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Desktop Environments
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Alessandro Muraro Networks & Web Design November 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
1. CLI vs GUI...................................................................................................................................4
2. CLI used in conjunction with GUI..............................................................................................9
3. An Introduction to Kernels, Distributions & Desktops.............................................................10
4. Desktop Environments...............................................................................................................12
4.1 Windows
4.2 MacOS X
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1. Introduction
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, currently are the most used Operative Systems, with Windows
being the dominating force on the market with a huge installed base (apparently there are
about 1 billion computers running Microsoft’s Windows OS is any of its flavours). All of the
OS above can be used both in Command Line Interface (CLI) mode or in Graphical User
Interface (GUI) mode.
The graphical user interface is what is called desktop environment, and is what we are
going to focus on in this essay.
The main difference between the currently available desktop environments is that those
based upon Linux are free and are made entirely of free software, while MacOS X and
Windows are made of copyrighted and protected software.
In the coming pages we’ll have a look at CLis, GUIs, we’ll talk about Linux distributions and
Desktop environments, and we will go on making comparisons between them.
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1. CLI vs GUI
CLI stands for “Command Line Interface” while GUI stands for “Graphical User Inter
face”. CLI and GUI are two completely different approaches to interacting with a computer.
Examples of a Command Line Interface is Apple Mac OS X Terminal...
Or Unix...
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Examples of a Graphical User Interface are Apple Mac OS X Finder...
Or Ubuntu Gnome...
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Windows also has a CLI interface, which can be accessed by clicking on Start>Run and
typing cmd.
By looking at the screenshots in the previous pages it is clear that a Command Line Inter
face is certainly more difficult to use and not userfriendly at all because, just like a pro
gramming language, the user needs to know all the commands by heart and type them
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when he needs the computer to perform an operation. On the other hand, it also is more
flexible, because it is free of the constraints of a graphical interface.
To give an example, let’s say we are in a GUI based operative system, and we’ve opened
a certain window. If it occurs to us that we need to move a file from this window to another
folder, chances are we’ll have to first open the second folder, and then having them both
on screen, we would have to drag and drop the file we want to move. Quite a lenghty pro
cess that could be achieved by typing a quick command in a CLI.
We can say that it’s up to each user to decide which kind of interface appeals to him the
most. It goes without saying that 99% of computer users worldwide (or probably more that
that) use a Graphical User Interface, be it Windows XP, Mac OS X Finder, Gnome, KDE or
some other underground open source solution.
However, when we look at advantages and disadvantages of CLI vs GUI, it is be helpful to
create a little table with their pros and cons:
CLI GUI
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2. CLI used in conjunction with GUI
Since truth is usually in the middle, it is impossible to say that a Command Line is better
than a Graphical Interface, since each way has got its own pros and cons, as we’ve seen
in the previous section.
We shouldn’t forget that CLI and GUI can be and probably must be used in conjunction to
give the user access to the best of both worlds.
As an example of this we can take Linux or Mac OS X, where we can have the graphical
interface running along with the command line, as in the following picture taken from Mac
OS X.
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3. An Introduction to Kernels, Distributions & Desktops
The engine behind an Operative System is called Kernel, which can be proprietary or
Open Source.
The main difference between Windows and the rest of the operative systems available is
that it uses its own proprietary (hence closed) kernel (which is the engine behind any Op
erative Systems), developed by Microsoft Corporation over the years.
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Apple Mac OS X kernel is similar to the ones found in Linux/Unix machines. Indeed, Apple
has chosen to use a mix of BSD and Mach open source kernels, and then rereleased it as
an open source distribution with the name of Darwin.
Linux operative systems (also called distributions) share the same Linux kernel
and are different from one another because different distributions use dif fer
ent sets of libraries meaning they can have the same kernel but retain dif
ferences in their interface and performances. Also, if a software is
compiled for a certain distribution, say Ubuntu, it cannot be installed
on a different one like OpenSuse; the proper OpenSuse compiled
package will need to be downloaded and installed instead.
