Cng ngh nan v vt liu nan

t nghin cu n th trng
GS. TS. Phan Hng Khi1,2 1. Vin Khoa hc Vt liu,Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam 2. Trng i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H Ni

H ni 6 - 2006 1

Mc lc
Trang I. M u II. KHNN v CNNN l g? III. Ni dung ca KHNN & CNNN IV. Sn phm ca CNNN v th trng V. Tnh hnh nghin cu v pht trin CNNN trn th gii 5.1. Khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng 5.1.1.Chnh sch pht trin CNNN ca cc nc APEC 5.1.2. Cc n lc thng mi ho CNNN khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng 5.1.3. u t cho CNNN ca khu vc t nhn khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng 5.1.4. Chnh sch v Chng trnh CNNN mt s nc chu 5.2. Chnh sch pht trin CNNN ca cc nc Chu u 5.3. Chnh sch pht trin CNNN ca M 5.4. Nhn xt VI. Cc hng u tin ca CNNN cc nc ang pht trin VII. Cc xut VIII. Tnh hnh nghin cu CNNN Vit nam IX. Kt lun Ti liu tham kho 3 3 5 5 15 17 18 21 22 23 30 34 37 38 40 42 44 46

I. M u Trong thi gian gn y nhiu nh hoch nh chnh sch trn th gii , k c Tng thng ca mt s cng quc cng nghip quan tm v thc y vic pht trin Khoa hc Nan v Cng ngh Nan (KHNN&CNNN). Nhiu chnh ph v tp on kinh t ln u t cho KHNN&CNNN. Nhiu cng trnh khoa hc, nhiu bng pht minh v sng ch v KHNN&CNNN c cng b. Nhiu sn phm ca CNNN, c bit l cc loi Vt liu Nan (VLNN) xut hin v ang c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong hu ht cc lnh vc cng nghip, nng nghip, y t, bo v mi trng, an ninh quc phng v i sng. Vit nam, cc nh khoa hc mt s vin nghin cu, trng i hc cng bt u tip cn vi KHNN&CNNN trn c hai bnh din: l thuyt v thc nghim. Mt vi cng ty thng mi trong nc cng nhp khu mt s sn phm CNNN ca nc ngoi, Vn t ra cho chng ta l cn tm hiu xem KHNN&CNNN l g v khoa hc, cng ngh , hm nay hoc ngy mai cho chng ta ci g? Cng ngh l hin thc khng? v mt iu quan trng na l, chng ta cn lm g tip cn vi KHNN& CNNN? Trc ht chng ta tm hiu khi nim v KHNN&CNNN v tin ti mt nh ngha v khoa hc v cng ngh ny.
II. Khnn & CnNN l g?

KHNN&CNNN l mt lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh (KH&CN) mi, hin i v lin ngnh, c th hiu di cc gc chuyn mn khc nhau. Cc nh chuyn mn c gng a ra nhiu cch din t ngn v sc tch, gn vi mt nh ngha: KHNN&CNNN, hiu mt cch tng qut l khoa hc v cng ngh nhm to ra cc vt liu, linh kin v h thng c cc tnh cht mi, ni tri nh vo kch thc nanomt (10-9 m), ng thi iu khin c cc tnh cht v chc nng ca chng kch thc nan. Nhiu nh ngha khc v KHNN&CNNN cng th hin ni dung . Nh vy KHNN&CNNN l KH&CN ca nhng kch thc nh, bao gm vt liu, linh kin, thit b hoc h thng. KHNN&CNNN bao gm nhiu vn ca vt l, ho hc, ton hc, y-sinh hc v cc ngnh KH&CN khc. Di y bn cht v thc trng ca KHNN&CNNN s c trnh by mt cch tm tt. Nhn t trung tm ca KHNN&CNNN l kch thc: Khi kch thc gim ti mc nan mt th cc hiu ng lng t xut hin, nh vy c th thay i cc
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c trng ca vt liu nh mu sc, nhit nng chy, cc tnh cht nhit, t, in, quang m khng cn thay i thnh phn ho hc. iu dn ti xut hin cc tnh cht mi, cc sn phm mi khng h c trc y. Khi kch thc gim, t s gia b mt v th tch tng mnh, hiu ng b mt chim u th l iu kin l tng cho cc vt liu t hp nan (nanocomposite), cc tng tc ho hc, xc tc, cc vt liu d tr nng lng, cc thuc cha bnh .... th hin tnh cht c th hoc tng kh nng hot ng. ng thi khi hiu sut lm vic ca cc vt liu cao ln th lng vt liu s dng s nh hn v lng cht thi t i. Cc linh kin v h thng c - quang - in t nan rt nh, mt linh kin cao, qung ng hot ng ca in t nh, tc nhanh hn v nng lng tiu hao t hn. V vy KHNN&CNNN cng l KH&CN thn thin vi mi trng. Cu trc kch thc nan l c im ca cu trc sinh hc, hn th na cc c th sng xy dng cu trc ny bng phng php t lp ghp. Cc thng tin, tn hiu cho qu trnh lp ghp nm trn b mt cc cu t nan. Cc sn phm ca CNNN vi mt cao, gn vi cu trc sinh hc, v vy s kt hp gia Cng ngh Sinh hc v CNNN to ra cc ni dung mi cho khoa hc cng ngh, y l Sinh hc Nan. Tm li, VLNN vi kch thc t di nan ti vi chc nan mt c cc tnh cht ring, khc hn vi tnh cht ca tng nguyn t ring bit v ng thi cng khc so vi vt liu khi. Nh vy c th a ra thm mt "chiu" na cho bng tun hon cc nguyn t: l s lng nguyn t N trong cu trc vt cht. Rt nhiu cc tnh cht nh c hc, in, t hc, quang hc, ho hc thay i t bin khi s lng nguyn t N hn ch trong phm vi vi trm, thm ch vi nghn nguyn t. Nh vy, ngoi nguyn t A v s in t ho tr n, s N cng tr thnh mt i lng qui nh tnh cht ca vt cht. KHNN&CNNN hnh thnh trong qu trnh tch lu cc cc thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh: K thut u d qut nan m in hnh l hin vi lc nguyn t (AFM), hin vi tunen (STM), hin vi quang hc trng gn (NOM), cc k thut khc in t, cc VLNN xut hin vo cui nhng nm 80 ca Th k trc l nhng tin quan trng hm nay, ngi ta c th mnh dn ni v mt ngnh KH&CN mi, hin i vi nhng tnh cht v chc nng cha tng c v thng nht bng kch thc nan mt. Chnh tnh hin i vi cc tnh cht mi v tnh a ngnh lm cho CNNN c coi l mt bc ngoc trong s pht trin KH&CN hng u ca Th k 21 ny.

