective isolation rooms. Additionally, research shows that for HEPA filters to be truly effective, they must be used with higher air change rates and controlled air velocities across the filter to maintain effectiveness, along with tightly sealed rooms. This is one of the reasons that Standard 170 does not require HEPA filters in other locations. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and require specialized air treatment, and thus are beyond the scope of this article. All filters must be tight-fitting within their holding frames to properly function. Air bypass around any filter increases the likelihood of airborne pathogens to be distributed into the occupied space. Type 8 holding frames for both prefilter and final filters with proper fastening clamps and devices will minimize any bypass and
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Air-handling systems providing air to patient care areas should have interior surfaces that are cleanable, non-eroding, and do not contribute to microbial growth. Consider tight-fitting and sealed casings to prevent unwanted air infiltration and prevent positive pressure air leakage. The components should be arranged to prevent moisture carry-over and have doublesloped drain pans to prevent any standing water or moisture traps. The pan drains should be properly sized, trapped, and installed to allow water to drain properly. Filters and other components need to be accessible and maintainable. Space should be provided between components to allow for cleaning. Does that sound too easy? Yes, but due to cost constraints, often some of the features are omitted, resulting in lesser quality and certainly less IAQand a potential risk of higher future infection rates. Any new construction or renovation project will require air-moving equip-
The many codes and standards governing health care can be confusing. Stepping back and focusing on the goal of maintaining a high IAQ level and minimizing the spread of airborne pathogens through the HVAC system will allow a good, concise design to be established and minimize the potential for increased infections. Designing and specifying good quality equipment that is cleanable and maintainable, as well as a sustainable system that is reliable and with the appropriate level of monitoring instrumentation, will help meet the goal. It is important to have the owner perform a risk assessment on each project and to implement infection control practices. Collaboration and communication between the HVAC engineer and facility manager along with the rest of the project team play important roles in creating a safe patient care environment. J. Patrick Banse is senior mechanical engineer with Smith Seckman Reid. He has more than 30 years of experience in the consulting engineering field with the last 25 years in health care design and engineering. He is responsible for HVAC, plumbing, and fire protection design for hospital and health care projects. Banse is a member of the Consulting-Specifying Engineer editorial advisory board.
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Specifying pipe and piping materials

