Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 15 2/22/13 Last time we showed that

at R is a nitely generated Z-module. This implies R is Noetherian. f g

Claim. M is Noetherian N, P are Noetherian. Also last time, we proved (). The other direction () is easy. P is Noetherian because the inverse image of a chain in P stabilizes in M , and N is Noetherian because a chain in N is a chain in M . The Quadratic Case. Let F = Q[ d], where d is a squarefree integer. Last time we got that R has a Z-basis {1, d} if d 1 (mod 4), and {1, 1+2 d } if d 1 (mod 4). What is the dual basis ineach case? Consider {1, 5}. Then e Q and Tr(e ) = 1, so 1 1 5 e = 1 . Similarly, e = 10 . Thus 1 2 2 1 5 {e1 , e2 } = , 2 10 is the basis for R . Then R /R Z /2 Z /10. So, this group has order 20, which corresponds to mod 20 when nding solutions to p = a2 + 5b2 . Consider the number given by det(TrF/ Q (ei ej )) where {ei } is a basis of R. This number is called the discriminant of R. This result is an integer because the ei are integers. Also, it cannot be 0 as Tr(xy) gives a non-degenerate bilinear form, so the matrix is invertible. To set the determinant as based on R, we need to show it is independent of the chosen basis. Consider the basis {ei }. Then there exists an invertible matrix P with coecients in Z, i.e. an element of GLn (Z), such that P (ei ) = (ei ). But P is invertible over integers, so it has determinant 1. Since Tr is bilinear, (ei ej ) = (P (ei ), P (ej )) = P (ei ) P (ej ) giving P (v w)P . So we have det(ei ej ) = det(P (ei ej )P ) = det(P ) det(ei ej ) det(P ) = det(ei ej )

since det(P ) = det(P ) and det(P )2 = +1. It follows that D(R) is an invariant of R and also of the eld F . Example. In R = Z[ 5], use the basis {1, 5}. This gives 2 0 0 10 and the determinant is 20, so D(R) = 20. This gives some extra information over the order or R /R, namely the negative sign. Another Example. For R = Z[i], with the basis {1, i}, the matrix is 2 0 0 2 and D(R) = 4. Result. A prime ramies it divides the discriminant.

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