III. Ni dung ca KhNN & CNNN

3.1. L thuyt v m phng: y l hai cng c nhm d on, ch ra cc tnh cht v thit k cc loi vt liu v linh kin nan. 3.2. VLNN - cc tnh cht v cng ngh ch to: y l mt tp hp ht sc a dng cc loi vt liu kch thc nan v c cc tnh cht mi do hiu ng kch thc quy nh. y l cc vt liu v c hoc hu c, tinh th hoc v nh hnh, n pha hoc a pha. VLNN c cc tnh cht v kh nng ng dng ht sc a dng nh: ng nan cacbon (CNT) va c tnh cht c hc siu bn, va c cc tnh cht dn in, dn quang; cc chm lng t (QDs) l mt b phn cu thnh ca transito n in t; cc u d nan (nanotip); Cc si lng t dng dn cc nguyn t; thuc vin nan c kh nng hp th vo c th cao hn nhiu so vi thuc vin hin nay... Cc vt liu ny c ch to bng cc phng php vt l, ho hc v sinh hc, c phn chia thnh hai nhm cng ngh chnh l Trn-Xung (Top-Down) v Di-Ln (Bottom-Up). 3.3. Linh kin v thit b micr-nan: VLNN c th dng trc tip nh cht xc tc, cht hp ph v cng c th l mt phn cu thnh trong cc linh kin in t, quang t nh tranzito n in t (SET) ch to trn c s chm lng t (QDs), lu tr thng tin trn c s hiu ng t tr khng l (GMR). 3.4. Cc phng tin ch to v quan st cu trc nan: Vic ch to ra cc linh kin nan i hi nhiu cng c tinh vi nh: + Knh hin vi quang hc trng gn (NOM) c phn gii nan do loi tr c hiu ng giao thoa v c kh nng phn cc cc nguyn t v tr thnh mt cng c dng quan st cu trc nan, ng thi dng dn cc nguyn t trong qu trnh cy ghp nguyn t cng nh dng thc hin k thut khc vi phn gii nan. + K thut khc nan khng dng nh sng (Nano Lithography) cng l mt cng c khng th thiu ch to cc linh kin in t - quang t nan. + Cc cng c qut u d nan (SPM) da trn cc hiu ng lc, t, in, nhit, quang, ho... l nhng cng c cho php quan st v nhn bit qui m di nan khng ch hnh thi vt cht m cn thnh phn, nhit , cc qu trnh vt l ho hc - ho sinh xy ra trong cc t bo hoc trong cc chm lng t.
IV. sn phm ca CNNN v th trng

CNNN cn tm c nhiu ng dng rt c hiu qu trong cng ngh ho hc, cng ngh nng lng, cng ngh sinh hc cng ngh x l mi trng.

y l mt lnh vc cng ngh mi, c hu ht cc nc trn th gii xp vo lnh vc KH&CN u tin hng u. KHNN&CNNN v ang c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc nh trong Cng nghip in t - Quang in t (transito mt in t, lade chm lng t, cc b vi x l tc siu nhanh, cc b hin th v cc linh kin cm bin c cu trc nan,...); trong Cng nghip ho hc (xc tc, cht mu, mc in, ...); trong Cng ngh nng lng (vt liu tch tr nng lng, pin hydro, pin Li, pin mt tri Gratzel,...); Trong Y- Sinh hc v Nng nghip (thuc cha bnh, m nhn to, cc phng tin chn on, iu tr v quan st cc qu trnh sinh ho qui m t bo,...); Trong Hng khng - V tr - Qun s (vt liu siu bn, siu nh, chu nhit, chu bc x, sens nhy kh, sens sinh hc, pin nng lng,...); trong Cng ngh x l mi trng (vt liu kh c, VLNN xp dng lc nc, lc bi, gim cht thi cng nghip v gim tiu hao nng lng). Phn b th trng cc sn phm ca CNNN trong nm 2001 so vi nm 1996 nh sau (Bng1): Bng 1. Th trng th gii v vt liu nano (triu USD) No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gm Sn ph Cht mu, thuc nhum Nng lng mt tri M phm chng rm nng da Polyme v compozit Tng cng: Loi vt liu Nm 1996 5.912 2.103 568 454 227 9.266 Nm 2001 8.811 8.811 1.137 795 284 1.023 20.864