Piping is used within many building systems, including HVAC, plumbing, specialty chemicals and fluids, and fire protection. Knowing what type of piping to use in a specific application can help preserve the life of a system or avoid a catastrophic failure.
By Matt Dolan, PE, lEED aP BD+C, JBA Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas
ipe and piping systems are found within many elements of buildings. Numerous people have seen a P-trap below a sink or refrigerant lines routing to and from their residential split system. Fewer have seen the main utility piping routing from a central plant or the chemical treatment systems within a pool equipment room. Each of these applications requires a specific type of pipe to meet the requirements of the codes, physical limitations, specifications, and best design practices. There is no simple piping solution to meet all applications. Provided that specific design criteria are followed and the right questions are asked of the owner and operational staff, these systems can meet all of the physical and code requirements. In addition, they can maintain the proper cost and lead times to create a successfully implemented building system.
HVAC piping
Chilled water piping is connected to the main pumps within this central plant. Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers
HVAC piping encompasses many different fluids, pressures, and temperatures. This piping can be located above or below ground and route through the interior or exterior of a building. These factors must be taken into consideration when specifying HVAC piping within
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a project. The term hydronic refers to the use of water as a heat transfer medium for cooling and heating. In each application, the water is supplied at a set flow rate and temperature. Typical space heat transfer is completed using an air-water coil designed to return the water at a defined temperature. This results in a specified quantity of heat delivered or removed from the space. Hydronic chilled and heating water are the dominant systems used to condition large commercial facilities. This shows a central plant heating water boiler and piping system, including hydronFor most low-rise building applica- ic and gas piping. Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers tions, the expected system working pressure is typically less than 150 pounds of the tower from the rest of the connect- pumps, coils, and valves. Any air left per square inch gauge (psig). Hydronic ed piping and equipment. This system within the piping can cause cavitation systems (both chilled and heating water) design would allow standard pressure at the chilled and heating water pumps are closed-loop systems. This means that chillers to be designed and installed, and reduce heat transfer within chillers, the total dynamic head of the pumps while specifying higher pressure piping boilers, or hydronic coils. Hydronic systems can use the followtakes into account the friction losses and accessories within the tower coming piping types: within the piping system, associated ponent. Copper: Drawn-temper tubing, When specifying piping for a large coils, valves, and accessories. The static height of the system does not affect the campus project, designers/engineers which complies with ASTM B88 and pumping capacities, but it does affect the must be intentional when editing the B88M with types L, B, K, M, or C, with required working pressure of the system. associated specifications sections ASME B16.22 wrought-copper fittings (ARCOM MasterSpec and unions joined with lead-free solder A 150 psig working pressections 23 21 13.23 and or brazing for underground applications. sure rating for chillers, Learning Drawn-temper tubing, which complies 23 21 13.13, respectively, boilers, pumps, piping, objectives for above- and below- with ASTM B88 and B88M with types L, and accessories is comUnderstand the challenges grade hydronic piping) to B, K (normally only used below grade), mon for equipment and of low- and high-rise piping be certain that the piping or A, with ASME B16.22 wrought copcomponent manufactursystems. specified for the tower per fittings and unions joined with leaders.This pressure rating Learn about three piping and podium are reflec- free solder or brazing for aboveground should be maintained system types: HVAC (hydronic tive of their individual applications.Pressure-seal fittings are within system designs piping), plumbing (domestic water, and waste and vent requirements (or collec- allowed for this tubing as well. whenever possible. Many piping), and specialty piping Type K copper is manufactured with tive requirements if heat buildings that are considfor chemicals and fluids (saltexchangers are not used the highest tubing thickness and allows ered as low- or mediumwater systems and hazardous to isolate the pressure for working pressures from 1534 psig at rise will fall into the 150 chemicals). 100 F for -in. piping, to 635 psig for 12 zones). psig working pressure category. Another component of the closed-loop in. The working pressures of types L and Maintaining the piping system and systems is water treatment and purging M are less than K, but are still more than equipment below the standard pressure of any oxygen from the water. Most suitable for HVAC applications (presof 150 psig becomes more difficult when hydronic systems are fitted with water sures range from 1242 psig at 100 F for designing high-rise buildings. A static treatment systems composed of various -in. and 435 psig for 12-in. for type piping height above approximately 350 chemicals and inhibitors to maintain L, and 850 psig and 395 psig for type ft (with no pump pressure added to the the water flowing through the pipes at M, respectively. These values are taken system) will exceed the standard work- optimal pH (approximately 9.0) and from Tables 3a, 3b, and 3c of The Coping pressure rating for these systems microbiological levels to resist bio-film per Tube Handbook, published by the (1 psig = 2.31 ft of head). This system buildup and corrosion within the piping. Copper Development Assn. These working pressures are taken for would most likely employ a pressure Stabilizing water within the system and break (in the form of heat exchangers) to removing any air helps provide the full straight lengths of piping, which are not isolate the higher pressure requirements life expectancy of the piping, associated typically the pressure-limiting areas of
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Stabilizing water within the system and removing any air helps provide the full life expectancy of the piping.
commonly used. This is due the system. Fittings and unions, to cost differences between where two pieces of pipe are the steel and copper, the difjoined, are more likely to cause ferences in labor requirements leaks or fail under the working of grooved piping compared pressures of some systems. The to solder or brazed piping typical joining types for copper (where pressure fittings are piping are soldering, brazing, not allowed or recommended or pressure seals. These joining by the owner or engineer), as types should be made with leadwell as recommended water free materials and be rated for velocities and temperatures the expected system pressures. within each of these piping Each joining type is capable of materials. maintaining a leak-free system Steel: Black or galvanized when the joint is sealed properly, steel piping, which complies but these systems respond difwith ASTM A 53/A 53M ferently when a joint is not fully with malleable-iron (ASME sealed or crimped. Solder and B16.3), or wrought-steel brazed connections will more (ASTM A 234/A 234M) fitlikely fail and leak when the systings and malleable-iron tem is first filled and tested and (ASME B16.39) unions. Both the building is not yet occupied. class 150 and class 300 flangIn this scenario, the contractor es, fittings, and unions may be and inspector can quickly identify used with threaded or flanged where a joint has not been sealed, fittings. This piping may be and remedy this problem before joined by welding with weldthe system is fully operational This shows plastic piping and the associated pumps, as and occupants and interior finish well as the transition to stainless steel piping within a pool ing filler metals which comply with AWS D10.12/D10.12M. items are damaged. Pressure-seal equipment room. Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers Grooved mechanical-joint joints can replicate this scenario as well, provided that they are specified the possibility of erosion/corrosion. For fittings and couplings, which complies with a leak detection ring or assembly. heating water systems (where the supply with ASTM A 536 for grade 65-45-12 This allows water to leak out of the fit- water temperature is typically 140 to 180 ductile iron, ASTM A 47/A 47M for ting if it is not fully pressed to identify F for space heating applications and up grade 32510 malleable iron, and ASTM problem areas in the same manner as to 205 F when used to produce domestic A 53/A 53M for types F, E, or S, Grade B solder or brazing. If the pressure-seal hot water in a hybrid system),the recom- fabricated steel; or ASTM A106, Grade fittings are not specified with this item, mended velocity limitations for copper B steel fittings with grooves or shoulthey can sometimes hold pressure during pipe is much less. The Copper Tube ders constructed to accept grooved-end the construction tests and may only fail Handbook lists these velocities at 2 to couplings. Steel piping is more commonly used after a period of operational time, thereby 3 fps when supply water temperatures for larger piping sizes in hydronic syscausing significantly more damage to the are above 140 F. Copper piping is typically available tems as stated above. This system type occupied space and potentially harming the occupants, especially if this piping is in certain sizes, the maximum of which allows for a variety of pressure, temperis 12 in. This limits the use of copper ature, and sizing requirements to meet carrying heating hot water. Sizing guidelines for copper pip- within main campus utility piping sys- the demands of chilled and heating water ing are determined based upon code tems, because these building designs systems. The class designation indicated requirements, the recommendations of typically require piping sizes in excess for the flanges, fittings, and unions refthe manufacturer, and best practices. For of 12 in. routing from the central plant erences the psig working pressure of satchilled water applications (where the to the associated heat exchange devices. urated steam for the associated element. supply water temperature is typically 42 Copper piping is more typically found A class 150 fitting is intended to operate to 45 F),the recommended velocity limi- within hydronic systems for sizes 3 at a working pressure of 150 psig at 366 tations of copper pipe systems is 8 fps in. and smaller. For sizes larger than F, while a class 300 fitting will provide to maintain low system noise and reduce 3 in., grooved steel piping is more a working pressure of 300 psig at 550 F.
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1/16/2013 4:06:01 PM
Stainless steel piping is used for both larger domestic water piping and direct replacement of copper piping.
PVC piping is advantageous A class 150 fitting will provide due to the corrosive nature a water working pressure of 300 of some soils. Hydronic pippsig up to 150 F, while a class ing is typically insulated and 300 fitting will provide a water covered with a protectivePVC working pressure up to 2000 jacketing, which provides a psig at 150 F. Additional fitting buffer between the metallic classes are available for specific piping and the surrounding piping types. Class 125 or 250 soil. Plastic piping can be used is available for cast-iron pipe in smaller chilled water sysflanges and flanged fittings in tems where lower pressures compliance with ASME 16.1 as are expected. The maximum an example. working pressure for PVC pipGrooved pipe and coupling ing is above 150 psig for all systems use a cut or formed pipe sizes through 8 in., but groove located on the ends of this is only for temperatures of the piping, fittings, valves, etc., 73 F or below. Any temperawhich is attached by a flexture above 73 F will result in ible or rigid coupling system a reduced working pressure between each length of pipe or within the piping system up to fitting. These couplings cona maximum of 140 F. At this tain two or more pieces that are temperature the de-rating factor bolted together and have a gasis 0.22, where it is 1.0 at 73 F. ket within the waterway of the The maximum service temperacoupling. These systems work ture of 140 F is applicable to with class 150 and 300 flange both schedule 40 and schedule types and with ethylene pro- During this renovation the existing plumbing domestic 80 PVC piping. CPVC piping pylene dienemonomer (EPDM) water, waste, and vent piping was exposed within the wall is capable of a greater range of gasket materials, and are able to for connection to new fixtures. Courtesy: JBA Consulting service temperatures, allowing operate with 230 to 250 F fluid Engineers it to accommodate up to 200 F temperatures (depending upon the piping size). The grooved piping both schedule 40 and schedule 80 with (at a 0.2 de-rating factor), but its presinformation has been taken from Vic- socket-type fittings (ASTM F 438 for sure ratings are identical to PVC, which taulic guide specifications and literature. schedule 40 and ASTM F 439 for schedule makes it acceptable for underground standard pressure chilled water systems Schedule 40 and 80 steel piping is 80) and solvent cements (ASTM F493). PVC plastic piping, which complies up to 8 in. For heating water systems acceptable for HVAC applications. The piping schedule refers to the piping wall with ASTM D 1785 for schedule 40 supporting higher temperature water up thickness, which increases as the sched- and schedule 80 with socket-type fit- to 180 or 205 F, neitherPVC norCPVC ule number increases. With the increase tings (ASM D 2466 for schedule 40 and piping is advisable. All data is from in piping wall thickness, there is also an ASTM D 2467 for schedule 80) and sol- Harvel PVC piping specifications and increase in the working pressure allowed vent cements (ASTM D 2564). Include CPVC piping specifications. for straight pipe. Schedule 40 piping primer according to ASTM F 656. Both CPVC and PVC piping are indi- Plumbing piping allows for working pressures from 1694 psig for -in. piping, to 696 psig for 12 cated for below-grade hydronic applicaPlumbing piping is concerned with the in. (both from -20 to 650 F). Schedule tions, though even in this environment flow of many different liquids, solids, 80 piping allows for working pressures one must exercise caution when instal- and gases. Both potable and non-potable from 3036 psig for in. and 1305 psig lingthis piping within a project. Plastic fluids flow within these systems. Due to for 12 in., respectively (both from -20 piping has been widely used within waste the wide variety of fluids carried within to 650 F). These values are taken from and vent piping systems, specifically plumbing systems, the associated piping the Watson McDaniel engineering data for underground applications where the is categorized as either domestic water uninsulated pipe is in direct contact with or drainage and vent piping. section. Plastic: CPVC plastic piping, which the surrounding soil. In this instance Domestic water: Soft copper tubcomplies with ASTM F 441/F 441M for the corrosive resistance of CPVC and ing, which complies with ASTM B88
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1/16/2013 4:07:34 PM
General master specifications are an invaluable resource when determining piping types for a given system.
for types K and L, and ASTM B88M for types A and B with wrought copper solder-joint pressure fittings (ASME B16.22). Hard copper tubing, which complies with ASTM B88 for types L and M, and ASTM B88M for types B and C with copper and copper alloy tube and fitting systems shall not exceed 8 fps in cold water and 5 fps in hot water.These values are also reiterated in The Copper Tube Handbook, which uses these values as the recommended maximum velocities for these system types. Stainless steel piping, which complies with ASTM A403 for type 316 with similar fittings using welded or grooved couplings, is used for both larger domestic water piping and direct replacement of copper piping. As copper prices have increased, stainless steel piping has become more common within domestic water piping systems. Piping types and associated standards have been taken from the Veterans Administration (VA) MasterSpec Section 22 11 00. A new development that will be brought into application and compliance in 2014 is the Federal Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act. This is a federal implementation of the current California and Vermont laws regarding lead content found within the waterway of any piping, valves, or accessories used within the domestic water system. The law states that all wetted surfaces of pipes, fittings, and fixtures must be lead-free, which translates to a maximum lead content of not more than a weighted average of 0.25% (lead). This requires that manufacturers produce lead-free cast products to meet the new letter of the law. UL outlines the details in An Overview of Regulations for Lead Levels in Drinking Water System Components. Drainage and venting: Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings, which complies with ASTM A 888 or Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute (CISPI) 301. Sovent stack fittings, which comply with ASME B16.45 or ASSE 1043, can be used with a hubless system. Hub-and-spigot cast iron soil pipe and fittings must comply with ASTM A 74, with rubber gaskets (ASTM C 564), and pure lead and oakum or hemp fiber calking materials (ASTM B29). Both of these piping construction types are acceptable for building use, but hubless piping and fittings are most commonly used above grade within commercial buildings. Cast iron piping with CISPI hubless piping couplings allows for a permanent installation that can be reconfigured or accessed by disassembling the band clamps, but still retains the metallic piping mass to reduce breakout noise from waste flow through the pipe. The drawback to castiron piping is deterioration of the pipe from acidic waste materials found in typical installations serving bathrooms. Stainless steel piping and fittings with socket and spigot ends, which complies with ASME A112.3.1 are found in above-grade drainage systems in place of cast iron piping. Stainless steel piping is also used within the first segments of piping connecting to floor sinks where soda products are drained to reduce the damage due to corrosion. Solid-wall PVC piping, which complies with ASTM D 2665 (drain, waste, and vent), and cellular-core PVC piping, which complies with ASTM F 891 (schedule 40), socket fittings (ASTM D 2665 made to ASTM D 3311, drain, waste, and vent patterns and to fit schedule 40 pipe), adhesive primer (ASTM F 656), and solvent cement (ASTM D 2564). PVC piping can be found above and below grade within commercial buildings, though it is more often specified below grade due to breakout noise from the piping and specific code requirements.
Specialty piping
This shows plate and frame heat exchangers connected with chilled and condenser water piping within a central plant. This assembly is used to provide waterside economizer during certain times of the year.Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers
cast copper solder-joint fittings (ASME B16.18), wrought copper solder joint fittings (ASME B16.22), bronze flanges (ASME B16.24), and copper unions (MSS SP-123). Pressure-seal fittings are allowed for this tubing as well. Copper piping types and associated standards have been taken from MasterSpec section 22 11 16. Copper domestic water piping design is limited by the code requirements for maximum flow rates. They are stated in the plumbing codes as follows: 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code section 610.12.1 states: Maximum velocities in
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Specialty piping systems are associated with conveying atypical fluids. These fluids can range from salt water aquarium piping applications to chemical feed piping for pool equipment systems. Aquarium piping systems are not commonly found within commercial buildings, but they are installed in some hospitality properties, with remote piping systems routing from a central pump room to various locations. Stainless steel
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would appear to be an appropriate piping type for saltwater systems due to its ability to inhibit corrosion with other water systems, but in actuality saltwater will pit and deteriorate stainless steel piping. For this type of application, CPVC plastic or copper-nickel marine-grade piping meets the corrosive requirements; when routing this piping within a large commercial property, the combustibility of the pipe must be taken into account. Pool piping conveying treated water for human immersion contains diluted quantities of chemicals (both 12.5% sodium hypochlorite bleach and muriatic acid can be used) to maintain a specific pH level and chemical balanceto meet health department requirements. In addition to the diluted chemical piping, full concentrations of chlorine bleach and other chemicals must be conveyed from bulk storage locations and specific equipment rooms. CPVC piping meets
the chemical resistance to convey chlorine bleach, but high-silicon iron piping can be substituted for chemical piping applications when routing through noncombustible building types (example: Type 1A). It is durable, but more brittle than standard cast-iron piping and weighs more than similar piping types. This article addresses only some of the multitude of possibilities within piping system designs. They represent the majority of installed system types for larger commercial buildings, but there will always be exceptions to the rules. General master specifications are an invaluable resource when determining piping types for a given system and the associated standards by which to judge each product. Standard specifications will meet the requirements of many projects, but when high-rise towers, high temperatures, hazardous chemicals, or changes in the law or jurisdiction are involved,
designers and engineers must review. additional information about piping recommendations and limitations to make informed decisions about the products being installed in their projects. We, as design professionals, are trusted by our clients to provide them with an adequately sized, properly balanced, and reasonably priced design for their buildings one where the piping systems reach their expected life span and a catastrophic failure is never encountered. Matt Dolan is a project engineer with JBA Consulting Engineers. His expertise is in designing complex HVAC and plumbing systems for various building types, such as commercial offices, healthcare facilities, and hospitality complexes including high-rise guestroom towers and numerous restaurants.
Read the longer version of this online at: www.csemag.com/archives.
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Updates to 2014 NEC

