Symbiosis Institute of Technology

Batch: 2009-13 Branch: E&TC Class: TY B Tech Semester: VII

Course code 07212721

Course Name: Biomedical Instrumentation Date: 30th October 2012 Time: 1.0hr

Continuous Evaluation Total Marks: 45

Q 1. What is the physics of piezo electricity? What materials are commonly used to make PZT transducers? Some crystals exhibit a large amount of surface charge when compressed/physically distorted. This effect is called piezo electricity and scientifically studied by Pierre Curie and his brother. Rochelle salt, BaTiO3, Quartz, human bones and many other materials exhibit this. Though not asked in the Q paper; these crystals are used for domestic gas lighters, cigarette lighters, weighing scales, specially cut Quartz crystals are used in all computers/digital circuitry/wrist watches and so on and so forth. They are used for ultrasonic transducers for equipment like ultrasonic cleaning tanks, ultrasonic welding ( especially welding plastics in a cars dashboard), and also in Ultrasonographic equipment in Medical applications. What are the physical properties exploited in Ultrasound imaging, Thermal Imaging, X-Ray, Positron Emission Tomography, MRI ? Write only 5 lines each. In ultrasound imaging, piezoelectric transducers that vibrate at high frequencies 20,000 Hz to 2 Mega Hz are used to produce ultrasonic sound waves. The physical property used is the difference in reflection/scattering and absorption of ultrasonic sound waves by different tissues in the human body. The time difference in the echo received back at the transducer, is used to identify specific tissues. One can scan an organ and or a growing fetus and using Doppler frequency shift even measure fetal heart rates. Thermal Imaging In thermal imaging the property that all bodies emit thermal energy is used. Organs with larger blood supply would exhibit higher temperature than say the bones. Infrared camera can capture the images and show these on a screen. Distinct images are seen of the lungs when say a person is smoking a cigarette and not smoking. Similarly when the brain is active, it burns up more calories from the sugar in the blood vessels in the brain. The blood vessels carry more blood and these as well as active regions can be seen by an Infrared camera. X-Ray Electromagnetic waves that have shorter wavelength as compared to visible light can penetrate deeper into the body. The non absorbed X-Rays that fall on a photographic plate/film create dark/grey/white images on the plate or a screen. Useful mainly to study bone structure, health of lungs, foreign bodies ingested. Stomach and soft organs can also be imaged after a barium meal, that will enhance the contrast of the stomach and intestines.
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Symbiosis Institute of Technology

Batch: 2009-13 Branch: E&TC Class: TY B Tech Semester: VII

Course code 07212721

Course Name: Biomedical Instrumentation

PET In Positron Emission Tomography, a decaying positron from an injected chemical into an organ or specific to an organ decomposes into gamma rays. There are crystals that absorb the Gamma rays and produce electric signals. Such a detector array is moved around a patient and signals detected at different angles. The PET tomographs are fitted with various crystals (BGO, LSO, GSO) that are used to detect the emission photons and convert them to light signals. This scintillation event is converted to an electric signal that can be displayed on a monitor. Photons that originate from structures deeper in the body are more highly attenuated by the intervening soft tissue than those originating closer to the surface. This effect of attenuation is not accounted for in the non-attenuation corrected images, which appear to show high activity toward the surface and relatively low activity toward the center. Additional info. Not expected in the test answer:
Tumor cells are highly metabolically active (high mitotic rates) ,and favor the more inefficient anaerobic pathway adding to the already increased glucose demands. These combined mechanisms allow for tumor cells to uptake and retain higher levels of FDG when compared to normal tissues. FDG is not cancer specific and will accumulate in areas with high levels of metabolism and glycolysis. Therefore increased uptake can be expected in sites of hyperactivity (muscular, nervous); active inflammation (infection, sarcoid, arthritis, etc.); tissue repair, etc.

MRI
The main magnet produces the Bo field for the imaging procedure. Within the magnet are the gradient coils for producing a gradient in Bo in the X, Y, and Z directions. Within the gradient coils is the RF coil. The RF coil produces the B1 magnetic field necessary to rotate the spins by 90o, 180o, or any other value selected by the pulse sequence. The RF coil also detects the signal from the spins within the body

The time constant which describes how MZ returns to its equilibrium value is called the spin lattice relaxation time (T1). The equation governing this behavior as a function of the time t after its displacement is: Mz = Mo ( 1 - e-t/T1 ) T1 is the time to reduce the difference between the longitudinal magnetization (MZ) and its equilibrium value by a factor of e T2 Processes In addition to the rotation, the net magnetization starts to dephase because each of the spin packets making it up is experiencing a slightly different magnetic field and rotates at its own Larmor frequency. The longer the elapsed time, the greater the phase difference. Here the net magnetization vector is initially along +Y. For
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Symbiosis Institute of Technology

Batch: 2009-13 Branch: E&TC Class: TY B Tech Semester: VII

Course code 07212721

Course Name: Biomedical Instrumentation

this and all dephasing examples think of this vector as the overlap of several thinner vectors from the individual spin packets. The time constant which describes the return to equilibrium of the transverse magnetization, MXY, is called the spin-spin relaxation time, T2. MXY =MXYo e-t/T2

The proton density,T1 and T2 times are different for different tissues and the specialist operating the MRI machine plays with these to give an image with sharper contrast.

Q2. Write in detail on what you know about any one of the Imaging systems a.CAT scan, b.PET c. MRI 10 marks CAT expand term, 2D X-Ray first time converted to 3D by stacking up the slices First time a lot of computation used in medical Imaging. Precursor to PET now used in combination of CAT and PET. PET more details on the physics, Gamma emission, sensor crystals, some liht on eqpt. And maths involved. Hoe PET in conjunction with CT scan helps. MRI benefits, physics, how spin decay signals are picked up. Safer, done on babies, again computed image. Q3. What is the difference between a real image and a computed image in medical Imaging ? Out of the following which imaging systems give a real image and which give computed images. a.CAT scan, b. Endoscopy, c. Thermal d. MRI, e. X-ray 10 marks flat image of x-ray a real image, CAT is computed as the name suggests. Endoscopy is also real ifcamera outputs are seen, Thermal also can be consideres a real image. Q4. Name atleast 5 companies in Medical Electronic equipment manufacturing in India, and in the world. SIEMENS, Phillips,NASAN,L&T,GE In the world again SIEMENS, PHILIPS, GE,MEDRAD AND OFCOURSE SAMSUNG, HITACHI,PANASONIC and many others. 5 marks

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