ABSTRACT In this manuscript, research on engine compression ratio is discussed.

Objective this case study is to prepare a report based on engine horsepower and capacity. The horsepower and capacity engine is on developed internal combustion engine technology. Manufacturers will compete to improve the engine with new technology. Increase their efficiency, compact cars selected based on higher unit sales in Malaysia. Between 1.6cc engine analyzed in learning technology brand manufacturers Ford, Volkswagen and Morris Mini. Ford fiesta Vi-VTIC selected based technologies designed to power acceleration and fuel economy. System provides efficient burning when need high RPM. Volkswagen selected technology based on new 7-speed DSG transmission capacity that provides ride comfort when you want to change the speed. DSG resulting from research engineers determine the cause of the power is the transmission power reduction whiles the engine to the transmission. Mini cooper S with selected based on the amount of compression ratio 8.3:1 but large capacity 1598cc because engineers have made this problem is solved by installing supercharge to improve the performance of the engine during acceleration. Mini cooper is a two passenger car using BMW engineering develop. Horsepower and fuel savings identified resources in the development of an engine. Methods of achieving the objectives, turbo and supercharger installations needed to provide acceleration power sought. Clutch design changed so that problems can be overcome power disconnected. Increased number of valves in each cylinder with twin cam design helps to get a high amount of compression and the power of the rich. Horsepower to consider the cost of fuel consumption but can be overcome by installing a magnet on the fuel pipe to make magnets work for savings available. Results found effective thermal efficiency is Foard Fiesta TI-VCTI is thermal effective of 62% and following this result is the Volkswagen engine 1.6 Polo of 61% an engine design that has the good thermal efficiency. Mimi cooper S engine gets low thermal efficiency of 57% due to the use of a supercharger. If the compression ratios increase cause the engine to overheat.

INTRODUCTION

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand. The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement. Engine efficiency refers to an engine's ability to transform the available energy from its fuel into useful work power.

Gasoline (petrol) Engines Particularly reciprocating four stroke engines produce moderately high pollution levels, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel, leading to carbon monoxide and some as along with oxides of nitrogen & sulfur and some unburnt hydrocarbons depending on the operating conditions and the fuel/air.

Compression ratio Efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors, one of which is the compression ratio. A greater compression ratio the more efficient on the engine. Conventional high compression ratio engines require gasoline with higher. Thermal efficiency The efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors, one of which is the compression ratio. Most gasoline engines have a geometric compression ratio (the compression ratio calculated purely from the geometry of the mechanical parts) of 10:1 (premium fuel) or 9:1 (regular fuel), with some high-performance engines reaching a ratio of 12:1 with special fuels.

STUDY OBJECTIVE

The main purpose of this learning case made is to perform calculations for the thermal efficiency of the best among the three types of engines.

Thermal efficiency figures will be revised in percent and a difference between the three types of machines. The calculation of heat can also determine the level of performance of an engine via data collected through the compression ratio specifications of attached to the data of a vehicle designed by the manufacturer.

Formula calculation for the thermal efficiency :

= 1

Allow the calculation results for the thermal efficiency engines for maximum horsepower and efficient control of the combustion engine to achieve the reduction of gas flaring.

SCOPE OF STUDY

Three Brand Engine ( Manufacturing ) Compact car OHV 4-Stroke Four Cylinder Engine Petrol Engine

FORD FIESTA- TiVCT I (1.6cc)

VOLKSWAGEN POLO TRENDLINE DOHC (1.6cc)

MINI COOPER S ENGINE-SOHC (1.6cc)

Selection of the engine based on thermal efficiency: Type Engine Compression ratio Ti-VCT I-DOHC 11.0:1 VW DOHC-DSG 10.5:1 SOHC -SUPERCHARGE 8.3:1

Analysis of the engine Type Engine Material engine Bore x stroke (mm) Type Valve Engine cc Horsepower Torque 1.6-Ti-VCT I-DOHC Aluminum Alloy 79.0 x 81.4 16 Valve 1596 6350 rpm 5000 rpm VW DOHC+DSG Aluminum Alloy 87.0x76.5 16 Valve 1598 5250 rpm 3500 rpm 1.6-SOHC / SUPERCHARGE Aluminum Alloy 77.0 x 85.8 8 Valve 1598 6000 rpm 3500 rpm

METHODOLOGY FORD FIESTA Specifications ENGINE Type Cylinders Configuration Valve train Bore x stroke Displacement Compression ratio Horsepower Torque Fuel capacity Fuel injection Oil capacity Emission control DRIVETRAIN Layout Front-wheel drive 1.6-liter TI-VCT I-4 4 Aluminum block and head DOHC, four valves per cylinder 3.10 x 3.20 in./79.0 x 81.4 mm 97.4 cu. in./1,596 cc 11.0:1 120 @ 6,350 rpm 112 lb.-ft. @ 5,000 rpm 12.4 gallons sequential multiport electronic 4.5 quarts with filter (gf4) Three-way catalyst