NFPA 70, the National Electrical Code, will next be updated in 2014. Heres a look at what to expect.
By Justin schultz, PE, lEED AP iD+c, Metro CD Engineering, Dublin, Ohio
n 2011, 3,745 proposals were submitted to NFPA to be considered for incorporation into the upcoming 2014 National Electrical Code (NEC). Technical committees reviewed these proposals, commented on them, and gave a recommended action (e.g., accept or reject) in a document called the report on proposals (ROP). The ROP was published and open for comments, which will be considered and addressed in the report on comments (ROC) to be presented for action at the NFPA Technical Meeting in 2013. The 2014 edition of the National Electrical Code will be available in the fall of 2013. Some of the new NEC articles and changes are indicative of the code progressing to address new and evolving technologies. Proposals currently listed as accepted include four new articles, which are representative of technology advances
that are either not currently covered in the NEC or require a more detailed set of requirements. The articles and changes serve the NECs mission to provide practical safeguards from the hazards that arise from using electricity. In addition to changes addressing new technologies, there are proposed changes to existing articles that will impact the status quo for electrical design.
New articles
n 393 Low-voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems: A proposed
Figure 1: These low-voltage direct current (LVDC) grid interconnects are designed as a plug-and-play system to supply power to lighting fixtures and other electrical devices. This system provides safe, low-voltage dc distribution that eliminates ac to dc electrical power conversions at the device level. Courtesy: TE Connectivity
new article would cover installations of low-voltage suspended ceiling power distribution systems. These systems have similar characteristics to track lighting, where the ceiling grid is used as an electrical system for distributing power to lighting fixtures and other powered devices. The substantiation for adding this article states that alternative and renewable energy sources (e.g., photovoltaics, wind turbines, batteries, fuel cells, etc.) are increasingly being installed and, this coupled with the reality that many of the loads installed ultimately use electricity in its dc form has renewed an interest in dc power and its distribution in buildings. Proponents of these types of systems state that they enable lighting (and other device) reconfigurations without rewiring and require no ac/dc conversion (when directly connected to alternative energy sources). Consider that most commercial buildings as well as many residential buildings today have suspended ceilings. The prevalent metal grid work can not only be used as support for acoustical ceiling tile
and lighting fixtures, but also as a power distribution system. Details of the article include installation requirements, and uses permitted are limited to indoor dry locations for residential, commercial, and industrial installations. n 646 Modular Data Centers: This new article would define and list applicable requirements for a developing trend in data center architecture called modular data centers (MDCs). The unique customization and scalability of MDCs can vary their sizes from a large enclosure to a prefabricated building, while the equipment is typically not permanently installed. Details of the article include requirements for nameplate data, supply conductors and overcurrent protection, short-circuit current rating, field wiring compartments, and flexible power cable. Also listed are provisions for equipment, lighting, and work space requirements. n 728 Fire Resistive Cable Systems: A new article would list all requirements in one place for fire-resistive cable, conductor, and other system components used for survivability of critical circuits in fire conditions. Some of the installation requirements listed include mounting, supports, splices, raceways, and pulling lubricants.
n 750 Energy Management Systems:
A task group was appointed to focus on interconnection and energy management systems. The task group drafted this proposed article to address safety requirements for implementing infrastructure to allow the Smart Grid to actively manage energy management systems as a means to reduce energy costs or reduce peak power needs.
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New or revised sections and subdivisions
n 100 Retrofit Kit: A definition for retrofit kit is proposed to be added to Article 100. Retrofit kit would be defined as, a general term for a complete listed subassembly of parts and devices for field conversion of utilization equipment. New requirements for luminaire retrofit kits are also proposed to Section 410.6 (see page 46). n 110.17 Working Space Marking: This proposed new section in Article 110 (Requirements for Electrical Installations) would require that equipment working space be identified on or adjacent to the equipment. The marking shall include the words, CAUTION! AREA IN FRONT OF ELECTRICAL PANELS EQUIPMENT SHALL BE KEPT CLEAR FOR DEPTH: WIDTH: HEIGHT with the required dimensions listed. n 110.21(B) Field-Applied Markings:
Figure 2: The EMerge Alliance occupied space power distribution system diagram illustrates a typical configuration for a room-level DC microgrid. The optional on-site DC power source (e.g., solar PV) would allow for direct integration of on-site renewable energy sources. Courtesy: EMerge Alliance
This proposed new subdivision lists specific requirements for the content, color, durability, and suitability for field-applied markings and labels.
n 110.25 Lockable Disconnecting Means:
the requirement threshold to equipment rated 800 A or more. Another change would require that the egress doors have listed panic hardware (rather than allowing the use of other devices that are normally latched but open under simple pressure).
n 210.17 Electric Vehicle Branch Circuit: The proposed new section to Article
n 250.122(F) Conductors in Parallel: This section would be amended to clarify that where conductors are run in parallel, the equipment grounding conductors shall not be required to be larger than the largest ungrounded conductor. n 250.194 Grounding and Bonding of Fences and Other Metal Structures: This
This new section would consolidate requirements for lockable disconnecting means into one section. The new text requires that where a disconnecting means is required to be lockable open, it shall be capable of being locked in the open position. It also ensures that the means for placing the lock remain in place.
n 110.26 Ground-Fault and Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacles: A new
section would require that all groundfault circuit-interrupter (GFCI) and outlet branch circuit type arc-fault circuit-interrupter (AFCI) receptacles be installed in a readily accessible location. The intent is to help facilitate the required periodic testing of these devices.
n 110.27(C)(2) and (3) Entrance to and Egress from Working Space, Personnel Doors: These subdivisions currently list
210 (Branch Circuits) would require that outlet(s) intended for the purpose of charging electric vehicles be supplied by a separate, dedicated branch circuit. n 210.64 Electrical Service Areas: A new section would require that at least one 15 A or 20 A receptacle outlet be installed within 50 ft of the electrical service equipment (except for in one- and two-family dwellings). The new receptacle requirement is intended to facilitate use of portable electrical equipment for testing and servicing purposes.
n 240.11 Oversized Ungrounded Conductors: The proposed new section to Article
proposed new section would provide new rules for bonding and grounding metal fences and metal structures, including guy wires. The requirements are intended to limit step, touch, and transfer voltages.
n 310.15(B)(7) 120/240 V, Single-Phase Dwelling Services and Feeders: The pro-
the requirements for two personnel doors where equipment rated 1,200 A or more is installed containing overcurrent devices, switching devices, or control devices. The proposed amendment would reduce
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240 (Overcurrent Protection) would require marking or tagging of ungrounded conductors that are increased in size for voltage drop or derating purposes. The mark or tag shall be located at the point where the conductors receive their supply. An exception would be provided for conditions where maintenance and engineering supervision ensure that only qualified personnel document, monitor, and service the equipment.
posed change would replace the existing Table 310.15(B)(7) with text stating that 83% of the 230.79 service ampere rating shall be permitted to be used as the minimum ampacity to determine the size of the ungrounded conductors. Although the reduction in minimum ampacity is the same as permitted in the existing table, the intent is to present the requirements in a user-friendly format. An example would be referenced in Annex D to provide more information on how to apply the new language. n 330.30(D) Unsupported Cables: The new subdivision would allow metal-clad cable (type MC) to be unsupported in lengths up to 3 ft for equipment flexibility reasons or to minimize transmission of vibration.
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The articles and changes serve the NECs mission to provide practical safeguards from the hazards that arise from using electricity.
n 400.7 Uses Permitted: The proposed change to Article 400 (Flexible Cords and Cables) would allow use of a flexible cord or cable for connection of accessory equipment associated with mechanical equipment, alarms, or antennas. The nondetachable power supply cord must be 6 ft or less and the equipment must be above
receptacles that are controlled by an automatic control device or BAS. The requirement applies to nonlocking-type 125 V, 15 A and 20 A receptacles. Note that in the 2010 version of ASHRAE 90.1, 50% of all 125 V, 15 A and 20 A receptacles shall be controlled by an automatic control device for private
n 406.15 Dimmer Controlled Receptacles: A new section would clarify that a
receptacle supply lighting load shall only be connected to a dimmer if the plug and receptacle combination is a nonstandard configuration type that is specifically listed and identified for each such unique combination. n 410.6 Listing Required: In addition to luminaires and lampholders, this amendment would require that retrofit kits be listed.
n 410.10(F) Luminaires Installed in or Under Roof Decking: This new subdivi-
Figure 3: Modular data centers allow the use of outside air in the cooling systems, thereby limiting the use of air conditioning during colder months in cool climates. The HP EcoPOD modular data center is an example of a developing trend in data center architecture. Courtesy: HP
sion would restrict luminaires from being installed within 1.5 in. from the lowest surface of metal-corrugated sheet roof decking. The restriction is already in place for cables, raceways, and boxes (300.4(E)), but this change would extend the restriction to luminaires. The intent is to limit physical damage to the luminaire and its associated equipment (e.g., ballast and transformer) when screws and fasteners are added to repair or replace the roof decking, membrane, and insulating materials.
n 440.9 Grounding and Bonding, AirConditioning and Refrigerating Equipment:
an accessible ceiling or dropped ceiling to meet this intent. Also, the installation shall not be prohibited by 300.22 to qualify as a permitted use.
n 404.2(C) Switches Controlling Lighting Loads: A new proposed exception would
exempt switch locations (from providing a grounded circuit conductor at the switch location) where snap switches with integral enclosures complying with 300.15(E) control the lighting loads. Another exception would exempt the grounded circuit conductor requirement, such that where multiple switches (e.g., three- or four-way) control the same lighting load in an interior room or space, the grounded circuit conductor shall not be required at each location if one has been provided at one or more switching points visible from most areas within the room.
n 406.3(E) Controlled Receptacle Marking: This new subdivision would require
the use of a new marking symbol for

