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1/9/2013 Mihai Adina Mihaela

The Clause.

Variability is inherent in human language ,people use different linguistic forms on different occasion,and different speakers of a language will say the same thing in different ways. Most of this linguistic variariation is highly systematic .At the hyest level ,linguistic variation is realized as different languages (Korean,French, Swahili ). At the lowest level ,linguistic variation is realized as the differences between one speaker compared to another speacker or as the differences between two texts produced by the same speacker. In general terms , a register is a variety associated with a particular situation of use. Register can be identified and described based on analysed of either complete texts or a collection of text exepts. Clause. Clauses came in four types: main (independent) subordinate(dependent) relative(adjective)

Every clause have at least a subject and a verb.

1.Main clause. Subject + verb =complete thought. Lazy students whine. Students= subj. Whine=verb. 2.Subordonate clauses. A subordinate clause will follow this pattern . Subordinate conjunction+sub+verb.=incomplete thought. Whenever lazy students whine. Whenever=sub.conj.Students=sunject. Whine=verb.
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3.Relative clauses A relative clause will begin with a relative pronom such as: who whom whose which which that relative adverb : when,where,why.

Relative pronoum or adverb + subject + verb = incomplete throught. Main clause type: declarative interrogative(questions) yes-no questions Did you shut the door? Wh-questions Who shut the door? Tag questions You shut the door ,didnt you ? Imperative Shut the door.

Noun phrases nominal post-modifiers : Restrictive versus non-restrictive relative clauses That relative clauses. people that we know Wh relative clauses. the guy who stared the fire Past participial clause the results summarized bellow. Present participial clause a society consisting of educated people To relative clauses the person to see Prepositional phrases a school for disabled children Appositive noun phrase. Mark Olive,appeals attorney for Tafero

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Gender reference chairperson vb chairman Dual gender reference he/she Noun complement clauses that-clauses. the fact that... to clauses the proposal to.. Of+ing-clause (risk of failing) Of+wh-clause Ex: I could not doubt that some grave and deep reason lay behind it. I was surprised to observe that by the gate there stood two soldierly men. The structure of noun phrases has been one of the most dramatic areas of historical change in English over rhe past three centuries. Attributive adjectives: a special project an internal memo Noun as premodifiers: the bus strike ,the police report. There are several structural types of postnominal modifiers,but two of these are especially important: Relative clause: the penny pinching circumstance that surrounded this international event Prepositional phrase: compensation for emotional damage ,this list of requirements

In each sentence ,separately underline each clause-main as well as subordinate in the compound sentence ,then give the name of the type of complement clausal adverb ,object or subject ,clausal predicate nominative ,clausal noun ,clausal adjective,that each subordinate clause exemplifies. Our intention is that all good people should come to the aid of the party The main clause=our intention is Subordonate clause=is that all good.......(party)

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The subordinate clause is an example of clausal non complementation,with the complementes main clause noun being intention. Referance clause. As a grammatical form refers to the way in wich established information is introduct ,mainteined and expanded upon in a text. The use of pronouns is a common way that reference is mainteind without the conditional meaning. Ex: When walruses are babies they have a lot of hair when they grow upit falls and they only have a little bit around the upper lip. Teaching reference chain is relatively straight forward when dealing with this genre: My favorite toy, My favourite toy is a teddy bear because it is cuddly and friendly.It is my friend too.It loves going out with me and sit on my head.One day my friend saw me out with my bear and she screamed with me. When introducing new knowledge throught units of work ,we should allways consider the language experiences that will assist concrete knowledge to tehnical /abstract understanding. Reference clause Reference is a clause with an argument that in marking clause elsewhere in the sentence is signalled as being creferential or not to the argument of marking clause. In a language haveing a switch reference system , a reference clause is a clause with an argument which is typically the subject. It is part of reference grammar ,a prose-like description of major grammatical constructions in a language,illustrated with examples.

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Parts of reference grammar: Introduction Body Index Bibliography List of abbreviations.

Register and genres in electronic communications: E-mail is a general register, distinctive by the fact that it is sent via computer,from one mail occount to another. In here we are stuying the minin corpus used in register.At the same important differences from conversation.Prime amoung these are the mode and medium. Conversation is spoken ,while e-mail is writer and then sent electronically. However ,few people report spending as much time revising their writing in an e-mail as in printed paper. It is also possible to sent an e-mail message without any planning or editing at all. Since e-mail messange are sent by a softwarepackage,they automatically fellow certain formatting conventions.E-mail recipients always see the senders email address, name, the original message is often included with the reply. Overall,it seems clear that users reconignize the unique combination of situational characteristics in e-mail as a register. A few users noted that as soon as an issue needed discussion or became controversial, they switched to a phone or face-to-face conversation. In those case ,they saw the lack of direct interaction and lack of shared settings as a disadvantage. The frequency of lexical verbs indicates that the e-mail messages incorporate clauses ,freqvent clause,as conversational discours does.

****************************** Dr.Bibber, I woul love to met with you in the afternoon on March 10.Anytime is fue,just name the time and describe direction to your office....(..) See you in a few weeks! Dara.

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******************************** Register can be defined much more precisely,by focusing on specific situational parameters.In present case ,we have shown how there are systematic patterns of linquistic variation among sub-register within the general category of e-mail message ,depending on the role relation between sender and receiver,and depending primary communicative purpose of the message. Official documents are written in a formal or matter-o-fact style of speech.The style official documents is not homogeneous and is represented by the following sub-styles or varieties: The language of business documents The language of legal documents The language of diplomacy The language of military documents Like other style of language ,this style has a definite communicative aim and accordingly has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. This parties may be: The state and the citizen ,or citizen and citizen ( jurisdiction ) A society and irs members ( statuate or ordinance ) Two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence or contracts Two or more governments (pacts,traties). The finalizing part comprises the signature of duly authorized people that have signed the document;the amount of copies of documents;the date; the place. Depending on type of document the composition and content of this individual parts may slightly varu as for example,in business contracts setting the condition binding two parties. A business ,standard text structures intended for information presentation are called frames. A frame its understood as asset language structure with changeable elements.

Consider a preamble to a commercial agreement as an example of a frame:

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This agreement is made this.......day of.....2007,by and between ......(a...............corporation with its principle office at........) or (an individual with an office and mailing address at ...) and company name...(......)a corporation organized and existing under the laws of..... with its principle place of business at............... The syntax of official or business documents is characterized by the frequent use of non-finite forms:gerund,participle,infinitive) in order to achieve cooperation in solving the problems,and complex structures with them ,such as the complex object.As in all other functional styles the distinctive properties appear as a system.It is impossible to single out a style by its vocabulary only, recognizable it always is .

Bibliography: www.sil.org / linquistic / glossary of eng.1september.ru/2007/03/9.html Analyzing the Grammar of English,third Edition pdf by Richard V.Teschner; Easton Earl Evans. Introduction to the Grammar of English pdf, by Roodney H. Register,Genre,Style,by Douglas Biber Susan Conrad.

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