The Cell Cycle & Reproduction

Anna Ata-Santiago, MPH NatSci2, Dept. of Biology CAS, UP Manila 2010

Lecture Content
Introduction to the Cell Cycle Cell Division
Mitosis: division of somatic cells Meiosis: division of gametes

Reproduction
Asexual: simple cell division Sexual: fertilization to growth & development

The Cell Cycle

What do all cells require to survive? A complete set of genetic instructions produce required molecules direct life processes Genetic instructions are coded in the DNA of cells
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Why do cells divide?

Growth Development Repair

Cell Cycle
Activities of a cell from one cell division to the next Cell grows, adding more cytoplasmic constituents DNA is replicated cell divides into two identical daughter cells

Essential Features of Cell Division

1. Transmit a complete copy of genetic information (DNA) from parent cell to daughter cells 2. Transmit materials necessary for cell to survive and use genetic information
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Mitosis

What is Mitotic Cell Division?

Division of somatic cells (non reproductive cells) in eukaryotic organisms A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cellular reproduction) => Maintains chromosome ploidy of cell
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Ploidy refers to the number of pairs or set of chromosomes in cells haploid one copy of each chromosome designated as n diploid two copies (= pair) of each chromosome designated as 2n
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Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes

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Diploid organisms receive one chromosome from female parent (= maternal) and one chromosome from male parent (= paternal) A matched pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes are called homologues
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Prior to Mitosis & Meiosis, Chromosomes are duplicated during Interphase (G1, S, G2)

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Structure of a eukaryotic chromosome unreplicated chromosome

arm centromere

arm
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Prior to cell division: chromosomes (DNA) are replicated (duplicated) duplicated chromosome attached at their centromeres as long as attached, known as sister chromatids
duplicated chromosome
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sister chromatids

daughter chromosomes

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Mitosisisessentialforgrowthanddevelopment ofallbodycellsexcluding sexcells.

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Meiosis

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Meiosis is cell division involving mitosis (meiosis 1) and the production of haploid GAMETES

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Mitosis vs. Meiosis

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Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Reproduction

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Reproduction starts at the cellular level via MITOSIS (asexual) or MEIOSIS + FERTILIZATION (sexual)

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In asexual reproduction, single-celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division

(a) Amoeba

Figure 8.2a 25

You began life as a single cell, but there are now more cells in your body than stars in the Milky Way

Just in the past second, millions of your cells have divided in two
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The movement of the chromosomes in a dividing cell is so precise that only one error occurs in 100,000 cell divisions Each sperm or egg produced in your reproductive organs carries one of over 8 million possible combinations of parental chromosomes
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Sexual reprodiuction is achieved via the combination of 2 haploid gametes from your parents

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