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offices, open offices, and computer classrooms (this includes receptacles in modular partition walls). As the new energy codes and future versions of U.S. Green Building Council LEED are adopted, this receptacle marking requirement will become much more prevalent. n 406.5 Receptacle Mounting: One change to this section would clarify that drywall screws shall not be used to fasten receptacles to boxes. Currently receptacles mounted in countertops and similar work surfaces are not permitted to be mounted in the face-up position in dwelling units. Another proposed change would expand this restriction to apply to all occupancies. A new subdivision would require that receptacles installed in floors, seating areas, and other similar surfaces may only be installed in a face-up position if the assembly is listed for that application.
A new section would require that an equipment grounding conductor be provided where air conditioning and refrigerating equipment is installed outdoors with either liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit (type LFMC) or electrical metallic tubing (type EMT). A related change to 350.60 would require that a wire-type equipment grounding conductor be installed for outdoor HVAC installations using LFMC, with exception requirements listed for industrial, commercial, and institutional installations. n 445.11 Marking, Generators: Additional marking would now be required by the generator manufacturer indicating whether or not the neutral is bonded to the generator frame. If the bonding is field-modified, additional marking would be required to again indicate whether or not the neutral is bonded to the generator frame.
n 445.20 GFCI Protection for Receptacles on Portable Generators: A new section
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would require that all 125 V, 15 A and 20 A receptacles that are part of a 15 kW or smaller, portable generator have GFCI protection. The GFCI protection shall be integral to the generator or receptacle. The intent is to reduce possibilities of shock hazards for use of portable generators in less than ideal conditions. n 490.25 Backfeed: A proposed new section in Article 490 (Equipment, Over 600 V, Nominal) would add the following signage requirements to installations over 600V where the possibility of backfeed exists: (a) A permanent sign in accordance with 110.21(B) shall be installed on the disconnecting means enclosure or immediately adjacent to open disconnecting means with the following words or equivalent: DANGER CONTACTS ON EITHER SIDE OF THIS DEVICE MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED. (b) A permanent and legible single-line diagram of the local switching arrangement, clearly identifying each point of connection to the high-voltage section, shall be provided within sight of each point of connection.
n 517.18(B) Patient Bed Location Receptacles: In the 2011 NEC, patient bed loca-
shall be hospital-grade single, duplex, or quadruplex type, or any combination of the three.
n 517.19(C) Operating Room Receptacles: A new subdivision would list recep-
n 700.19 Multi-wire Branch Circuits:
tacle requirements for operating rooms, A minimum of 36 receptacles would be required in each operating room, with a minimum of 12 receptacles on either the normal system branch or the critical system branch. Receptacles shall be hospital-grade single, duplex, or a combination of both.
n 625 Electric Vehicle Charging and Supply Equipment Systems: This article would
tions for general care areas are required to have a minimum of four receptacles, which shall be hospital-grade single, duplex, or quadruplex type, or any combination of the three. The proposed change for 2014 would increase this requirement to eight receptacles. The substantiation for the change is to coordinate requirements between the NEC and NFPA 99, Heath Care Facilities Code.
n 517.19(B) Patient Bed Location Receptacles: In the 2011 NEC, patient bed loca-
be renamed and reorganized with several changes, the most notable of which are as follows. Definitions for electric vehicle charging system and electric vehicle supply equipment system have been added (625.2). Where an automatic load management system is used, the maximum electric vehicle supply equipment load on a service or feeder would be limited to the maximum load permitted by the automatic load management system (625.12). A new section (625.17) lists requirements for cords and cables (e.g., types, ratings, lengths). Electric vehicle branch circuits would be required to be labeled, For use with electric vehicle supply equipment (or electric vehicle charging system) (625.30). Requirements would also be expanded for cord and plug supply equipment connections (625.44).
n 690.12 Arrays on Buildings Response to Emergency Shutdown: A new section in
A proposed new section to Article 700 (Emergency Systems) would prohibit emergency lighting and power branch circuits from being part of a multi-wire branch circuit. The intent is to prevent the unnecessary opening of the other one or two poles of a multi-wire branch circuit because of an overload, ground fault, or short-circuit on one pole of the multi-wire branch circuit. This would prevent a trip in one emergency circuit from otherwise unnecessarily tripping other circuits, due to the circuit being supplied by either a multi-pole circuit breaker or single-pole circuit breakers sharing a common handle tie.
Figure 4: Electric vehicle charging systems provide a convenient means to charge vehicles that plug in instead of fueling up. Proposed changes to the NEC list additional requirements for these systems. Courtesy: GE
More Information
tions for critical care areas are required to have a minimum of six receptacles. The proposed change for 2014 would increase this requirement to fourteen receptacles, with a minimum of one of the receptacles to be connected to either the normal system branch or the critical system branch. Again, the substantiation for the change is to coordinate requirements between the NEC and NFPA 99, and the receptacles
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Article 690 (Solar Photovoltaic Systems) is proposed to increase the electrical and fire safety of photovoltaic (PV) systems on buildingsin particular, for the emergency responders working on power lines that may potentially contain live PV circuits. For PV systems installed on roofs of buildings, PV source circuits would be required to be de-energized within 10 seconds of when emergency shutdown is initiated or when the PV power source disconnecting means is opened. Additionally, the voltage at the module and module connectors shall be limited to 80 V or less when the source circuits are de-energized.
This article is meant to highlight some of the more important proposed changes of interest to consultants and specifiers. The changes listed are also limited to those that are currently listed as accepted in the RPO. As the list in this article is not comprehensive, there may be other substantive and important changes relevant to your field of work. Please review the 2013 ROP for more information, including all of the proposed changes. Justin Schultz is a lead electrical engineer at Metro CD Engineering and serves as education chairman and board member for his local Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) section. He is a 2011 Consulting-Specifying Engineer 40 Under 40 winner.
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VAV systems and return air balancing