Nhiu sn phm ca CNNN di dng vt liu, linh kin c cc chc nng mi v ang c ng dng v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ch ring b nh t tr khng l (GMR) c dng thay th cc a cng truyn thng mang li nhun nhiu chc t la M trong vi nm gn y. Cht xc tc Zeolite ZSM-5 c dng rng ri trong cng ngh ho du, vt liu xp nano MCM-41 dng trong cng ngh x l mi trng cng mang li li ch kinh t ln khng km (xem gin di y). T gin c th nhn thy hin ti VLNN chim t phn ng dng cao nht (40%).
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Hnh 1. T l cc lnh vc ng dng CNNN

T gin trn c th nhn thy hin ti VLNN chim t l ng dng cao nht (40%). Trung Quc l mt nc rt quan tm pht trin nghin cu v ng dng KHNN&CNNN. Phn cc sn phm ch to t VLNN phn theo cc lnh vc ng dng ti Trung Quc c trnh by trn hnh 2.

Hnh 2: Phn cc sn phm ch to t VLNN theo cc lnh vc ng dng v s lng cc cng ty sn xut cc VLNN Trung Quc (thng k nm 2004)[4]

Mt s d on v hiu qu kinh t ca mt s lnh vc CNNN mang li trong vng 10-15 nm ti: + Ngnh in t: CNNN s em li li nhun hng nm khong 300 t USD. + Ngnh dc phm: khong mt na cc sn phm dc s c sn xut trn c s CNNN em li li nhun hng nm khong 180 t USD.
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+ Ngnh Ho hc: Xc tc c cu trc nan c ng dng trong cng nghip du kh v ho hc s em li li nhun hng nm khong 100 t USD. + Mi trng: d on nu p dng CNNN tt c cc lnh vc s gim tiu hao nng lng hn 10%, tc l tit kim khong 100 t USD hng nm, ng thi s gim tng ng 200 triu tn kh cacbon ioxit pht x. + Ring trong lnh quc phng, KHNN & CNNN cng v ang tm thy nhng ng dng ht sc a dng: T nhng qun trang chng n n cc mng hnh phng cho ti cc loi bng vt thng. Cc VLNN thm nhp vo rt nhiu lnh vc phc v quc phng. Hy th hnh dung tc ng tm l ln tinh thn i phng s kinh khng ti mc no nu nh ngi lnh c th chng c n bng nhng chin bo nh nh lng v c th nhy qua mt bc tng cao ti 6m nh nng lng c tch tr giy - l li ca Thomas L. Magnanti, gio s thuc Vin Cng ngh Massachusettes (MIT Hoa K) khi m t nhng tnh nng k diu ca cc VLNN [2]. Thc t, qun i M va mi rt thm 50 triu USD cho MIT mt trong nhng trng i hc hng u ca M, thnh lp mt c s nghin cu mi chuyn nghin cu cc CNNN dng cho qun i vi nhim v l trong vng 5 nm ti, phi to ra c trang b cho c tnh cht cch mng cho lnh M. Nhng mc tiu c th: ngy trang, chng n, pht hin kp thi v bo v chng li nhng cuc tn cng bng v kh ho hc, sinh hc. Tt c ch vi mt trang b nng 2 kg thay v 6 kg hin nay. Cc nh nghin cu ca MIT a ra nhng tng ng dng cc VLNN rt c o. Chng hn, chng li s tn cng bng v kh sinh hc (nh vi trng gy bnh u ma hoc bnh than), h a ra tng ph qun o chin u ca binh lnh mt lp mng bn thm, c nhng l nh kch thc c phn t, ch cho php khng kh v nc i qua, cn cc tc nhn ho hc hay sinh hc gy c th b gi li. Ngoi ra, cn c gn mt dng c bo ng sinh hc vi ngng rt thp. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: cc ht vng kim loi c kch thc nan trong dung dch c lin kt vi nhau bng nhng chui ADN c m ho c bit nhn dng ra cc ADN ca cc tc nhn sinh hc c hi. Khi tip xc vi mt lng cc nh cc tc nhn sinh hc l, ADN lp tc s thay i cu trc v cc tnh cht quang hc ca cc ht nan vng cng thay i theo, iu ny s lm cho mu ca dng c thay i. Thm ch cng c nhng tng v vic s dng cc VLNN lm ngy trang: cc ht nan c a vo trong vi s phn ng vi nh sng v ti to ra mu sc ca mi trng xung quanh, cho php nhng ngi lnh ho ln vo quang cnh ca a hnh.