VOLKSWAGEN POLO 1.6 TRENDLINE Specifications Engine management Engine Layout Cylinders Aspiration Valves Bore / Stroke Capacity Compression Ratio Ignition Type Fuel Capacity Fuel Consumption - Highway Fuel Consumption - Urban Consumption Annual Average Fuel Type Fuel Supply Acceleration 0-100 Final Top Speed Final Power Output Torque Limited Slip Diff Turning Circle (Meters) DRIVETRAIN Layout Front-wheel drive Transverse inline 4 4 Natural DOHC 4 valves per cylinder 87.0x76.5 1598 10.5:1 Electronic 45 5.1 8.7 6.4 Ron 95-98 Multi-point electronic fuel injection 11.3 188 77kw@ 5250 rpm 155nm@ 3500 rpm No 10.6

MINI CABRIO R52 MY05 COOPER S - 2005 Specifications Engine management Manufacturer Aka TRITEC MINI Cooper S Engine
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Type Displacement Aspiration Configuration Cylinders Fuel System Lubrification Output 120 kW @ 6000 rpm

Petrol - Premium 1598 cc Supercharger In-line 8 valve SOHC 4 Electronic multi-point fuel injection Synthetic oil

210 Nm of torque @ 4000 rpm Bore Stroke Compression In. Valves Ex. Valves Length Height Width Dry Weight Emission/s 8.3:1 30.23mm 23.26mm 565mm 675mm 615mm 118 kg CO: g/km CO2: g/km NOx: g/km Hydrocarbon: g/km THE CRITERIA OF ENGINE FORD FIESTA-1.6 cc Ti-VCT I 77.0mm (3.0 in) 85.8mm (3.38 in)

 Fiestas advanced 1.6-liter engine features Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) allowing the engine to be downsized for fuel economy while continuously optimizing camshaft phasing for throttle response, performance and flexibility. Fiestas flowing sculpted hood covers a 1.6-DOHC engine with an estimated 119 horsepower and 109 ft.-lbs. of torque. Spirited performance and fuel-efficient economy are signature attributes with the Fiesta expected to deliver best-in-class fuel economy at 40 mpg. Big results from a small package are possible with several new technologies in this new global engine, including an advanced new front end accessory drive (FEAD) belt with stretchy dynamics to improve the engines thermal dynamics. The elasticity in this new drive belt eliminates the need for a belt tensioner and contributes to overall fuel economy.

VOLKSWAGEN POLO TRENDLINE-1.6cc DOHC

Seven engines will be offered on the new Polo during its first year of production four

gasoline and three diesels. All engines satisfy limits of the new Euro-5 emissions standard. The most powerful gasoline engine in the Polo lineup at the time of market launch is the 1.6 MPI that is equipped with new engine electronics and a new injection system as well. The four-cylinder aluminum block engine outputs 85 PS (at 5,000 rpm). Its maximum torque of 132 Newton-meter is available at 3,500 rpm Direct-Shift Gearbox
The worlds first 7-speed DSG for large-scale production. Engine power is transmitted to

the dual clutch via the crankshaft and a dual-mass flywheel. Clutch I handles the odd numbered gears, and clutch dual the even gears plus reverse gear. When shifting, there are no gaps in propulsive power.

MINI COOPER S ENGINE-1.6cc SOHC

 The 2012 MINI Cooper is a compact car offered in standard, S, and John Cooper Works

trim levels. The standard FWD Cooper Coupe is powered by a 1.6-liter 4-cylinder engine that produces 120 hp and 114 lb-ft of torque while the Cooper Hardtop S comes equipped with a turbocharged 1.6-liter 4-cylinder engine that produces 181 hp and 177 lb-ft of torque.
Made of aluminum alloy material. If the previous Cooper S has a supercharger, new

turbocharged. Effects of changes in engine design get high acceleration on the car. A 6-speed manual comes standard on both trims but drivers also have the choice of an optional 6-speed automatic.

THE SYSTEM OF ENGINE Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing Function

TI-VCT allows extremely precise, variable control of valve overlap, or the window of

time in which both the intake and exhaust valves in an engine are open at the same time. By adjusting overlap continuously, an engine can operate at optimum settings for peak fuel economy or power output as conditions demand.
TI-VCT also facilitates an internal egr effect, reducing nox (a contributor to smog)

and hydrocarbon emissions throughout the engines operating range. Benefits of Ti-VCT Engines

Up to a 7 percent improvement in peak power and a 5 percent improvement in low-

speed torque for better acceleration, passing and merging performance.

Up to a 4.5 percent improvement in fuel economy. Reduced nox and hydrocarbon emissions without compromising idle quality. Optimized cold-start operation minimizing cold-start emissions.