The ability to balance return inlets requires some thought and evaluation.
By James e. Hall, Pe, TBe; and Odean H. Jukam, TBe, Cxa, Systems Management & Balancing Inc., Waukee, Iowa
hen designing a variable air volume (VAV) system, engineers will specify return airflow volumes at the return air inlets. When these return air volumes are associated with variable supply air volumes for a given area, the ability to balance these return inlets requires some thought and evaluation. The return inlet airflow values shown in Figure 1 are airflows required when the VAV boxes are at maximum cooling and the return fan is operating at maximum design airflow. The return system is typically balanced when the system (supply VAVs) is set to maximum cooling airflow. This should drive the return fan to its required maximum system airflow. The return air system is then proportionally balanced to obtain the design airflows at each inlet. The return air system is a pressure dependent system and the main factor affecting the airflow to the individual return inlets is the return fan speed and the amount of airflow and pressure present in the duct system. The return air system is designed and the ductwork is sized for maximum system airflow and the ability of the system to obtain design return airflow at all of the return inlets. The return airflow in the duct and at the inlets changes once the return fan speed is reduced from maximum airflow. The return fan speed is typically controlled by tracking the supply fan by an offset speed or airflow value; maintaining a plenum pressure; or maintaining a build-
ing pressure. It should be noted that none of these control scenarios are associated with maintaining the design return airflow at the individual return air inlets. Myth 1: Return airflow at the inlets changes exactly proportional with respect to a change in return fan speed. The airflow at the individual inlets will not remain proportionally balanced exactly as the speed of the fan is decreased. If the return fan speed is reduced 25%, the return airflow at each individual inlet is not proportionally reduced exactly 25%. Originally the ductwork was sized for maximum airflow and now that the total system airflow has been reduced, it is oversized for the reduced airflow. At the reduced fan speed the following properties in the ductwork are reduced: air velocity, friction loss, velocity pressure, and static pressure. It should be noted that the amount of imbalance will increase as the return fan speed is further decreased and it is possible that little or no airflow can be measured at a return inlet located a good distance from the return fan. Myth 2: The return inlet airflow changes as the associated supply VAV changes in airflow. The amount of conditioned air supplied by a VAV box into a room will vary from maximum to minimum based on a thermostat setting change, change in occupancy, solar load, equipment operating conditions, etc. The amount of air returned from the room varies gradually as the building load changes
Figure 1: The return inlet airflow values are airflows required when the VAV boxes are at maximum cooling and the return fan is operating at maximum design airflow. Courtesy: Systems Management & Balancing
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Once the air handling system is put into operation under DDC, the return airflows originally reported cannot be repeated.
and the return fan speed changes. Therefore, once the system is operating under control, the supply air to return air ratio for given areas is subject to constant change. The supply airflow and return airflow systems are not a closed coupled system. Once the air handling system is put into operation under direct digital control (DDC), the return airflows originally reported cannot be repeated. In order to repeat airflow measurements at the return inlets, the system must be indexed to the mode that it was operating in during balancing. This operating mode is typically with all supply VAVs indexed to maximum cooling and the return fan at maximum airflow. If return airflow balancing is required for the VAV system, then an evaluation using these three parameters should be performed on the requirements and approach to performing the air balancing: 1. Is individual airflow at each return inlet critical? Will system or building performance be affected if the airflow at these inlets is not obtained? 2. Can the return airflow be proportioned by area or floor (in lieu of individual inlets) and satisfy the system/ building requirements? Are balancing dampers located in the key areas to allow this to happen? 3. If return airflow balancing is critical for the system/building operation, then the system should be made pressure independent and the use of VAV boxes on the return air system should be employed. James E. Hall is president and owner of Systems Management & Balancing. Odean H. Jukam is past president and a consultant with Systems Management & Balancing. The firm provides independent, objective, and professional testing of HVAC systems. This article originally ran in the Spring 2012 TAB Journal, published by the Associated Air Balance Council.
Table 1: Air properties