 bo v mt trc cc tia lade cc mnh, ngi ta a ra tng: cc con quay c kch thc phn t quay lin tc theo ba chiu c th chn c cc tia lade cng cao. Khi c lp trn knh bo v, nhng con quay ny c th cu nhng ngi lnh khi b m di tc dng ca sng lade. Ngoi chuyn c th cung cp thuc men theo yu cu, nhng thit b cc nh lp trong cc qun phc, khi tip xc vi mu, c kh nng lm cho cc ng nan thay i c v hnh dng ln kch thc. Nhng ng ny s co li to ra p lc ln vt thng. Cn nu ngi lnh b gy xng th lp lt ca o (hoc qun) s ho rn ging nh l b bt, tm thi c nh xng gy trc khi ngi lnh c chuyn n khu vc iu tr. Di y l nhng ng dng c th ca VLNN c a vo thc tin: + Cc t knh, knh k nc, t lm sch dng trong cc ngnh xy dng, ch to t, my bay, v cc phng tin giao thng khc, v.v... c ph cc ht titan oxit nan c kh nng chng bm dnh nc, chng mc, dit khun nh hiu ng quang in ho; + Mn hnh phng, mng, nh, kch thc ln, c nt cao v sng cao, ch to t ng nan cacbon ang c nhiu hng ni ting trn th gii nh Motorola (M), Mitshubishi (Nht Bn), Samsung (Hn Quc) hon thin sn xut hng lot v a ra bn trn th trng trong mt vi nm ti. Theo thng bo ca Hng Mtorola, trong vi nm ti hng s bn mn hnh phng ng nan cacbon 44 inch, chiu dy ch c 3,3 mm v vi gi thnh xut xng d kin di 400 USD (Hnh 3);

Hnh 3: Mn hnh siu phng 42 inch c chiu dy 3,3 mm do hng Motorola (M) ch to t ng nan vi gi sn xut d kin di 400 USD [3]

+ c bit lnh vc nano-composit trn c s nano-clay, ng nan cacbon, bt nan oxit (TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, SrO2), bt nan kim loi, c nhiu tnh nng c bit, v ang c nghin cu, sn xut ngy cng rng ri trn th gii. VLNN composit s dng trong mt s lnh vc chuyn dng nh cc chi tit my t bi trn (Hnh 3), cc dng c th thao cao cp. V d, mt hng sn
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xut ca B ch to khung xe p ua siu cng, siu nh t vt liu composit ng nan cacbon. Xe p c khung vi trng lng di 1 kg c a vo s dng ti cuc ua xe p quc t vng quanh nc Php nm 2005 (Hnh 4);

Hnh4: VLNN composit v mt s ng dng trong my bay (m bi trn, cc chi tit t bi trn) [4]

Hnh5: Khung xe p ch to t VLNN composit (ng nan cacbon) siu cng, siu nh (trng lng khung <1Kg) [3]

+ Cao su c pha trn cc VLNN s c cc tnh nng c l c bit, c s dng trong cc thit b c chng v thit b qun s nh bc t bi trn, cao su dn in, cao su hp th sng raa v nhiu ng dng mi khcMt v d in hnh v cao su nan c ch to t cao su thin nhin t hp vi ng nan cacbon c cc tnh cht c l hn hn so vi cao su thng thng c nghin cu ch to ti Vin Khoa hc Vt liu phi hp vi Vin Ho hc thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit nam. Loi cao su nan ny c s dng ch to cc bc t bi trn trong my bm nc ta nh my bm Hi Dng (Hnh 6 v Bng 2) [2,5]. Bng 2: Cc tnh cht c- l cao su t nhin + ng nan cacbon c ch to theo phng php cn trn c hc(mu 2-3) v phng php hn hp (mu 4)
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cc thng s o cng (ShoreA) Khi lng ring(g/cm3) bn ko t (N/cm2) dn di khi t(%) mi mn Akron (g/l, 61km) chu nhit (0C) Mu 0 Mu 1 42 0,995 21,03 293,6 4,5 200 54 1,019 47,6 226,4 2,4 350 Mu 2 53 1,016 64,15 298,4 1,7 350 Mu 3 53 1,015 79,62 341,8 1,3 350 Mu 4 56 1,016 89.62 384 1,12 355

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Hnh 6: My bm nc s dng bc cao su nan sn xut ti nh my bm nc Hi Dng [5].

+ Qun o cha cc ht, si nan bo v cho cc phn t bng khng hp th nc, khng b cc vt bn v khng b bin dng, khng b nhu (Hnh 6).

Hnh 7: vi may mc cha VLNN [6]

Hnh 8: VLNN trong bo qun bia [7]

+ Cc sn phm nh b lc, bnh ng sa, bng cu thng,.. c tm ph VLNN bc c kh nng lc kh c hi, dit vi trng, bo qun thc phm tt hn v lm gim s vim nhim cc vt thng (Hnh 7 - 9).