There are many Linux distributions available on the internet (gen
erally for free).
So we can say that, in a way, Windows is a Microsoft distribution of its own Kernel, Mac
OS X is Apple’s distribution based on the opensource kernel called Darwin, and when it
comes to Linux, many company have created different distributions based on the Linux
kernel.
Mandriva, Opensuse and Ubuntu are just three of the many available Linux distributions.
However, beside the two above mentioned, the most important distributions are Fedora,
Debian, RedHat, FreeBSD, Gentoo.
Some distributions, like Damn Small Linux, are made to take little space (they can fit on a
USB stick without any problem) and some other distributions are made with a very specific
task in mind, like Ubuntu Studio, made for producing music, audio and video, or Backtrack,
aimed at those who need network security tools for their machine.
All of the Operative Systems mentioned above use a Desktop Environment. According to
In graphical computing, a desktop environment (DE) commonly refers to a style
of graphical user interface (GUI) that is based on the desktop metaphor which
can be seen on most modern personal computers today. [...]
A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders,
wallpapers, and desktop widgets.
On the whole, a desktop environment is to be an intuitive way for the user to
interact with the computer using concepts which are similar to those used when
Wikipedia:
In the next section we’ll start examining the various Desktop environments.
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4. Desktop Environments
All of the companies that create their own operative system (or distribution) also have to
program a way for the user to interact graphically with files, directories, settings, and so on.
A desktop typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers and generally
also provide drag and drop functionality and other features which make the desktop meta
phor more complete.
So we can say a desktop environment is a mix of various ingredients, like a Window Man
ager software to handle windows, a file manager software, a set of graphical themes and a
set of programs for managing and personalising the environment.
4.1 Windows
Windows is Microsoft’s desktop environment. It has remained more or less the same since
the launch of Windows 95. What follows is a screenshot taken from Windows Vista.
To me, the most important part of a desktop environment is the file manager. A good file
manager can make the difference between a poor, a good or a great user experience.
Windows has got a file manager called Explorer which can be accessed from the “Start”
menu or by doubleclicking on the “My Computer” icon.
Explorer in Vista is now very elegant and modern, especially when compared to Explorer
in Windows XP.
The basic features it provides (which are the same that could be found in XP) are the op
tions to see the files and folders as big icons, small icons or list, a details pane to see the
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details of the selected folder, an address bar to locate where we are in the directory tree,
and a search box.
In Explorer for Vista searches can be saved as “virtual folders” that will automatically up
date their content, and in general the “search” field works way better than before, providing
faster results and no silly XP dog will appear onscreen when a search is launched.
These features are tightly integrated and as a whole they look and work better than in pre
vious versions of Windows; in Windows XP, Explorer was a rather poor experience, espe
cially when it came to search for a file on the hard drive.
A nice feature of Explorer for Vista is that if the user types a web address in the address
bar, the Explorer switches to Internet Explorer. It is like now there is a reason why Internet
Explorer and Windows Explorer have shared their name for so many years.
What follows is a screenshot from Windows’ Explorer in Windows Vista
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4.2 MacOS X
The second most used operative system is Apple’s MacOS X.
Apple desktop environment is tightly integrated and elegant resulting in a great workflow.
For professionals who need to quickly jump from a program to another Apple uses a file
manager called Finder. The Finder is the default application program used on Mac OS X
operating systems that is responsible for the management of files, disks, network volumes
and the launching of applications.
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To me, one of the best features of Finder is the ability to view files and directories in
column view, as per the following screenshot:
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Finder has a very advanced drag and drop capabilities, since these drag’n drop operations
between different applications can be performed seamlessly.
Finder also has an advanced search feature that can search not only file names but files
content too, thanks to a well implemented drive indexing.
4.3 Linux
When it comes to Linux, we have a choice when it comes to our desktop environment. On
top of our Linux distribution we can install an environment called Gnome
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