Duct size Air volume Air velocity Duct friction loss Static pressure Velocity pressure 36 x 24 in. 7500 cfm 1250 fpm 0.07 in. / 100 ft 1.5 in. 0.097 in. 36 x 24 in. 5000 cfm 833 fpm 0.035 in. / 100 ft 0.67 in. 0.043 in. 36 x 24 in. 2500 cfm 417 fpm 0.01 in. / 100 ft 0.17 in. 0.011 in.
Table 1 displays the anticipated properties of air in a section of ductwork for a return air system at reduced fan speeds. Courtesy: Systems Management & Balancing
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Learning objectives
Green is gold, but may be risky

BY DAN KNISE, Ames & Gough, Washington, D.C.
Other
Better understand risks of green design/products. Learn to address some of the heightened risks. Learn about resources available to assist in green design.
Engineers must carefully review contracts and insurance to ensure green building design proceeds smoothly.
(2007-2011)
Distribution of claims on green projects

Techinical design or specification errors
he greening of America and, indeed, the world, is now a common aspect of daily life for businesses everywhere. Whether it involves waste reduction, enhanced energy efficiency, adaptive reuse, recycling, or use of renewable resources, all are focused on how to leave a positive impactor at least reduce the negative impacton the environment. Engineers face daily requests to reduce energy consumption, maximize passive lighting, specify green products, and find other innovative ways to meet societys desire for a greener world. With these requests comes real opportunity for engineers to make a difference and provide leadership that benefits our greater society. However, engineers need to widen their understanding of the unique risks associated with projects that have green construction and sustainability requirements and be proactive in their mitigation and management. Four organizations are helping drive green construction and establish related goals: the U.S. Green Building Council and its LEED rating systems, the Green Building Initiative and its Green Globes initiative, the International Living Future Institute and its Living Building Challenge, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)and its Energy Star program. In addition, many professional organizations, like ASHRAE, have set standards to encourage more energy-efficient buildings. Across the country, the federal government and growing numbers of states and municipalities are building on the momentum created by these organizations and are
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mandating that public sec15% 12% General tor projects examine green delays and alternatives and impleextras ment them where feasible. 24% Meanwhile, many private20% sector projects are seeking various levels of LEED or other certifications to take 29% advantage of tax incenClient tives, attract tenants, and communication Unclear project establish a favorable repudifficulties requirements tation. Engineers engaged in Figure 1: From to 2007 to 2011, claims on projects where green projects must evalu- green design was promoted did not vary significantly ate the risk created by this from the claims profile of all building projects. Courtesy: push for sustainability Victor O. Schinnerer & Co. Inc. and, in particular, look closely at contract provisions that address For example, the code of ethics for engistandard of care, warranties, guarantees, neers has added sustainability. The National Society of Professional and consequential damages. Standard of care: Within the context of Engineers (NSPE) - Section 3.2.d. states: standard of care, engineers are required to Engineers are encouraged to adhere to the undertake their work with the same care principles of sustainable development in and consideration used by other engineers order to protect the environment for future undertaking similar work in the same geo- generations. The NSPE defines sustainable develgraphic area. This requires always evolving as the practice of engineering evolves. opment as: the challenge of meeting For example, engineers may take a cue human needs for natural resources, indusfrom the American Institute of Architects trial products, energy, food, transportation, (AIA), which has established requirements shelter, and effective waste management for design firms to examine environmen- while conserving and protecting environtally responsible approaches under AIA mental quality and the natural resource B101-2007 Sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.5.1. base essential for future development. This language and the actual words and The standard of care is evolving. For each actions of engineers and architects may project, engineers should at least formally actually be creating an evolving standard evaluate sustainability issues and perhaps of care that would make failure to consider go much further in promulgating environgreen options a violation of the standard. mentally sensitive designs.
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Engineers should seek to avoid contractual language holding them accountable for consequential damages.
Warranties and guarantees: Another area of concern in green building is warranties and guarantees. Red flags should go up whenever engineers see contract wording such as: Achieve LEED Gold; Guarantee that energy consumption will drop by X%; Warrant that plans will. In reality, these outcomes are affected by owner and contractor decisions on siting, procurement, waste management, and other aspects of the project that are beyond an engineers control. Where possible, avoid any reference to such operational outcomes unless you as the engineer/ specifier control the quality of the installation, the training of all operating personnel, the maintenance of the facility/machinery, and so on. Failure to do so can jeopardize your professional liability insurance coverage as these policies cover only liability the engineer would have had in the absence of any contractual commitments. Consequential damages: Engineers should seek to avoid contractual language holding them accountable for consequential damages. Such damages (e.g., lost profits due to late opening of a casino) are disproportional to the compensation engineers receive to undertake their portion of the work on a project. Sustainable design increases the risk of such consequential damages as owners look to hold engineers responsible for the potential loss of tax credits or reduced occupancy rates or rental rates if a facility fails to achieve the requisite certification level. While such damages may be covered by your insurance policy, they would result in deductible payments and potentially higher future premiums. The engineers on a project should not be held responsible for these.
Green litigation: Lessons learned
A seminal lawsuit in green building, Shaw Development v. Southern Builders, occurred in 2007. Brought before the Circuit Court in Somerset County, Md., the suit involved a condominium designed to be at least LEED Silver certified. Construction delays related to the certification involved significant costs and triggered suits brought by both the builder and developer. At issue was $635,000 in potential tax credits for obtaining LEED Silver. The developer alleged the project manual and scope of work required Southern Builders to construct a green building that achieved a LEED Silver Certification Level. The case eventually was settled but illustrates the unique exposures when certification is required. Subsequently, a 2008 decision in The Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, et al. v. City of Albuquerque (U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106706) gave the industry relief from local ordinances that exceeded federal green standards. Albuquerque passed three ordinances that imposed minimum energy-efficiency standards for com-
Sustainable project contractual considerations for engineers

