Automatic Temperature Controller

Introduction

In this project the Atmel series micro- controller is used , the AT89C52, which belongs to the same family of AT89C52. The system also uses a temperature sensor chip, the DS1621 which acts as a sensor as well as functions as an analog to digital converter. The Aim of this project is to measure and display the temperature of the most temperature sensitive regions, such as a boilers and to achieve a cutoff state

REPORT

All semi-conductor devices heat up due to large current conduction. In elevated temperatures, the semiconductors do not perform well thus they need to be cooled by removing the heat continuously. This task is achieved by heat sinks, which conduct the heat to the external environment. Automatic cooling fans also known as the temperature controllers control the ambient temperature of the circuit by allowing cool air from outside to flow across the circuit, removing heat from the circuit environment. This removal of heat from the environment allows better conduction of heat by the heat sink, keeping the electronic device working properly. The temperature is controlled by the help of a 12v DC fan which starts operating when the temperature rises above 31C.

LM-35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C, over a full 55 to +150C temperature range.

Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low selfheating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10 with improved accuracy).

Operation Amplifiers We have used two types of operational amplifiers in our temperature controller. There is no difference in the working of these Op-Amps and we could have used the same types of Op-Amps.

LM 358 It consists of two independent, high gain and internally frequency compensated op-amps which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Application areas of LM 358 include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op-amp circuits. It can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage whichis used in digital systems and can easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15Vpower supplies.

The LM358 is available in a chip sized package using National semiconductors micro SMD packagetechnology.

LM741 The LM741 is a general purpose operational amplifier which features improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. The LM-741 series amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof (e-g) they have overload protection on the input and output, there is no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, and they have freedom from oscillations. The LM741C of the LM741seried is identical to the LM741 and LM741A except that, the LM741C has its performance guaranteed over a 0C to+70C temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C. The LM 35 is a linear temperature sensing device whose output is 10mV/C. This means that at 1C, 10 milli Volts are given at the output. As this output is very low thus we have amplified it by a factor of 10 by using LM 358 as a non-inverting amplifier. We have set 33.4C as reference temperature, so whenever the temperature rises from this reference, the fan turns on and whenever it falls from the reference, the fan turns off. To achieve this set-point of 33.4C, we first calculated the voltages at this temperature, which came out to be 3.65Volts. Then we set these reference voltages at the non-inverting pin (pin 3) of the LM741 by the help of a potentiometer and fed the output of the LM358 into the inverting pin (pin2) of the LM741.

Now what happens is that when the temperature rises above 33.4C, the sensor gives its output accordingly to the amplifier, which amplifies this output and feeds it to the inverting pin of the comparator. The comparator compares this value with the reference and gives an output to the base of the BC-547 transistor. Voltages at the base allow the 12V at the collector to drop across the fan, thus turning the fan on.