Cooper S engine has assembly Supercharger and Replace To Turbo

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Supercharger
A supercharger is an air compressor used to increase the pressure, temperature, and

density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. The compressed air that a supercharger provides to an engine supplies a greater mass of oxygen per cycle of the engine to support combustion than available to a naturally aspirated engine, which makes it possible for more fuel to be burned and more work to be done per cycle, which increases the power the engine produces. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. When power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas. Turbocharger A turbocharged engine can be more powerful and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the turbine forces more intake air, proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than if atmospheric pressure alone is used. VW DOHC engine combine with DSG transmission system Function The DSG technology is a groundbreaking two-in-one concept. Totally unlike a conventional automatic transmission, it combines the fuel efficiency of a clutch-operated transmission with the convenience of automatic shifting. Twin electronically controlled shafts manage gear selection, always anticipating your next shift. Benefits of DSG:

Smooth gear changes at highway speed Handling with unbroken acceleration Faster shifting for better performance Improved fuel economy FINDING
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Method of calculation MINI COOPER S ENGINE-SOHC (1.6cc) 8.3:1

Type of Engine

Ti-VCT I (1.6cc)

POLO-DOHC (1.6cc) 10.5 :1

Compression Ratio Formula Engine Thermal Efficiency = 1-

11:1

0.616 or 62%

0.6095 or 61%

0.57 or 57%

Result calculation No. 1. 2. 3. Type of Engine Foard Fiesta TI-VCTI Volkswagen 1.6 Polo - DOCH Mini Cooper S SOHC / Supercharge Thermal Efficiency = 62% = 61% = 57%

DISCUSSION & SUGGESTION

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1.

Emission regulation is also applied vehicle engines. Stringent exhaust emission regulation will be required in the future. Improvement in the thermal efficiency capable of CO2 reduction is needed and is an important factor.
2. Increases horsepower at the engine through the modification process engineering. i.

Installation of the turbocharger on the engine as done in the mini cooper s engine to increase the compression ratio for get maximum horsepower. Figure 1

Figure 1 : VW boost horsepower engine with turbo and supercharger installations combination (Twin charged)

ii.

Clutch design needs to be changed to solve the problem of power transmission from the engine to the transmission break connection. Clutch plate design should be on the thickness of the clutch plate and spring strength. Figure 2
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New design

Standart design

Cover clutch

Figure 2: Clutch Plate design

3. Saving fuel even though the engine working at maximum horsepower. i.

Fuels Stratified Injection designed to separate the fuel molecules become evenly facilitate the smooth mixture to improve combustion efficiency.

ii.

Magnet assembly on the fuel pipe makes molecules subtle split mixture to make completed engine combustion. Figure 3

Figure 3 : Magnet assembly on the fuel pipe.

4. Effective controls to reduce carbon in the combustion chamber.

Mini cooper S engine must be designed double overhead cam DOHC with four valves in each cylinder to raise the compression ratio to obtain higher combustion power.
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CONCLUSION Engines selected are made of aluminum alloy materials by method casting. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, silicon and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is required. Issues identified when comparing the third engine due to large capacity but small compression ratio. Mimi cooper engine gets low thermal efficiency of 57% due to the use of a supercharger. If the compression ratios increase cause the engine to overheat. The compression ratio is reduced and the engine operating time can be speeded up in order to produce maximum horsepower (6000 rpm). Engine bore small by size diameter x stroke (77.0 X 85.8) can produce high capacity (rpm) assembly turbo or supercharge. Engine with high efficiency using a 16 valve (Double Overhead Cam) Foard Fiesta TI-VCTI is thermal effective of 62% and following this result is the Volkswagen engine 1.6 Polo of 61% an engine design that has the best thermal efficiency. A difference in the number of valves in each cylinder is the main source for engineers calculation of the compression ratio in the combustion chamber. There are two types of design used the 2 valves in each cylinder or 4 valves in each cylinder. Thermal efficiency can help Nox gas emission reductions at the lowest level The results on the thermal efficiency ratio of 62% proves that NOx emissions to a minimum which has been verified by the association Automotive Euro. The ford combine system TI-VCT engine with Ecoboost system in the operation engine. APPENDIX

FORD FIESTA ( TI-VCT ) - 2008

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Engine features Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) allowing the engine to be downsized for fuel economy.

VOLKSWAGEN POLO TRENDLINE1.6cc The worlds first car using seven speed DSG cause to be no gaps in propulsive power.

MINI CABRIO R52 MY05 COOPER S 2005 The next model mini cooper clubmen using Turbocharger in the operation system engine cause will be improve horsepower.

REFERENCE / BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

http://www.um.co.za/specifications/volkswagen_polo_1_6_comfortline_%282010%29.aspx 2. http://www.miniusa.com/#/MINIUSA.COM-m
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3. http://www.ford.com/cars/fiesta/specifications/ 4. http://assets.forddirect.fordvehicles.com/assets/2012_Ford_Fiesta_J1/NGBS/Nameplate_Specific ationLiteDoc/Nameplate_SpecificationLiteDoc_8801EF28-002C-14D9-028CDC5A028CDC5A.pdf 5. http://www.csgnetwork.com/compcalc.html 6. http://www.rbracing-rsr.com/compstaticcalc.html 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio 8. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-thermal-efficiency.htm 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_efficiency 10. http://www.jsme.or.jp/English/jsme%20roadmap/No-7.pdf 11. http://wikicars.org/en/W11 12. http://www.netcarshow.com/ford/2008-fiesta/ 13. http://www.topspeed.com/cars/volkswagen/2010-volkswagen-polo-ar71252.html 14. http://www.carsales.com.au/private/details/mini-cabrio-2005 15. http://www.vw.com/en/dsg/nav/what-is-dsg.html

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