Whenever a project owner expresses a desire to achieve certification (e.g., U.S. Green Building Council LEED or Green Globes) for a sustainable/green project, engineers must carefully review proposed contract language. Consider including wording that reflects the following: Owner recognizes that engineer, while incorporating green design, will perform services to traditional standard of care. Engineer should not accept any express warranties or guarantees regarding achievement of certification (as many aspects of rating scale are beyond the engineers control). Owner recognizes that many so-called green building products are untested and therefore carry some risk that engineer cannot warrant. Engineer cannot accept responsibility for consequential damages (e.g., loss of tax credits for green building) as risk-reward is out of balance.
mercial and residential buildings, which exceeded federal standards. In this case, local, regional, and national manufacturers and distributors of HVAC products filed suit against the city alleging that federal statutes preempt it from passing the ordinances. The federal court held in favor of the plaintiffs, asserting that federal law may preempt certain state and local statutes that require higher standards. A number of cases that have been cited by professional liability insurer Victor O. Schinnerer/CNA illustrate the types of thorny issues that can arise in green building projects: Daylighting: Daylighting design and potential security issues surfaced in a project involving a government contractor that provided military systems designs and terrorism identification services. The project featured a green design including extensive daylighting systems with windows and skylights. The federal government determined the features would place confidential information at risk and threatened to revoke the projects security rating, cancel existing contracts, and prevent future consideration. The client sued the architect, citing that the standard of care was breached as the architect was aware of the security concerns and should have contemplated them in the final design. Mold: An insurance company wanted green products used in the redesign of its interior space. The design firm specified cork flooring in kitchen areas. Subsequent damage to cork flooring in high-traffic areas around sinks, ice machines, and coffee makers led to water retention and mold growth. Efforts to clean and seal floors with environmentally safe solutions proved unsatisfactory to employees, and the cork tiles were replaced with vinyl flooring. Although the design firm experienced lost productivity and deductible costs in defending against the companys claims of negligent design, the client ultimately chose not to pursue the claim and absorbed the cost of resurfacing the kitchen areas. Nonetheless, in addition to the defense costs and loss of productive time, the design firms reputation in the commercial market was marred by the incident.
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n Air quality: A university agreed to an architects design of an operable sash for its library, despite concerns about how untreated air might affect the buildings operations. The design firm stressed the importance of outside air for student health and alertness. When solar shading designed for energy conservation provided shelter for pigeons, students using the library began reporting respiratory illnesses. Controversy ensued and the architect was sued for negligence because of introduction of diseases contained in pigeon droppings. n Sick building syndrome: Guarantees of indoor air quality carry significant potential risk. Lured by the promise of healthier and more productive occupants associated with LEED publicity, a tenant rented space in a LEED Silver certified building. However, after the first year of occupancy, the tenants records showed increases in sick leave and employee complaints about working conditions, and reduced productivity. The tenant demanded a rent rebate from the project owner based on promise of a healthful workplace and sued the architect.
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In light of the unique exposures related to green building projects, engineers should: n Review their insurance coverage carefully and ensure that the boundaries of this coverage are contemplated when taking on new work. No additional or specific green insurance is needed, but engineers should be aware of warranties and other contractual obligations that may not be covered by their insurance policies. Notably, professional liability coverage typically extends only to acts of negligenceand not to other contractual liabilities. This underscores the importance of a thorough contract review before proceeding and avoidance of contractual risks that the engineer would not have been responsible for in the absence of the contract. n With respect to builders risk/property insurance, design professionals should check that such coverage is in force and that the insurance policy on the project covers extra costs associated with re-building green to achieve LEED certification. This relatively inexpensive property insurance protection can help prevent more costly claims against the design professionals. n Check for a waiver of subrogation clause in the contract. This prevents the owners builders risk insurer from paying a claim and then turning around and suing the engineer. n Engineers should work closely with their legal counsel and insurance advisor to address potential contractual issues and ensure that their insurance program is fully up to date in helping to mitigate related exposures. Dan Knise is president and CEO of Ames & Gough, an insurance brokerage and risk management consulting firm that specializes in serving the needs of professional services firms. Knise works directly with many of the firms larger design firm clients, as well as advising project owners on risk and insurance issues.
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IN T EG R AT ED PR O J ECT D ELI V ERY PR O FIL E
Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery

he Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery (Discovery), on the University of Wisconsin campus in Madison, has two owners and houses two major biomedical research organizations. With a concentrated schedule, aggressive goals for sustainability, a paradigm-changing collaborative research model, and an urgent mission to accelerate new knowledge improving human health, the project compelled consideration of alternative modes of project delivery. The owner briefly considered a fasttrack approach given the projects accelerated schedule but realized that fasttracking alone wouldnt require the extent of team collaboration needed to successfully execute the functionally intricate, large-scale, sustainability-focused design. With its basis of shared risk and reward, integrated project delivery (IPD) was seen as the best way to establish a collaborative culture among owners, designers, and builders for the duration of the project, and as most effectively translating the expenditure of resources into owner value. In a conventional project delivery, the designer and builder contract individually with the owner, effectively creating jurisdictional boundaries. The Discovery project team developed its integrated project agreement (IPA) in negotiations including owners (a single owners representative/project manager), designers, and builders. The parties established and agreed to honor operational protocols optimizing coordination, transparency, and accountability. The team adopted a target value approach, agreeing to design to a set budget rather than pricing a developing design at a series of project milestones and eliminating elements exceeding the owners budget. This would require ongoing cost estimating, beginning with establishing
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the target value, thus including the CM/GC and subcontractors in very early design participation. A project PR O JEC T TEA M contingency fund was established to cover Owners: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, University of Wisconsin unanticipated developArchitects: Ballinger, Uihlein/Wilson Architects ments impacting project scope. This safety Construction Manager: A joint venture between J.H. Findorff & Son Inc. and M.A. Mortenson Company net provided change management and covMechanical/Electrical: AEI/Affiliated Engineers Inc. ered mistakes, failures Piping: PSJ Engineering of coordination, and Structural/Site/Civil: GRAEF workmanship issues. Telecommunications: Intelligent Network Solutions The CM/GC joined Landscape: Olin Partnership, GRAEF six trades to their contract, replacing their hard bid contingencies with incentives central design and building tool (the CM/ distributed at three points in the proj- GC was given right of reliance on the ect, with potential distribution down to BIM design models), enhancing collabothe craft level. As the project timeline ration, integrating the project team, and illustrates, the IPA wasnt completed controlling waste by helping the team until well into design and at the outset identify and resolve problems and conof site preparation. It should be noted flicts early. The team established a big that many of the Discovery team mem- room design workshop strategy space in bers had worked together on previous a building adjacent to the project site, to projects; most had extensive experience facilitate continuity in information flow. with complex collaborative undertakWhile the Discovery project stands as a ings; they benefited from an experi- landmark achievement for all the members enced, highly effective, and significantly of the project team, some lessons were autonomous project manager; and they learned. The MEP cluster would have shared a sincere commitment to the benefited from supplemental subgroups. projects mission. Consequently, the The prominence of the buildings complex protracted development of the IPA was engineered MEP systems (50% of oversimply another collaborative exercise, all project value) resulted in an unwieldy benefitting from an evolving culture of number of participants included in the protocols, terminology, trust, and under- MEP cluster (30); an ideal cluster team standing. size is eight individuals. Supplementing The projects broadly integrated con- the respective disciplines with subgroups cept development phase convened meet- would have focused and simplified manings of cluster teams that consisted of agement of these areas throughout the owner, designers, and construction repre- course of the project. sentatives, addressing six critical components of the project: site, structure, enclo- By Peter Strupp, Director of Communisure, interior construction, lab casework, cations, AEI/Affiliated Engineers Inc., and MEP/IT. BIM was established as the Madison, Wis.
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University of Michigan North Quad