Hnh 9: VLNN Ag trong bo qun sa [8] 11

+ Ngun tch tr nng lng: Nhiu phng th nghim ang nghin cu ch to b ngun cho in thoi di ng hot ng100 ngy ln tc gia hai ln np, ngun nng lng cho t sch, thn mi trng (chy c 5000-8000 dm) nh dng cc ng nan, cc si graphit nan tch tr hydro vi kh nng cha 30l hydro/1g VLNN (Hnh 10, 11).

Hnh 10: My pht hyro s dng ng nan cacbon vch n (Physical Review Letters Volume 95, 23-11, 2005).[9]

Hnh11: Nghin cu tch tr Hyro nhm mc ch dng lm ngun nng lng sch cho t [9]

+ Hp kim nan Nh s pht trin nhanh ca CNNN, vt liu siu do ch to t cc bt kim loi nan t c do k lc (c th t n 5100% i vi bng ng (Cu) ch to t bt ng nan (Hnh 12), hp kim nhm (Al) nan siu do (hnh 13). Hp kim titan nan siu cng (Bng 3), chu mi mn cao. Cc loi hp kim ny bc u tm c ch ng trong mt s lnh vc ng dng c bit (Hnh 14,15)

Hnh 12: Bng ng (Cu) ch to t bt ng nan, c do t n 5100%. [4]

Hnh 13: Hp kim nhm nan siu do 1420 v ng dng [10]

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Bng 3: So snh tnh cht c hc ca titan (Ti) khi v Ti nan BT1-0 [10]
N Cu trc Tnh cht c hc , Mpa 02, Mpa 1 2 Ti khi Ti nan 460 820 400 800 , % 27 15 , % 60 60 255 460 4211 34504* 17504** -1 Mpa Np

Hnh 14: Cc chi tit c kh ch to t kim loi Al nan v Ti nan BT1-0 [10]

II

III

Hnh 15: Mt s dng c dng trong phu thut ch to t vt liu Ti nan [10]

+ Thit b ghi nhit v nhn m s dng u thu hng ngoi ging lng t v chm lng t (Hnh 16)

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Hnh16: Thit b ghi nhit v nhn m s dng thu hng ngoi chm lng t [11]

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch do CNNN em n cho con ngi, cc nh khoa hc cng sm cnh bo nhng him ho c th xy ra do s dng CNNN. Ngay ti hi ngh v CNNN phn t nm 1995 (Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology), c, ph ch tch Ban tham mu hn hp qun i M, ng David E. Jeremiah trong bi pht biu ca mnh ni v nhng ng dng qun s ca CNNN phn t nh sau: Nhng ng dng qun s ca sn xut phn t c tim nng ln hn c v kh ht nhn lm thay i tn gc cn cn lc lng. ("Military applications of molecular manufacturing have even greater potential than nuclear weapons to radically change the balance of power). CNNN phn t cho ta kh nng ch to cc v kh c hiu qu cc k khng khip (horrifically effective weapons). V d, cn trng nh nht cng ch 200 micron, trong khi CNNN c th to ra cc loi v kh siu nh a cc cc cht c thm nhp trc tip vo c th ngi vi lng cht c gy cht ngi ch khong 100 nanogram. C khong 50 t cc phng thc mang cht c. V l thuyt git mi ngi trn tri t ny lng cht c ch cha trong mt chic vali duy nht. CNNN s to ra cc khu sng cc mnh vi mi kch c v vi cc vin n t dn ng. Cc v kh khng gian v tr s nh hn v tc dng xa hn. Bng cch ch to s dng rt t hoc khng c kim loi, chng s trnh c sng raa. Cc my tnh nn cho php iu khin t xa bt k loi v kh no v cho php ch to cc robot thng minh, nh, gn. Mt cu hi quan trng c t ta l liu v kh CNNN n nh hay khng n nh. V kh ht nhn c l c th ngn chn c cc cuc chin tranh ht nhn t ngy sinh ra n. Tuy nhin v kh s dng CNNN khng ging nh v kh ht nhn. C th so snh 2 loi v kh theo bn yu t sau y: 1/ Yu t r rng nht l kh nng hu dit hng lot gy ra him ha lu di ca tt c cc loi v kh ht nhn. Cuc chin tranh do CNNN mang li c l s c tc dng trong thi gian ngn.
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2/ V kh ht nhn gy ra s ph hu ba bi khng chn lc trong khi v kh CNNN c mc tiu ch nh; 3/ V kh ht nhn i hi nghin cu v pht trin cng nghip quy m ln, nhng li c th kim sot c d dng hn so vi vic pht trin v kh CNNN. V kh CNNN d dng pht trin nhanh v r hn; 4/ Cui cng, v kh ht nhn khng th d dng ph bin, trong khi v kh CNNN li qu d ph bin cho ngi khc s dng. Mc khng xc nh c tim nng ca i phng cng ln, thi gian phn ng cc cuc tn cng ca i phng cng ngn, kh nng tiu dit cc mc tiu ca i phng trong mt cuc tn cng cng chnh xc, lm cho cuc chy ua v trang v kh CNNN cng gia tng. Ngoi ra cn mt nguy c tim n khc, l s lng cc quc gia/lnh th trn th gii c CNNN trong tay ngy cng nhiu hn, nu nh CNNN khng c cng ng quc t kim sot cht ch. Tuy nhin iu ny s kh hn gp nhiu ln so vi vic kim sot v kh ht nhn. Tm li CNNN ang ngy cng c p dng ph bin v thng mi ha. minh ho cho cc n lc nhm nhanh chng thng mi ho CNNN nu trn, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s sn ca CNNN trnh by ti cc hi ch quc t t chc hng nm. Trn hnh 17 c th nhn thy s lng cc cng ty tham gia hi ch, s gian hng trin lm, v s khch thm d hi ch hng tng ln mt cch r rt.

