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T o w a r d a N e w H e a v e n a n d a N e w E a r th : T h e S c ie n tific R e v o

M o d e r n S c ie n c
I. Background to the Scientific Revolution A. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists B. Technological Innovations and Mathematics C. Renaissance Magic II. Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy A. Copernicus B. Brahe C. Kepler D. Galileo 1. Galileo and the Inquisition 2. Galileo and the Problem of Motion E. Newton 1. Newton and the Occult 2. Universal Law of Gravitation III. Advances in Medicine and Chemistry A. Paracelsus B. Vesalius C. William Harvey D. Chemistry IV. Women in the Origins of Modern Science A. Margaret Cavendish B. Maria Merian C. Maria Winkelmann D. Debates on the Nature of Women V. Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind VI. The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge A. The Scientific Method 1. Francis Bacon 2. Descartes B. Spread of Scientific Knowledge 1. The Scientific Societies 2. Science and Society VII. Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century A. Spinoza B. Pascal VIII. Conclusion

APEH CHAPTER 16: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION TERMS: Scientific Revolution- history of science in the early modern period, where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.[ Hermeticism- is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based primarily upon the pseudepigraphical writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. These beliefs have heavily influenced the Western esoteric tradition and were considered greatly important during both the Renaissance and the Reformation. Ptolemaic system- also geocentric theory where earth is the center of the universe Geocentric conception- where earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it Heliocentric conception- the sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it World-machine Scientific Method- a method that uses experimenting and deductive reasoning to find a solution Empiricism- is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. Querelles des femmes- the debates on womens purposes in the scientific revolution Boyles law- states that the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, if the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system Cartesian dualism- it is the philosophy of the mind Rationalism- reasoning through justification Scientific Societies- groups of people who gathered together to discuss scientifically studies Pantheism- It is the belief that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent God, or that the Universe (or Nature) is identical with divinity WORKS On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres written by copernius which revealed the Copernius system The Starry Messenger published by Galileo used mathmetical theories of Keepler for the universe Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems published by Galileo alarmed the church wriiten in Italian for a larger audience Mathematical principles of Natural philosophy (Principia)- Written by Sir Isaac Newton proposing his Laws of Motion On the Fabric of the Human Body- by Vesalius accepted the profession of Surgery On the Motion of the Heart and Blood by William Harvey heart and liver were the beginning of circulation of blood in body

Discourse on Method- by Descartes about the existence of ones mind Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical MannerPensees- Pascal tried to convert rationalist to christianity

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY SOURCES (BOXED DOCUMENTS)

Background: The Scientific Revolution refers to a major intellectual shift during the 16th and 8th centuries that emphasized reason based on observation over faith. Key figures of the Scientific Revolution, including Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, presented challenges to the traditional worldview.
1. Magic and Science: The Case of Girolamo Cardano: What does this passage reveal about connections between the sciences and the occult in the sixteenth century? Could sixteenth century intellectuals consider Cardanos various experiences scientific? Why or why not, and if so, how? 2. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: What major new ideas did Copernicus discuss in this selection? What was the source of these ideas? Why might one say that European astronomers finally destroyed the Middle Ages? Why were the ideas of Copernicus so controversial? The major ideas he discussed were the Heliocentric theory in which he sed to prove the geocentric theory wrong. They might say this because the middle ages most of their theories were based off of the bble and this was one of the major theories they had and many believed in so once this was proved wrong they had nothing else to back them up . 3. Newton's Rules of Reasoning: In your own words, what are Newtons Rules of Reasoning? To what extent do Newtons Rules represent an acceptance or rejection of Hermeticism? How important were they to the development of the Scientific Revolution? Basically his rules of reasoning stated that everything could be justified even things of nature. These rules were very important to the development of the scientific theory because it showed that everything really could be backed up or proved to be right or wrong. 4. The Natural Inferiority of Women: What arguments does Spinoza use to support the idea of female inferiority? What was the basis of his claims and assumptions? What was the effect of his line of reasoning upon the roles women could play? Spinoza uses the fact that women are used to birth children have smaller skulls and wider pelvis than men to prove their infirority. The basis of his assumptions are all off of scientifaclly proved facts. Many during the time did agree with him because this was true and this made it harder for women to find a role in the scientific revolution. 5. The Father of Modern Rationalism: Describe Descartes' principles of inquiry and compare them to Newton's rules of reasoning. What are the main similarities between these systems of thinking? How might either or both sets of rules for the mind change how individual thinkers thought of themselves, about others, about politics, and about existing systems of European power politics and police of society? Both Descarted and Newton believed that everything ould be proven or backed up and this was the main similarity of their thinking. I think this may change the way people think because again at this time everything was based off of faith so it was new to the people when proof came in hand so they began to go out and look for things themselves. 6. Pascal: What is a Man in the Infinite?: Why did Pascal question whether human beings could achieve scientific certainty? Does Pascal seem to argue that the Copernican Revolution, with its vastness, was a proof of the existence of God? What does the sheer scale of Pascal's thought tell you about the impact of the Scientific Revolution on the consciousness and conscience of Europeans? Conclusion: To what extent did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution challenge traditional religious, social, and

political institutions? How did the church and scientists address these new, challenging ideas?
The scientific revolution greatly challenged the religious means by not only advocating for proof over faith it proved that many things that had been accepted by the bible were innacurate and had other scientific ways to prove them wrong. It challenged social stances because during that time the Catholic church was the highest of the social standings and pretty much everything they said was not challenged but with this new skepticism and them being proved wrong many searched for their own answers and didnt really follow the church. It challenged political institutions by creating new philosophies that allowed new roles of leadership such as absolutism to come into key durning this this time. The church tried many ways to stop them such as putting Gallileo on trial and other but they couldnt really stop all of these new scientist and

their proof that they had. Scientist could easily back everything they had up and the church really had no stance to back anything they had up.