‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -І‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت أوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫[∞‪]0; +‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ داﻟﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن داﻟﺔ ‪ ln‬ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ [∞‪ ]0; +‬ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺮي ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ )ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ( ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪exp‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫[∞‪∀y ∈ ]0; +‬‬ ‫‪exp ( x ) = y ⇔ ln y = x‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت أوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪exp (1) = e‬‬ ‫‪exp ( 0 ) = 1‬‬ ‫*‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫) ‪exp ( x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫*‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫‪ln ( exp ( x ) ) = x‬‬ ‫*‬
‫[∞‪∀x ∈ ]0; +‬‬ ‫* ‪exp ( ln ( x ) ) = x‬‬
‫* اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ exp‬ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫∈ ) ‪∀ ( a; b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪exp ( a ) = exp ( b ) ⇔ a = b‬‬ ‫*‬
‫∈ ) ‪∀ ( a; b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪exp ( a‬‬ ‫‪exp ( b ) ⇔ a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫*‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪exp‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ ln‬و ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ exp‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻼن ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫∈ ) ‪∀ ( a; b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪exp ( a + b ) = exp ( a ) × exp (b‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن‬
‫‪ln(exp ( a ) × exp ( b )) = ln exp ( a ) + ln exp ( b ) = a + b‬‬
‫‪ln exp ( a + b ) = a + b‬‬
‫) ‪ln ( exp ( a ) × exp ( b ) ) = ln exp ( a + b‬‬
‫) ‪exp ( a + b ) = exp ( a ) × exp ( b‬‬

‫‪http://arabmaths.ift.fr‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Moustaouli Mohamed‬‬

 ‫ﻧـــــــﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
1
∀ ( a;b ) ∈ 2
∀r ∈ exp ( −a ) =
exp ( a )
exp ( a )
exp ( a − b ) = exp ( ra ) =  exp ( a ) 
r

exp (b )
r
∀r ∈ exp ( r ) = exp (1)  = e r ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ exp (1) = e ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن‬ exp ‫ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬-4

∀x ∈ exp ( x ) = e x ‫أي‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺪد هﺪﻩ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ إﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬

∀x ∈ ∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[ x
e = y ⇔ x = ln y
∀x ∈ ln e x = x ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ eln x = x
ea
1
( )
r
∀ ( a; b ) ∈ 2
∀r ∈ e a +b a
= e .e b
e −a
= a e a −b
= b e rb = e a
e e
∀ ( a; b ) ∈ 2
e a = eb ⇔ a = b
∀ ( a; b ) ∈ 2
e a = eb ⇔ a b
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
2x x x−2
e − 3e + 2 = 0 ; e =2 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ‬-1

2
e3 x +1 − 3e 2 x +1 + e x +1 ≺ 0 ; ex −x
1 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺟﺤﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ‬-2
-------------------
e x −2 = 2 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﺤﻞ‬/1
S = {2 + ln 2} ‫ اذن‬e x −2 = 2 ⇔ x − 2 = ln 2 ⇔ x = 2 + ln 2
e 2 x − 3e x + 2 = 0 ‫ﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
+*
t∈ t 2 − 3t + 2 = 0 ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬e x = t ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
t = 1 ‫ أو‬t = 2 ‫ = ∆ وﻣﻨﻪ‬1 ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
e = 1 ‫ أو‬e x = 2 ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
x

x = 0 ‫ أو‬x = ln 2 ‫و ﻣﻨﻪ‬
S = {0;ln 2}
2
−x
ex 1 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬/2
2
−x
ex 1 ⇔ x2 − x 0
x −∞ 0 1 +∞
x2 − x + 0 - 0 +
S = ]−∞;0[ ∪ ]1; +∞[ ‫اذن‬

e3 x +1 − 3e2 x +1 + e x +1 ≺ 0 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

e3 x +1 − 3e 2 x +1 + e x +1 ≺ 0 ⇔ e x+1 e 2 x − 3e x + 1 ≺ 0 ( )
⇔ e 2 x − 3e x + 1 ≺ 0
e x = t ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
+*
t∈ t 2 − 3t + 2 ≺ 0 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺟﺤﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬

http://arabmaths.ift.fr 2 Moustaouli Mohamed

 t 0 1 2 +∞
t 2 − 3t + 2 + 0 - 0 +
+*
t∈ t 2 − 3t + 2 ≺ 0 ⇔ 1 ≺ t ≺ 2 ‫و ﻣﻨﻪ‬
0 ≺ x ≺ ln 2 ‫ وﻣﻨﻪ‬1 ≺ e x ≺ 2 ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
S = ]0;ln 2[ ‫إذن‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬-5
‫] ﻓﺎن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬0; +∞[ ‫] و ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻌﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ‬0; +∞[ ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬ln ‫ ﺑﻤﺎ أن داﻟﺔ‬-‫أ‬

∀x ∈ (e ) ' = ln' 1e =
x 1
=ex ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬
( ) x 1
ex
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬
∀x ∈ (e )' = e
x x
‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬ x →ex ‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬-‫ب‬
u (x )
I ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬x → e ‫ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬I ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل‬u ‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ‬