Hnh 17: Biu biu din s tng trng s lng cc cng ty tham gia Hi ch Quc t CNNN, s lng cc gian hng v s khch tham d Hi ch [3]

V. Tnh hnh nghin cu v pht trin CNNN trn th gii Nhn chung, tnh hnh nghin cu v pht trin CNNN ca cc nc c khc nhau, ph thuc v tim nng, trnh khoa hc v cng ngh, yu cu pht trin kinh t x hi, an ninh quc phng ca mi nc.
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Cc nc nh M, Anh, Php, Nht Bn, c v cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, kh nng ti chnh ln, c tim lc khoa hc v cng ngh cao, c i ng cn b KH&CN vng vng, c ng o i ng k s gii v cng nhn lnh ngh, c th ch v lut l kh cht ch... u t cho nghin cu, trin khai v t chc thc hin pht trin CNNN theo phng thc phn cp rt r rng vi yu cu v u vo (ti chnh, mc ch, yu cu v ni dung chng trnh, d n, ti ) v u ra (sn phm) ca mi cp kh hp l. cc nc ny c th nhn s phn cp c thc hin theo tun t nh sau: + Nghin cu c bn kt hp vi o to nhn lc thng c thc hin cc trng i hc v cc vin nghin cu. Kinh ph u vo ch yu t ngn sch nh nc, t cc cng ty v t cc hp ng nghin cu khoa hc. Sn phm u ra l: Cc bi bo, cc bng sng ch pht minh v o to nhn lc. + Nghin cu trin khai ch yu thc hin cc phng th nghim, Trung tm, Xng nghin cu trin khai ca cc hng, cng ty trn c s tip nhn cc kt qu nghin cu, cc bng sng ch pht minh...Kinh ph u vo ch yu do cc hng, cng ty, x nghip cung cp. u ra l cc sn phm mi c cht lng cao, sn xut quy m pilot n nh, c kh nng c th trng chp nhn v c th chuyn sang sn xut cng nghip quy m ln theo yu cu ca th trng. + T chc sn xut vi quy m cng nghip. Kinh ph ch yu do cc hng, cng ty, x nghip cung cp. u ra l cc sn phm mang tnh hng ho. Trong khong 20 nm cui ca Th k 20, hnh thnh mt hnh thc chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu sang sn xut mt cch trc tip di dng thnh lp cc cng ty nh Start-ups. Hnh thc ny c u im l nhanh a kt qu nghin cu thnh hng ho, vn u t thp v i khi li sut cao. V d, ngay trong lnh vc ht sc mi m nh CNNN, s cc Start-ups tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Theo kt qu kho cu ca Hng t vn v CNNN v micro Yole Development ca Php th c khong 200 Start-ups c thnh lp trong nm 1997 ch yu cc nc phng ty. c bit M, cc cng ty Start-ups v CNNN (khong 130) hot ng rt si ni. Hnh thc ny cng bt u c p dng v ngy cng rng ri cc nc c nn cng nghip ang trn pht trin (i Loan, Hn Quc, Trung Quc...). Vic u t cho CNNN cc nc cng nghip cng nh cc nc ang pht trin ngy cng tng (Xem Bng 4).
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Bng 4: Kinh ph h tr ca chnh ph cc nc cng nghip cho nghin cu v pht trin CNNN (triu USD)
Quc gia\Nm Ty u Nht bn Hoa K Cc nc khc Tng cng 1997 126 120 116 70 432 1998 151 135 190 83 559 1999 179 157 255 96 687 2000 200 2001 ~ 225 2002 285 2004 700

