Property Atomic weight Oxide Specific gravity Sulphate Property Atomic weight Specific gravity Melting point Formula

of oxide Solubility in acid and alkali

Eka-boron 44 Eb2O3 3.5 Eb2(SO4)3 Eka-aluminium 68 5.9 Low Ea2O3 Dissolves slowly in both acid and alkali

Scandium 43.79 Sc2O3 3.864 Sc2(SO4)3 Gallium 69.9 5.94 303.15 Ga2O3 Dissolves slowly in both acid and alkali

Property Eka-silicon Atomic weight 72 Specific 5.5 gravity Melting point High Valency 4 Slightly attacked Reaction with by acids, resists acid and alkali attack by alkali

Germanium 72.32 5.47 958 4 Dissolves neither by hydrochloric acid nor sodium hydroxide

Correction of Atomic Masses Mendeleev's periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of some of the elements, based on their positions in the periodic table. For example, atomic mass of beryllium was corrected from 13.5 to 9.0. Atomic masses of indium, gold and platinum were also corrected. Mendeleev's Periodic Table Period GroupGroupGroupGroupGroup Group Group Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII H=1 1 Li=7 Be=9 B=11 C=12 N=14 O=16 F=19 2 Na= Mg= Al= Si=28 P=31 S=32 Cl=35.5 3 23 24 27.3 Fe=56 4 First K=39 Ca=40 Sc=45 Ti=48 V=51 Cr=52 Mn=55 Co=58.9 series Ni=58.7 Cu Zn= Ge= 4 Ga=70 As=75 Se=79 Br=80 73 second=63 65

series 5 First Rb= series 85 5 Ag= second 108 series 6 First Cs= series 133 6 Au= second 197 series Ru=102 Sr=87 Y=89 Zr=91 Nb=93 Mo=96 Tc=99 Rh=103 Pd=106 Cd= 112 Ba= 137 Hg= 200 In= 115 La= 138 Ti= 204 Sn= 118 Hf= 178 Pb= 207 Sb=122Te=128I=127 Os=190 Ir=193 Pd=106

Ta=181W=184 -

Bi=208

Limitations of Mendeleev's Classification In spite of the above advantages, Mendeleev's periodic table suffered defects as follows: Position of Hydrogen The position of hydrogen was not correctly defined. It was placed in Group I although its properties resembled both the Group I elements (the alkali metals) and the group VII elements (the halogens). Grouping of Some Elements In some cases Mendeleev placed elements according to their similarities in properties and not in increasing order of their atomic masses, while some dissimilar elements were grouped together. Thus, the position of these elements was not justified. For example, cobalt (at. mass 58.9) was placed before nickel (at. mass 58.6); copper and mercury are similar in their properties but were placed separately. Copper was placed in group I although it did not resemble the elements of this group. Anomalous Pair In certain pairs of elements like, Ar (40) and K (39); Co (58.9) and Ni (58.6); Te (127.6) and I (126.9) the arrangement was not justified. For example, argon was placed before potassium whereas its atomic mass is more than potassium. Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass but same atomic number. For e.g., there are three isotopes of hydrogen with atomic mass 1, 2, and 3. According to Mendeleev's periodic table these should be placed at three separate places. However isotopes have not been given separate places in the periodic table. Lanthanides and Actinides Fourteen elements that follow lanthanum called lanthanides and fourteen elements following actinium called actinides were not given proper places in Mendeleev's periodic table. Cause of Periodicity Mendeleev's table was unable to explain the cause of periodicity among elements.

The Modern Periodic Table Modern Periodic Table-Long Form Periodic Table of Elements Later, Henry Gywn-Jeffreys Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is numerically equal to the number of electrons round the nucleus. The number of electrons in turn is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. He suggested that atomic number is a more fundamental property of an element than its atomic mass. When the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number, most of the defects of Mendeleev's classification get rectified.

Remember Relation between Mass Number and Atomic Number Atomic Number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is also equal to the number of electrons since the atom is electrically neutral. Mass Number (A) is the total number of

neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom.

The periodic law given earlier is now modified and followed today. It states that "the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers." The modern periodic table is also known as the long form of the periodic table or the extended form of the periodic table. In this table, the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers in such away that elements with similar properties fall in the same vertical column. These vertical columns are referred to as 'Groups'. There are eight groups, which are further sub-divided into eighteen sub-groups. There are 7 horizontal rows in the periodic table. These are called the periods. Noble (inert) gases are placed in the 18 or VIII A, which is at the extreme right of the table. Halogens are placed in group 17 or VII A, just ahead of the noble gas elements. The alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) are placed in group 1 or I A and the alkaline earth metals (Ca, Ba, etc.) are placed in 2 or II A which is at the extreme left of the table. Transition elements such as copper, iron, etc., are placed in the 3 to 12 groups, which occur at the middle of the table. The inner transition elements, lanthanides and actinides are placed in two separate series at the bottom of the main body of the periodic table.

The recurrence of similar properties of the elements when they are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, after certain regular intervals, is called periodicity.

Cause of Periodicity of Elements The modern periodic table is based on the electronic configuration of the elements. The properties of an element are determined largely by the electrons in its outermost or valence shell. Valence electrons interact with other atoms and take part in all chemical reactions, while inner shell electrons have little influence on the properties of elements. When elements are placed in the order of their increasing atomic number, the elements having the same number of valence shell electrons is repeated in such a way, so as to fall under the same group. Since, the electronic configuration of the valence shell electrons is same they show similar properties. Members of the same group have similar electronic configuration of the valence shell and thus show same valency.