∀x ∈ I  u( x )  e ' = u '( x ) e ( )
u x
 
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬f ‫ﺣﺪد اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
2
f ( x ) = e3 x −x
(a

( )
2 2
∀x ∈ f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 − x ' e3 x −x
= ( 6 x − 1) e3 x −x

f ( x ) = e x − x ln x (b
∀x ∈ f ' ( x ) = ( x − x ln x ) ' e x − x ln x = (1 − ln x − 1) e x − x ln x = ( − ln x ) e x − x ln x
‫ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت هﺎﻣﺔ‬-6
x x
e −1 e
lim =1 lim xe x = 0 lim= +∞ lim e x = +∞ lim e x = 0
x →0 x x→−∞ x→+∞ x x→+∞ x→−∞
ex
lim = +∞ ‫ﻧﺒﻴﻦ‬
x→+∞ x
x = ln t ‫ وﻣﻨﻪ‬t = e x ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
ex t 1 ln t
lim = lim = lim = +∞ ‫ ﻓﺎن‬lim = 0+ ‫وﺣﻴﺚ أن‬
x→+∞ x t →+∞ ln t t →+∞ ln t t →+∞ t
t
 1  x ex
lim x  e x − 1 lim x lim ‫ﺣﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
x→+∞   x→+∞ e x→+∞ x2
 
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬
2
 x
e  e2  x
lim 2 = lim 4   = +∞
x→+∞ x x→+∞  x 
 
 2 
x 1 x
lim x = lim ⋅ = 0×0 = 0
x→+∞ e x→+∞ x e x

 1  et − 1 1 1
 
lim x e − 1 = lim
x = 1 ‫ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬x = ‫ وﻣﻨﻪ‬t = ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
x→+∞   x→0 t+ t x
 

http://arabmaths.ift.fr 3 Moustaouli Mohamed

 ‫‪e x −1‬‬ ‫‪ex‬‬
‫‪g (x ) = x‬‬ ‫= ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ أدرس و ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪ f‬و ‪ g‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ -II‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس ‪a‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ a‬ﻋﺪدا ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ و ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد‪1‬‬
‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ Log a‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس ‪ a‬و ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪expa‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫[∞‪∀y ∈ ]0; +‬‬ ‫‪expa ( x ) = y ⇔ Log a ( y ) = x‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫‪ln y‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫[∞‪∀y ∈ ]0; +‬‬ ‫= ‪expa ( x ) = y ⇔ Log a ( y ) = x ⇔ x‬‬ ‫‪⇔ ln y = x ln a ⇔ y = e x ln a‬‬
‫‪ln a‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫اذن ‪expa ( x ) = e x ln a‬‬
‫و اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺔ (‬ ‫) هﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن داﻟﺔ ‪ expa‬هﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ‪x → x ln a‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫∈ ) ‪∀(x ; y‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀r‬‬ ‫) ‪expa ( x + y ) = expa ( x ) × expa ( y‬‬ ‫= ) ‪expa ( − x‬‬
‫) ‪expa ( x‬‬
‫) ‪expa ( x‬‬
‫) ) ‪expa ( rx ) = ( expa ( x‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫= ) ‪expa ( x − y‬‬
‫) ‪expa ( y‬‬
‫‪ -3‬آﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻌﺪد ‪expa‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀a‬‬ ‫*‪+‬‬
‫}‪− {1‬‬ ‫‪expa (1) = a‬‬ ‫)‪( Log a (a ) = 1‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀r‬‬ ‫∈ ‪∀a‬‬ ‫*‪+‬‬
‫}‪− {1‬‬ ‫‪expa ( r ) = expa (1)  = a r‬‬

‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫‪expa ( x ) = a x‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺪد هﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻰ‬

‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫[∞‪∀y ∈ ]0; +‬‬ ‫) ‪a x = y ⇔ x = Log a ( y‬‬

‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫∈ ‪∀a‬‬ ‫*‪+‬‬
‫}‪− {1‬‬ ‫‪a x = e x ln a‬‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪x→ax‬‬
‫∈‪a‬‬ ‫*‪+‬‬
‫}‪− {1‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬

‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫‪(a ) ' = a‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ln a‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪x → ax‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪x → ax‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ln a‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎن ‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ 1‬ادا آﺎن ‪1‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪lim a = 0‬‬ ‫∞‪lim a x = +‬‬ ‫و‬
‫∞‪x →−‬‬ ‫∞‪x →+‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ 2‬ادا آﺎن ‪ 0 ≺ a ≺ 1‬ﻓﺎن ‪ln a ≺ 0‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪x → ax‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫∞‪lim a x = +‬‬ ‫‪lim a x = 0‬‬ ‫و‬
‫∞‪x →−‬‬ ‫∞‪x →+‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫)‪( a = 2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪http://arabmaths.ift.fr‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Moustaouli Mohamed‬‬

  1
a =  0≺ a ≺1
 2

+*
∀a ∈ ∀x ∈ a x = e x ln a ‫و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ ∀x ∈ 1x = 1 ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://arabmaths.ift.fr 5 Moustaouli Mohamed