245 410+140 270 110 825 422 ~380 1.577

753 ~1.500 604 1.000 ~500 3.700

Nhiu nc t chc cc phng th nghim quc gia v KHNN&CNNN, cc Trung tm nghin cu ca nhiu hng cng c t chc v c u t vi mt lng kinh ph khng l. Nhiu t chc lin quc gia v CNNN cng tham gia vo qu trnh ton cu ho ny. Cc thnh tu v KHNN&CNNN cn c phn nh trong 4319 bi bo v cc lnh vc thuc KHNN&CNNN c cng b ch ring trong thi gian 1999 - 2000. c 229 bng pht minh c ng k ti US PTO trong nm 2000 - 2001. 5.1. Khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng Khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng (APEC) ang chuyn mnh tr thnh mt trong nhng khu vc pht trin CNNN nng ng v tham vng nht th gii. K t khi c thng co ca T chc Sng kin CNNN Quc gia (NNT) ca M thng 1/2000, c nhiu s thay i trong vic xy dng chnh sch KHNN & CNNN ti cc nc/lnh th thuc Khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng. Cc chnh ph ca cc nc/lnh th thuc khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng xp CNNN vo mt trong s nhng lnh vc c u tin trong khi lp k hoch KH&CN. Ngn sch cho nghin cu v pht trin KHNN & CNNN (bao gm c cc h thng vi c in t ti hu ht cc nc/lnh th Chu tng ng k v ang c xc nh v tr mt cch chin lc hn. Nm 2003 tng chi ph cng cng trong khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng cho CNNN vo khong 1,4 t USD (70% trong s ca Nht Bn), v u t t khu vc t nhn ang ngy cng tng. S nhn thc su sc v tm quan trng ca nghin cu v pht trin CNNN ang ngy cng tng trong cc ngnh cng nghip v thng mi ca khu vc. Thng mi ho CNNN v Cng ngh Micro ang tr thnh vn ch yu trong chin lc hp tc v lnh o, c bit trong cc nc tin tin nh Nht Bn. Cc x nghip sn xut cc h thng vi c in t (MEMS) v cc h thng nan c in t (NEMS) ang c xy dng xuyn quc gia/lnh th Chu bao gm c Nht Bn, Hn Quc v i Loan [1,2].
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5.1.1. Chnh sch pht trin CNNN ca cc nc APEC Nht Bn, mt trong nhng nc i u v mt cng ngh, u t cho KHNN t gia nhng nm 1980 thng qua cc chng trnh quc gia khc nhau. u t ca Chnh ph Nht Bn cho CNNN trn u ngi cao nht trong khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng v trn th gii. u t cho nm 2002 tng 20-30% so vi nm 2001 v tip tc cao nhng nm sau. Theo s liu thng k ca Chnh ph Nht Bn, ngn sch nm 2003 dnh cho nghin cu v pht trin cc chng trnh VLNN & CNNN vo khong 900 triu USD, chim khong 11,5% tng kinh ph KH&CN ca Nht Bn dnh cho bn lnh vc u tin (Khoa hc v Cuc sng, Cng ngh Thng tin, Mi trng, v CNNN). Ba lnh vc u tin khc cng c cc ti v CNNN. Nu nh kinh ph cho tt c cc ti ny c tnh vo trong tng d ton th tng ngn sch ca Nht Bn dnh cho CNNN s vo khong 1,49 t USD (cng vi ngn sch b sung). Nhu cu ngn sch cho nm 2004 c thng bo vo cui nm 2003 ch r rng nm 2004 Chnh ph Nht Bn tng ngn sch cho nghin cu v pht trin CNNN tng 20% so vi 2003. Theo thng k ca Hi ng Chnh sch v KH&CN Nht Bn (CSTP), tng ngn sch dnh cho CNNN v Vt liu nm 2003 l khong 2,66 t USD bao gm c ngn sch ca cc trng i hc. Nhng nc/lnh th nh Trung Quc, Hn Quc v i Loan u t mnh m vo CNNN t nm 2001. Trung Quc c k hoch s u t khong 22,5 t Nhn Dn T (250-300 triu USD) cho giai on k hoch 5 nm (20012005). Trung Quc ang chun b thc hin nhng bc i to bo v h rt mong mun ui kp mc u t ca cc nc tin tin nh Hn Quc. Hin nay, Trung Quc ang xy dng Trung tm Quc gia v nghin cu v pht trin CNNN gn Trng i hc Thanh Hoa (Bc Kinh) v Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc. Trung tm ny c khnh thnh nm 2004. Mt c s cng nghip v CNNN cng c xy dng Tianjin (cch Bc Kinh khong 100km v pha ng) v a vo hot ng vo cui nm 2003. Hn Quc cam kt dnh u t khong 2,391 nghn t Un (2 t USD) cho giai on 10 nm (2001-2010) cho CNNN. u t ca Chnh ph nc ny cho CNNN nm 2002 tng khong 400% so vi nm 2000. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca Sng kin Quc gia v CNNN l lm cho Hn Quc tr thnh quc gia ng u trn th gii trong mt s lnh vc cnh tranh nht nh v pht trin cc th trng thch hp cho s tng trng cng nghip. Hn Quc xc nh r s tp trung vo s lng "cc cng ngh ct li" nh Tch phn mc Tera ca cc thit b in t. K hoch nm 2002 ca Hn Quc v thc hin trin khai CNNN c bt u vi hai chng trnh nghin cu lnh vc mi l "Trin khai cc cng ngh Vt liu c cu trc Nan" v "Trin khai cc cng
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ngh sn xut v c kh in t mc Nan". Mi chng trnh c u t 100 triu USD cho 10 nm tip theo. Bn cnh cc chng trnh nghin cu trong lnh vc v CNNN, chnh ph Hn Quc cn tin hnh thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu "Ct li", "C s", v "C bn"vi tng kinh ph nghin cu hng nm khong 20 triu USD cho giai on 6-9 nm ti. Nm 2002, mt trung tm sn xut nan c xy dng vi mc ch chnh l sn xut cc thit b c kch thc nan. Trung tm ny c t ti Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Tin tin Hn Quc (KAIST) Thnh ph Khoa hc Daejon, ni m c mt hu ht cc phng th nghim nghin cu ca chnh ph. Chnh ph Hn Quc phn b 165 triu USD cho trung tm ny cho giai on 9 nm (2002-2010). Chnh ph xy dng "K hoch hnh ng cho vic trin khai CNNN nm 2003". K hoch hnh ng ny bao gm "Ngh nh ca Tng thng v iu lut buc thi hnh" i vi vic thc hin "Hnh ng thc y s pht trin CNNN". Mc ch ca hnh ng ny l nhm chun b mt c s nghin cu vng chc cho CNNN v khuyn khch cng nghip ho ngnh CNNN non tr. Chnh ph Hn Quc cn dnh 380 triu USD (chim 19% tng kinh ph dnh cho CNNN) cho "Chng trnh Quc gia v Cng nghip ho Nan". Ngn sch ny bao gm qu nghin cu v pht trin trong cng nghip v qu vn kinh doanh. Sng kin ca i Loan v KHNN & CNNN l mt k hoch 6 nm vi tng kinh ph 620 triu USD t 2003-2008. Cu trc v chin lc v chng trnh ca n c da theo Sng kin Quc gia v CNNN ca M. Sng kin ny nhm t c hai mc ch l "xut sc v mt l thuyt" v "to ra c nhng ng dng cng nghip mang tnh sng to" thng qua vic thnh lp cc c s tin ch ch yu v cc chng trnh o to chung. Chng trnh xut sc v mt l thuyt bao gm cc ch : Nghin cu c bn v cc c tnh vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ca cc kt cu nan; Tng hp, lp rp, v gia cng cc VLNN; Nghin cu v trin khai cc my d v cc k thut thao tc; Thit k v ch to cc b phn ghp ni, giao din v cc h thng thit b nan chc nng; Trin khai cng ngh MEMS/NEMS v Cng ngh Sinh hc Nan. i Loan rt coi trng gio dc v CNNN. Chng trnh gio dc ca i Loan nhm : Xy dng chng trnh Khoa hc v CNNN lin ngnh ti cc trng i hc v cao ng; Nng cao gio dc kin thc khoa hc c bn trong trng cao ng trn phng tin thng tin i chng v trong cc trng i hc; Tng cng hp tc quc t v trao i chuyn gia; Tuyn chn cc nhn ti t nc ngoi, bao gm c chuyn gia t Trung Hoa i lc v thc y hp tc Cng nghip - Vin Nghin cu trong nghin cu v trao i chuyn gia.

