1.

Actual duties are the moral imperative with the greatest claim on us in a given situation, arrived at by a considered decision by weighing of the duties involved. Those duties are prima facie duties arising out of morally significant relationships known by intuition. Those duties are the duties of fidelity, reparation, gratitude, beneficence, nonmaleficience, justice, and self-improvement. 2. The problem with claims about fact vs. claims about values with utilitarianism is that values dont play apart in the decision making only facts and what will be the best choice for the greatest amount of people values are left out of the equation all together. 3. those who appose abortion because it is killing an innocent person but make acceptations for a pregnancy that endangers the womans life, and a for a pregnancy that results in rape or incest have the contradictory claim of killing a life to save a life. 4. Teleological theories are ones where the act depends on what the consequences are or to what degree it fulfills an ultimate goal for its moral value. Deontological theories look at the act itself not at what the consequences of the act. 5. Ernest van den hag responds to the point that the death penalty might have innocent people convicted and that is a irreversible miscarriage of justice is that while people are wrongly convicted it does not make it morally wrong. The benefit outweighs the harm just like how we dive cars even though people die in car crashes. 6. Immanuel Kants formulations for his ultimate moral law, the categorical imperative are universalizability where a person should only act on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that that it should be a universal law and; respect for persons where a person always acts as to treat humanity, whether in your own person of in that of any other, always as and end and never merely as a means. 7. Michael welch claims that the death penalty actually promotes murder rather than deters it because potential killers are assumed to relate to those who have been excicuted, but that doesnt happen people rather than identifying with the condemned relate to the excicutioner instead. Empowered by the person empowered to kill another they say that lethal vengeance is justifies killing those who have harmed you arent good in society. 8. A utilitarian who considers the unborn to be a person could morally approve of at lest some abortions given that the conditions were right such as the financial hardship, mental health problems of the of mother and significant health issues because3 they are looked go create the greatest amount of good for all.

9. The difficulty that might arise in Kants ethics that can be avoided in W.D. Ross theory is conflicting duties. The prima facie duties that are in W.D. Ross theory allow for a person intuition to know and weigh conflicting duties against each other. 10. Hedonic calculus is a list of seven considerations to be used in calculating the utility of actions. Those seven things are its intensity, duration, certainty or uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, purity, and extent. 11. the problem with viability of a human fetus becoming a person is that different circumstances for each case the span of likelihood that the fetus will survive does not guarantee it will survive. 12. Mark Costanzo responds to those who cite Hebrew scripture as authorizing lex talionis that it is to restrain, not requ9ire killing, its not an eye or an eye but rather a proportional penalty 13. psychological hedonism is all human behavior is fundamentally motivated by the pursuit of pleasure or the avoidance of pain 14. Natural law does not require any particular beliefs about the origin of nature, it say that correct moral imperatives can be derived from rational reflection on nature alone. 15. Don Marquis idea for the loss of ones future ciritea for abortion might have the implication of saying that the value of what makes killing wrong are invalid in the case of euthanasia.