YP Architecture & Engineering adopted threads of integrated project delivery (IPD) for a project at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Opened for the beginning of the fall 2010 semester, the North Quadrangle Residential and Academic Complex consists of a $175-million building complex occupying 360,000 sq ft. The North Quads seven-story academic and 10-story residential towers connect in a series of classrooms, offices, study centers, and TV studios beneath a plaza between the towers. The team embraced many elements of IPD to improve communication and the dissemination of information. For example, AutoDesks Revit BIM software was used to create a 3-D representation of the structure. In addition to benefiting from automatic column schedule and braced frame generation provided by this software, the Revit model was also imported into Computers & Structures Inc.s ETABS software for analysis and design by the structural team. Furthermore, the model was provided to the steel detailer as a reference for the SDS/2 steel detailing model, and designs of heavy members were released early to align with mill rolling schedules coordinated with the fabricator. The threads of IPD for the North Quad project were fueled by the use of BIM, a far clearer medium of communication for design collaboration. Although paper shop drawings were still produced, one concept realized during this project is how model-based exchange of information differs from paper-based. In several instances, requests for information (RFIs) came from the fabricator in the form of 3-D PDFs generated from its detailing software. The team was able to manipulate these images, rotating them in all directions to understand how the connection
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P R O JEC T TEA M Owner: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. AE Firm (Executive Architect, Structural Engineer, MEP Engineers): EYP Architecture & Engineering, Albany, N.Y. Design Architect: Robert A. M. Stern Architects, New York, N.Y. Geotechnical Engineer: Soil and Materials Engineers, Plymouth, Mich. Construction Manager: Walbridge, Detroit, Mich. Steel Fabricator: Art Iron, Toledo, Ohio Steel Detailer: Universal Detailing, Lansing, Mich.
components came togethera much more robust exchange of information than a written, paper RFI. The North Quad team concluded that IPD is more than just a unified modeling approach; at its core it is a fundamental step forward in how parties interact and are bound together. While advances in technology that allow even better information exchange between designer and fabricator have emerged in the time since the North Quad project, the core characteristics that enable IPD have not changed significantly. The essential glue of IPD is trust, and the shared goal of all parties is
the project, not the individual welfare of any firm. A true IPD contract binds the three main parties (owner, architect/engineer, and builder) as well as other parties, such as subcontractors, into a single agreement where everyone shares profit and reward for a successful project. Until we can realize such an advanced relationship, capturing threads of IPD will help gradually weave a rich fabric of teamwork and collaboration. By Franklin D. Lancaster, PE, RA, LEED AP BD+C, FASCE, Principal, EYP Architecture & Engineering, Orlando, Fla.
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Green field oil seed processing facility

To s a y t h a t every single aspect of the project was smooth sailing due to integrated project delivery would be a stretch, said Doug Post, PE, president of Interstates Engineering. However, early agreement to proceed with construction when design was PR O JEC T TEA M not 100% complete Electrical Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering, Electrical enabled the project to Construction and Installation: Interstates Companies, Sioux Center, Iowa move forward accordProcess Design and Mechanical Engineering: Karges-Faulconbridge ing to the owners priInc., St. Paul, Minn. orities. Construction Management: McGough, St. Paul, Minn. Start-up is the moment of truth for a project. When the team has worked well gained by repositioning those 16 valves together in design and delivery of the to be grounded close to the floor clearly project, the owner can feel confident as outweighs the added expense. start-up approaches. A strong start-up Early specialty contractor involveis important, said Post. Its the most ment is only as good as the early detailed recent impression on the owners mind breakdown of costs and schedule they when all is said and done. provide, said Faulconbridge. In this Ultimately, success circles back to the case, the team was better able to underbudget. The end result of IPD should be stand the impacts of proposed P&ID that the project finishes within budget and changes as design developed, and manmeets the owners business needs. age budget and schedule accordingly. IPD methods allow team members to This had the effect of protecting continwork together with the owner to provide gencies. value that includes not only the initial IPD must capture the value of colconstruction cost of a facility, but also laboration. The system must reward the long-term cost of ownership. If the collaboration, and the designers must design is calling for 16 valves that need be incented to seek outside perspective regular maintenance to be situated in on the constructability of the design. locations that cant be accessed safely To successfully execute IPD, specialty and easily, the owner will be reminded contractors must be encouraged to sugof this design decision forever, said gest design alternatives. This project is Post. With early design collaboration, an example of how early collaboration team members have input from many facilitates better decision making and perspectives and can suggest value value for the owner. opportunities. While it may require more piping for the initial installation, By Lisa Johnson, Marketing Supervisor, the value of future ease of maintenance Interstates Companies, Sioux Center, Iowa
ntegrated project delivery (IPD) and collaboration brought a team of companies together to design and build a green field oil seed processing facility located in the upper Midwest. The facility, with capacity to process 1,000 tons of seed per day, produces food-grade oil. Along with the processing, the facility has capacity to store 830,000 bushels of grain. The site covers 390 acres including the grains receiving, preparation, extraction, refinery, and utilities areas. To leverage market demand for its finished product, the owner had to commit to local growers that the facility would receive grain at the next harvest. The approaching winter season created additional pressure to begin construction of the foundation and underground electrical system. These factors required that the teams collaborate early to make design decisions and proceed with construction without a fully finished design. Reflecting on what the team did to ensure the IPD method was successful for this project, Jim Faulconbridge, PE, president of Karges-Faulconbridge Inc., said, The team stayed focused on the critical path schedule, making sure that the decisions were made in the right order. Also, the willingness to develop design workarounds in the absence of complete information was key. For a team to successfully execute IPD methods, they must work toward key areas of early budgeting, scheduling, and a strong start-up. Early dependable pricing gives the client, and those financing it, the confidence to continue with a project. Early collaboration lends itself to significant schedule advantages. When team members are collaborating and providing just-in-time design, clients are able to respond to market conditions. In this case, the client and team were focused on completing the grains receiving area by the next harvest.
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2 More Minutes
Engineers should focus on integration
By becoming a building systems integrator, engineers can ensure successful buildingsand a successful future.
n the world in which we are evolvMasterFormat Specification Division ing and human smarts (homo digi25 (integrated automation) is currently perfectus) are taking technology and being discussed at the committee level. integration to next level, technology A big issue at MEP firms: Which staff is impacting the engineering industry. member is qualified to perform work Smart tenants and building owners on Division 25? need smart buildings. The MEP consulting industry must Smart buildings, Smart Grid, intelmove from discipline-based engineerligent buildings, and integrated sysing (fire protection, electrical, etc.) to tems are buzzwords in the architecture system engineering. Manufacturers are and engineering industry, but is our adding smart displays on all appliances industry tooling to become smarter and and products that can be controlled deliver integrated designs? through an app or via system integraWhen I look at the mechanical, election. Our industry needs to add more trical, plumbing (MEP), or fire protecsystems integrators to integrate availBY ANIL AHUJA, PE, LEED tion engineer of the past, hand drafting able smart products to deliver smart AP RCDD, , was the norm. Engineering drawings designs now and in the future. CCJM ENGINEERS LTD., were drawn on mylars or sepias; they In the past, the standard approach to CHICAGO were not shared between engineers of projects was architectural/engineering different disciplines. As we progressed design, which lead to bidding and then to AutoCAD, software and libraries were still very construction. In todays building market, smart or highindependent for each discipline. In todays age of buildperformance buildings require a paradigm shift in the ing information modeling (BIM) and Revit designs, the approach to design and construction. High-performance boundaries do not exist. This is why tomorrows MEP buildings start with the architectural and infrastructure engineer needs to be an integrated systems engineer. design phase, then progresses to the system design The engineering curriculum in universities does not phase, which then leads to the systems integration phase. offer systems engineering. Energy engineering programs After construction to, it then moves to the integrated are rare, and only a handful of U.S. institutions provide commissioning phase and finally the smart operation students with a truly integrated curriculum. phase. MEP engineering is not part of universities core engiIf todays MEP engineers do not change their thinking neering curriculum, and very few even touch on smart or change business practices, a new breed of integrated buildings in the classroom. To truly serve the movement technology solutions consultant will take over their toward smart buildings, we need to add the position of share of their work in this ever-shrinking consulting systems integrator to engineering firms. market. Whenever energy management system or BAS specifications and drawings are required on a project (which Anil Ahuja has 30 years of experience in building systems is every project nowadays), consulting firms struggle design, design management, construction management, to provide a properly skilled engineer to perform the commissioning, and operations and maintenance. He has work, as it crosses the boundaries of all disciplines and project experience including commercial, institutional, truly requires a systems integrator to design and specify educational, residential, industrial, and airports. He is a products that work together across each of the buildings member of the Consulting-Specifying Engineer editorial engineered systems. advisory board.
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How do you define redundancy?

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FEATURES 25 | Special report: New rules for 2013

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49 | VAV systems and return air balancing

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Focus on data centers

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100 Years of Making Buildings Better for Life

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