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Cc nc/lnh th khc trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng nh c, Hng Kng, n , NewZealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Thi Lan v Vit Nam bt u thc hin cc chng trnh/sng kin v CNNN. Hnh 18 so snh s u t cho CNNN giai on 2003-2007 ca cc nc/lnh th thuc khu vc chu Thi bnh dng gm Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, n , Malaysia, NewZealand, Singapore, i Loan v Thi Lan. Hnh 19 l s so snh ton cu v u t cho CNNN giai on 2001-2003 ca Chu u, Chu v M. n v c tnh l USD vi gi hi oi quy c: 100 Yn bng 1 USD, v 1 Euro bng 1USD. T cc biu c th nhn thy s tng t ngt trong u t cho CNNN ca Khu vc Chu trong nm 2003.

Hnh18: So snh u t ca cc nc/lnh th chu Thi Bnh Dng (khng c Nht Bn) cho CNNN giai on 2003-2007 (Ngun: Tun bo CNNN Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, www.nanoworld.jp/apnw) [1].

Hnh19: So snh u t ca cc nc Chu u, Chu v M cho CNNN giai on 2001-2003. Lu rng u t ca M khng bao gm Vi in t v MEMS (Ngun: Tun bo CNNN Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, www.nanoworld.jp/apnw)[1]..

Ti Hi ngh Cp cao Din n CNNN ca khu vc Chu ln th nht (the First Asia Nanotech Forum Summit ANFoS2004) c t chc ti Phaket, Thi Lan, 10-11/ 05/ 2004, trong bi pht biu cho mng Hi ngh, ng H.E. Korn Thapparansi, B trng B khoa hc Cng ngh Hong gia Thi lan, nc ch nh t chc Hi ngh, ni: Chnh ph hin nay di s lnh o ca Th tng Pol. Lt. Col. Thaksin Shinawatra xc nh mt cch r rng v ang thc y pht trin CNNN nh l mt trong s nhng lnh vc c u tin nht trong KH&CN. Ngy 13/8/2003, Ni cc Thi Lan quyt nh thnh lp Trung tm CNNN Quc gia (vit tt l NANOTEC) c bo tr bi C quan Pht trin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Quc gia (NSTDA) v B Khoa hc v Cng ngh (MOST). Mt trong nhng nhim v cp bch ca NANOTEC l chun b K hoch Tng th Quc gia v CNNN. c th duy tr c tnh cnh tranh quc gia ca chng ti trong bi cnh quc t hin nay, iu ch yu v cp thit
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l Thi Lan phi c v th cng sm cng tt. Sng kin CNNN Quc gia, chnh v vy, nht thit phi c cp trong K hoch Tng th.

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